125 results on '"GABAPENTIN"'
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2. Der Effekt von Gabapentin auf cerebelläre Ataxie bei degenerativen und entzündlichen ZNS-Erkrankungen gemessen anhand funktioneller Skalen
- Author
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Wunsch, Charlotte
- Subjects
spinocerebellar ataxia ,degenerative ataxia ,cerebellar ataxia ,Gabapentin ,multiple sclerosis ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit ,symptomatic treatment - Abstract
Einleitung: Eine cerebell��re Ataxie bedingt eine St��rung der Koordination von Bewegungen, welche bei verschiedenen Krankheitsentit��ten auftreten kann und ein meist schwer beeintr��chtigendes Symptom f��r die betroffenen Patienten darstellt. Eine etablierte medikament��se Therapieoption zur Behandlung der Beschwerden existiert bisher nicht. In der vorliegenden klinischen Studie wurden die ataktischen Symptome von Patienten mit einer degenerativen Erkrankung des Cerebellums oder einer Multiplen Sklerose betrachtet. Das Ziel der Studie war die Untersuchung des Effekts von Gabapentin auf die ataktischen Symptome. Methodik: F��r die Studie (EUDRA-CT Nummer: 2008-005167-33) wurden insgesamt 72 Patienten rekrutiert, davon 36 Patienten mit einer degenerativen Ataxie, teils heredit��r (spinocerebell��re Ataxie) teils idiopathisch (Sporadic adult-onset ataxia of unknown etiology) bedingt, sowie 36 Patienten mit einer Ataxie im Rahmen einer Multiplen Sklerose. Die Studie erfolgte monozentrisch, randomisiert, doppelt verblindet und placebokontrolliert. Jeweils die H��lfte der Patienten innerhalb der jeweiligen Erkrankungsgruppe erhielt ��ber sieben Wochen nebenwirkungsadaptiert 600-1800 mg der Pr��fmedikation Gabapentin pro Tag und die andere H��lfte analog ein Placebopr��parat. Untersucht wurde der Effekt auf die ataktischen Symptome anhand von funktionellen Skalen; dazu z��hlten die Pr��fung der Motorik mittels der Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), die Beurteilung der Aktivit��ten des t��glichen Lebens mit Hilfe der Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) part IV, eine Feinmotorik- und Koordinationspr��fung durch den nine-hole pegboard Test sowie den Clicktest und eine Okulomotorikpr��fung. Ergebnisse: Eine signifikante ��nderung des SARA-Score, welche den prim��ren Endpunkt der Studie darstellte, zeigte sich unter der Pr��fmedikation nicht. Auch stellte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den Randomisierungsgruppen dar. Gleiches ergab sich bei der Auswertung der sekund��ren Endpunkte (die ��nderung der UHDRS part IV sowie eine ��nderung des CCFS ��ber den Beobachtungszeitraum). Auch in einer explorativen Auswertung, in der untersucht wurde, ob einzelne Patientensubgruppen von der Therapie profitierten, konnten keine signifikanten ��nderungen der genannten Messskalen aufgezeigt werden. Dabei wurden zum einen die einzelnen Krankheitsentit��ten betrachtet und zum anderen erfolgten Unterteilungen anhand von angegebenen Nebenwirkungen, der Dosierung der Medikation sowie dem Schweregrad der Erkrankung und eine Unterteilung in responder und non-responder. Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt konnte in der Studie der vermutete Effekt von Gabapentin auf die Symptome der cerebell��ren Ataxie im Rahmen von degenerativen und entz��ndlichen Erkrankungen des Kleinhirns nicht best��tigt werden. Somit lie��en sich die positiven Effekte, die in der off-label Anwendung von Gabapentin bei cerebell��ren Ataxien in der Ataxie-Ambulanz der Charit�� Campus Mitte beobachtet wurden sowie die Ergebnisse zweier kleinerer Pilotstudien, die den Impuls f��r eine gr����er angelegte Studie gegeben hatten, nicht best��tigen., Objective: Cerebellar ataxia is a motor coordination disorder that can occur in different disease entities and is a severely impairing symptom for the patient. To date, no drug therapy for the treatment of this condition has been established. In this clinical study, the ataxic symptoms of patients with degenerative cerebellar disease or multiple sclerosis were examined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gabapentin influences patients��� ataxic symptoms. Methods: The study sample (EUDRA-CT Number: 2008-005167-33) consisted of 72 patients, including 36 patients with degenerative ataxia, partly hereditary (spinocerebellar ataxia), partly idiopathic (sporadic adult-onset ataxia of unknown etiology), and 36 patients with cerebellar ataxia related to multiple sclerosis. The study is monocentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled. Half of the patients in each disease group received 600-1800 mg per day of the drug of interest, gabapentin, for seven weeks with a regimen adapted to the side effects. The other half of patients comparably received a placebo. The effect on ataxic symptoms was assessed on functional scales, including motor function testing using the Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), assessment of daily activities using the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) part IV, fine motor function and coordination testing using the nine-hole pegboard test, click test and ocular motor function testing. Results: In the drug condition, data yielded no significant change of the SARA score, which was the primary endpoint of this study. Similarily, no significant difference was found between randomization groups. The same insignificant pattern of results was revealed in the evaluation of the secondary dependent variables, i.e. the change in UHDRS part IV and a change in CCFS over the observation period. In an exploratory analysis, based on the individual disease entities and on subdivisions based on stated side effects, the dosage of the medication, the severity of the disease and a division into responder and non-responder, we examined whether individual patient subgroups benefited from the therapy. Again, we did not find any significant changes in the measurement scales mentioned above. Conclusion: Overall, the present study could not confirm the hypothesized effect of gabapentin on symptoms of cerebellar ataxia in the context of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the cerebellum. Thus, we did not replicate the positive effects observed in the off-label use of gabapentin in cerebellar ataxia in the Ataxia Outpatient Clinic of the Charit�� Campus Mitte and the results of two smaller pilot studies.
- Published
- 2022
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3. GABATAX: Eine doppelblind-randomisierte Studie zur Überprüfung der Wirkung von Gabapentin auf Ataxien im Rahmen degenerativer und entzündlicher Erkrankungen
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Burmeister, Linda
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spinocerebellar ataxia ,ataxia ,saccadic eye movements ,Gabapentin ,multiple sclerosis ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Eine Ataxie hat einen hohen funktionellen Anteil an der Behinderung von Patient*innen. Bisher existiert keine kausale Therapie. Da Ataxien aus unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen resultieren, ist es sinnvoll, sich therapeutisch auf die gemeinsame pathophysiologische Endstrecke zu konzentrieren. Viele medikament��se Therapieoptionen wurden bisher untersucht, meist jedoch in methodisch unzureichender Weise. Der Wirkmechanismus von Gabapentin ist nicht vollst��ndig gekl��rt, angenommen wird eine Wirkung auf den Calcium-Haushalt ��ber die Bindung am Alpha-2-Delta-Liganden eines spannungsabh��ngigen Calciumkanals. Im klinischen Einsatz der Ataxiesprechstunde konnten positive Erfahrungen mit dem Off-Label-Gebrauch gesammelt werden. GABATAX untersuchte die Wirkung von Gabapentin auf die Kleinhirnfunktion in einer prospektiven, doppelblind-randomisierten, placebo-kontrollierten Studie bei jeweils 36 Patient*innen mit degenerativen Ataxien (DA) oder Multipler Sklerose (MS). [EudraCT 2008-005167-33]. Vor Beginn der Therapie und nach sieben Wochen wurden okulomotorische Parameter mittels Infrarot-Sakkadometrie erhoben - Spitzengeschwindigkeit, absoluter/relativer Amplitudenfehler sowie sakkadische Latenz - w��hrend die Patient*innen visuell geleitete horizontale Sakkaden von 5-15�� ausf��hrten. In einer zweiten Monographie wird ein gleichzeitig erhobener klinischer Score ausgewertet (1). Die statistische Auswertung fand als Per-Protokoll-Analyse statt, f��r die 26/15 (DA/MS) Patient*innen eingeschlossen werden konnten. In der DA-Gruppe konnte durch Verum eine signifikante Verlangsamung der Spitzengeschwindigkeit von Visite1 zu Visite2 gezeigt werden (318,5-349,7��/s (KI95% V1) vs. 268,4-328,7��/s (KI95% V2), p=0,043t, n=11). In der gleichen Patient*innengruppe stieg der absolute AmplitudenfehlerAmplitudenfehler (1,24-1,66�� (KI95% V1) vs. 1,44-2,11�� (KI95% V2), p=0,039t, n=9). Ebenfalls in der DA-Gruppe nahm der Sakkaden-Gain von Visite1 zu Visite2 in der Placebogruppe zu (0,94-1,05 (KI95% V1) vs. 1,00-1,14 (KI95% V2), p=0,026t, n=12). In der MS-Gruppe zeigte sich keine signifikante Ver��nderung. Berichtete Nebenwirkungen waren in der MS-Gruppe h��ufiger, in absteigender Reihenfolge handelte es sich dabei um Schwindel/Benommenheit, M��digkeit, gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen und Ataxiezunahme. Lediglich letzteres kam bei den DA-Patient*innen h��ufiger vor. Die von uns beobachtete Verlangsamung und steigende Ungenauigkeit sprechen gegen eine Verbesserung der Kleinhirnfunktion durch Gabapentin. Sie sind wahrscheinlich Folge einer unspezifischen ZNS-Sedierung. des zentralen Nervensystems. Die Ver��nderung des Gains ist vermutlich auf einen Lerneffekt zur��ck zu f��hrenzur��ckzuf��hren. Die Interpretation der Daten ist dadurch erschwert, dass der Wirkmechanismus von Gabapentin bisher nicht ausreichend gekl��rt ist. Au��erdem handelt es sich um ein heterogenes Studienkollektiv, was R��ckschl��sse auf pathophysiologischer Ebene zus��tzlich erschwert. Methodische Einschr��nkungen ergeben sich insbesondere aus dem Fehlen einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe, um Referenzen f��r die okulomotorischen Messungen zu generieren und der geringen Fallzahl. In zuk��nftigen Studien w��re ein gr����eres Patient*innenkollektiv sinnvoll, um aussagekr��ftige Subgruppenanalysen zu erlauben. Dabei sollte auf die verschiedenen Grunderkrankungen eingegangen werden und auch auf den klinischen Status. Ein l��ngerfristiges Follow-up w��re au��erdem w��nschenswert., Ataxia accounts for a great part of disability in patients. Up to now, there is now causal therapy. Its aetiology includes a wide spectrum of diseases. Hence it is reasonable to focus therapeutic attempts on the common final path. Manifold substances have been examined without creating robust evidence. To date, the mode of action of Gabapentin has not been clarified completely. One presumes an impact on the calcium balance in Purkinje cells via binding to the Alpha-2-Delta-ligand of voltage gated calcium channels. Off-label use in our ataxia outpatient clinic has grown positive clinical evidence. GABATAX study investigated the effect of gabapentin on patients with degenerative ataxias or multiple sclerosis (each 36) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective design. Data has been collected before and after seven weeks of treatment by infrared oculography during a visually guided saccade task of 5�� to 15�� horizontal saccades before and after seven weeks of treatment. Statistical analysis has been followed as per-protocol analysis, into which 26/15 (DA/MS) patients could be included. Only the group of degenerative ataxias showed significant changes: peak velocity diminished from visit1 to visit2 in verum group (318,5-349,7��/s (KI95% V1) vs. 268,4-328,7��/s (KI95% V2), p=0,043t, n=11). The same group showed an increased dysmetria (1,24-1,66�� (KI95% V1) vs. 1,44-2,11�� (KI95% V2), p=0,039t, n=9). Also in the DA group, saccadic gain increased from visit1 to visit2 when receiving placebo (0,94-1,05 (KI95% V1) vs. 1,00-1,14 (KI95% V2), p=0,026t, n=12). Adverse effects have been reported more often by patients with MS. In descending order, those where vertigo/dizziness, tiredness, gastrointestinal adverse effects, increase of ataxia. The least was the only one more frequent in patients with DA. The slowing of peak velocity and the increase of dysmetria shown by us contradict improved cerebellar function and probably result from unspecific sedation of the central nervous system. The change of saccadic gain may be due to a learning effect. Interpretation of the established data is complicated by two major facts: The unsettled mechanisms of action of gabapentin and the Hheterogeneity of patients, which complicates pathophysiologic conclusions. Methodical limitations of our study arise mainly from a missing healthy control group to establish oculomotoric references and the small sample size that resulted from unforeseen drop-outsdropouts. In future studies, a greater number of patients should be included, makingturning analysis of subgroups meaningful. One should address the different subtypes of disease as well as the clinical state of each patient. A longer Ffollow-up is desirable as well.
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- 2022
4. Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit einer standardisierten konservativen Kombinationstherapie beim lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfall mit Nervenwurzelreizsyndrom
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Jäntsch-Rieckert, Manuela
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610 Medizin, Gesundheit ,Neuralgie ,McKenzie-Methode ,ddc:610 ,Bandscheibenvorfall ,Schmerztherapie ,Gabapentin - Abstract
40 Patienten mit Nervenwurzelreizsyndrom nach lumbalem Bandscheibenvorfall erhielten in den ersten 3 Tagen ihres stationären Aufenthalts zunächst nur Physiotherapie nach McKenzie und ab dem Abend des 3. Tages zuzüglich medikamentöse Therapie mit Gabapentin, welche poststationär bis zum Tag 70 fortgeführt wurde. An den Tagen 7 und 9 erfolgten periradikuläre Infiltrationen an die betroffene Nervenwurzel. Die an den Tagen 1, 3, 6, 10 sowie poststationär nach 12 Wochen erhobenen Daten weisen hinsichtlich aller betrachteten Parameter statistisch signifikante Verbesserungen auf. Besonders hervorzuheben sind hierbei die erreichte Schmerzreduktion in Ruhe und beim Gehen, die Rückbildung neurologischer Defizite sowie eine deutliche Verbesserung der painDETECT®- und ODI-Scores. Bei über 90% der Studienteilnehmer konnte eine OP vermieden werden. Die poststationäre Arbeitsunfähigkeit ließ sich im Mittel auf knapp 6 Wochen begrenzen., During the first 3 days of their inpatient stay 40 patients with acute radicular pain caused by lumbar disc hernia received only McKenzie therapy. On the evening of day 3, drug therapy with gabapentin was added and was continued until day 70 post discharge. On days 7 and 9, periradicular infiltrations were performed on the affected nerve root. The data collected on days 1, 3, 6, 10 as well as 12 weeks post discharge show statistically significant improvements with respect to all parameters considered. Particularly noteworthy are the pain reduction achieved at rest and while walking, the regression of neurological deficits and a significant improvement of painDETECT® and ODI scores. For over 90% of participants surgery could be avoided. The incapacity to work was limited to an average of just under 6 weeks post discharge.
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- 2021
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5. Neuropathische Schmerzen: Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie.
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Sommer, C.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Schmerz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2013
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6. Ionenkanalmodulatoren bei Multipler Sklerose.
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Bittner, S., Höhn, K., Göbel, K., Kleinschnitz, C., Wiendl, H., and Meuth, S.G.
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MULTIPLE sclerosis treatment , *PREGABALIN , *ION channels , *SYMPTOMS , *ACTIVE biological transport - Abstract
Background: Due to a plethora of additional symptoms patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receive symptomatic treatment besides disease-modifying therapies. Among the substances which are commonly used are ion channel modulators (e. g. pregabalin, gabapentin, carbamazepine). The aim of this study was to investigate the use of these drugs in clinical practice in a larger patient cohort. Patients: Data from 533 MS patients [439 without and 94 patients with add-on therapy (treatment group)] were evaluated retrospectively. All patients received a detailed neurological examination including evaluation of EDSS scores. Results: Pregabalin and gabapentin are used most commonly. Abnormal sensations are the most frequent reason for therapy initiation. Patients with higher EDSS values and/or under mitoxantrone treatment most frequently receive additional therapy. Conclusion: So far, it is not known whether the investigated agents exert a beneficial influence on the disease course of MS itself beyond a mere symptomatic treatment. Further research efforts and clinical studies are necessary to address this question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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7. Medikamentöse Therapie des Nystagmus.
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Pieh-Beisse, C. and Lagrèze, W.A.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2011
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8. Medikamentös-toxische Hepatitis.
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Kummer, O., Hammann, F., Bodmer, M., Novakova, K., Krähenbüh, S., and Haschke, M.
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HEPATITIS , *INFLAMMATION , *COMMUNICABLE diseases , *LIVER diseases , *CHRONIC active hepatitis , *TOXIC hepatitis - Abstract
A 55-year-old male patient was hospitalized with severe nausea, vomiting and icterus. Laboratory testing showed hepatocellular damage. After exhaustive testing, the exclusion diagnosis of a toxic hepatitis was reached. There was a strong temporal correlation with the ingestion of Hong Hua 29, a preparation from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This medication had been started twelve days prior to the first appearance of symptoms. The existing drug regimen included gabapentin (Neurontin®), esomeprazole (Nexium®) and prednisone (Prednison Streuli®) for the therapy of an acute sensory and motor neuropathy of unknown aetiology. After cessation of Hong Hua 29, gabapentin and esomeprazole, transaminase levels started to declined and normalized within three months. According to the Swissmedic criteria of imputability, a causal correlation between the observed symptoms and the administration of Hong Hua 29 is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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9. Brachioradialer Pruritus.
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Schürmeyer-Horst, F., Fischbach, R., Nabavi, D., Metze, D., and Ständer, S.
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Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2006
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10. Der Effekt von Gabapentin und Gabapentin-Laktam auf das Überleben retinaler Ganglienzellen Situation nach akuter retinaler Ischämie im Tiermodell.
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Jehle, T., Feuerstein, T.J., and Lagrèze, W.A.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2001
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11. [On the risk of dependence on gabapentinoids]
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Udo, Bonnet and Norbert, Scherbaum
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Behavior, Addictive ,Risk ,Analgesics ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Germany ,Pregabalin ,Humans ,Gabapentin - Abstract
In the last ten years, the prescriptions of the gabapentinoids gabapentin and pregabalin increased largely also in Germany. Since several national and international pharmacovigilance-databases have warned for abuse liabilities and overdose fatalities in association with both gabapentinoids, which moreover, became to be sold on internet and black-markets, their addictive power has been subject to an ongoing clinical debate. As pre- and post-approval clinical trials did not reveal significant signs of dependence on gabapentin or pregabalin, we systematically searched in PubMed and Scopus for clinical studies and case reports being associated with abuse of and dependence on these drugs. We found 14 clinical-epidemiologic studies and 38 case reports/series. These were evaluated for i) fulfilled dependence criteria according to ICD-10, ii) non-medical self-administration and their duration, iii) relapses, iv) social sequels, and v) cases seeking treatment for misusing gabapentin or pregabalin. Mostly, the cases of abuse of and dependence on gabapentinoids appeared to be associated with other substance dependencies, primarily opiate dependence and polyvalent drug use. Drug users preferred pregabalin citing a faster and stronger euphoria ("liking") than achievable with oral gabapentin. Both gabapentinoids were anxiolytic in therapeutic doses, stimulating in lower and sedating along with increasing doses. Fatalities have been described mainly in the population of opiate dependents and polyvalent drug users, predominantly together with excessive pregabalin overdosing. It is debated whether the gabapentinoids were indeed the main cause of death in these cases or whether gabapentin and pregabalin had been only bystanders. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms (physical dependence) of gabapentinoids appeared to be common in medical and non-medical use of gabapentinoids. There were only 4 persons who had fulfilled behavioral dependence criteria of gabapentinoids (all had used pregabalin) and had no association with other substance use disorders (apart from nicotine). Regarding the transitions from prescription to non-medical self-administration, the frequency and duration of self-administrations as well as the number of reported relapses, pregabalin appeared also to be more addictive than gabapentin. However, all these events were reported rather infrequently compared with traditional substances of abuse. We did not find a case with social sequalea due to the use of gabapentinoids or a person who sought treatment for his gabapentin or pregabalin use. Therefore, the gabapentinoids were assumed to possess a lower "wanting" in consideration of Berridge's and Robinsons's incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Also, anti-adverse selection of gabapentinoids is discussed to be present in the population of opioid and multi-drug users. Based upon all these results and assumptions, we have estimated the relative risk of dependence on gabapentinoids by using an algorithm which was previously developed by Griffith and Johnson for evaluation of the abuse liabilities of sedatives. Overall, the risk of harm and dependence on gabapentinoids appeared to be lower than that of other sedatives (and stimulants). In addition, pregabalin appeared to be somewhat riskier than gabapentin. We think that in patients with current or past substance use disorders, the treatment with gabapentinoids should be avoided or if indispensable, these drugs should be administered exclusively over a limited time span with caution by using a therapeutic and prescription monitoring.Die Verschreibungshäufigkeit der Gabapentinoide Gabapentin und Pregabalin hat in den letzten 10 Jahren auch in Deutschland stark zugenommen. Insbesondere Warnungen aus mehreren nationalen und internationalen Pharmakovigilanz-Registern sowie der Handel von Gabapentoiden auf Schwarzmärkten und im Internet haben zu einer anhaltenden Debatte über das Gefährdungs- und Abhängigkeitsrisiko dieser Substanzen geführt. Da klinische Zulassungsstudien bisher keine bedeutsamen Hinweise auf eine Abhängigkeitsentwicklung zeigten, haben wir systematisch in PubMed und Scopus nach Kasuistiken und klinischen Studien zu Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Gabapentin und Pregabalin gesucht. Wir fanden 14 klinisch-epidemiologische Studien und 38 Kasuistiken. Diese wurden durchsucht nach Hinweisen auf i) erfüllte Abhängigkeitskriterien nach ICD-10, ii) nicht-medizinische Einnahmen und deren Dauer, iii) Rückfälle, iv) soziale Folgeschäden und v) Fälle mit Behandlung wegen eines nicht-medizinischen Konsums von Gabapentinoiden. Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Gabapentinoiden waren regelhaft assoziiert mit anderen Substanzabhängigkeiten, meistens mit Opiatabhängigkeit oder Politoxikomanie. Drogenabhängige bevorzugten Pregabalin wegen einer schnelleren und stärkeren Euphorisierung („liking“) als mit Gabapentin oral möglich. Beide Gabapentinoide sind in therapeutischen Dosen anxiolytisch, in geringeren Dosen stimulierend und in höheren Dosen sedierend. Todesfälle sind primär bei Opiatabhängigen und Politoxikomanen hauptsächlich im Zusammenhang mit massiven Pregabalin-Überdosierungen beschrieben worden. Noch ist umstritten, ob Gapapentinoide hier eine tragende kausale Rolle spielten oder eher weniger gefährliche „Mitläufer“ waren. Toleranzentwicklung und Entzugssymptome (körperliche Abhängigkeit) sind häufig verbunden mit dem medizinischen und nicht-medizinischen Gebrauch von Gabapentin oder Pregabalin. Es konnten nur 4 Fälle mit psychischen Abhängigkeitssymptomen (ausschließlich von Pregabalin) identifiziert werden, die keine Verbindung zu Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit von anderen Substanzen hatten (mit Ausnahme von Nikotin). Unter Berücksichtigung der Häufigkeit des Übertrittes von ärztlichen Verschreibungen zu nicht-medizinischen Einnahmen, der Häufigkeit und Dauer dieser Selbsteinnahmen sowie der Anzahl von beschriebenen Rückfällen kann Pregabalin als stärker abhängigkeitserzeugend gelten als Gabapentin. Allerdings waren solche Ereignisse eher selten im Vergleich zu denen bei Gebrauch von traditionellen psychoaktiven Drogen. Schließlich konnten keine Berichte über soziale Folgeschäden durch einen medizinischen oder nicht-medizinischen Gabapentinoid-Konsum oder behandlungssuchende Gabapentinoid-Konsumenten gefunden werden. Deshalb kann ein geringeres „wanting“ von Gabapentinoiden im Vergleich zu traditionellen psychoaktiven Substanzen vor dem Hintergrund von Berridgeʼs und Robinsonʼs Anreiz-Sensiblisierungs-Theorie zur Pathogenese von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen angenommen werden. Auch wird die Möglichkeit einer anti-adversen Selektion von Gabapentinoiden bei Opioidabhängigen und Abhängigen von anderen Drogen diskutiert. Abschließend schätzen wir das relative Abhängigkeitsrisiko von Gabapentin und Pregabalin anhand eines Algorithmus ein, der ursprünglich von Griffith und Johnson zur Bestimmung des Abhängigkeitsrisikos von Sedativa entwickelt wurde. In der Bilanz erscheint das Gefährdungs- und Abhängigkeitspotential der Gabapentinoide geringer als das von anderen Sedativa (und Stimulantien). Im Vergleich zu Gabapentin scheint Pregabalin stärker addictogen zu wirken. Wenn nicht ohnehin vermeidbar, sollten beide Gabapentinoide bei Risikopopulationen wie Suchtpatienten nur unter engmaschiger Kontrolle ihrer therapeutischen Wirksamkeit und Überwachung der Verschreibungen über einen begrenzten Zeitraum eingesetzt werden.
- Published
- 2017
12. [Overactive bladder-which treatment when?]
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J, Pannek
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Male ,Urinary Bladder, Overactive ,Lumbosacral Plexus ,Urinary Bladder ,Electric Stimulation Therapy ,Patient Preference ,Muscarinic Antagonists ,Solifenacin Succinate ,Injections, Intramuscular ,Tadalafil ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Behavior Therapy ,Humans ,Female ,Botulinum Toxins, Type A ,Gabapentin ,Physical Therapy Modalities - Abstract
The term OAB (overactive bladder) describes a symptom complex. Therefore, initial treatment should be based on clinical symptoms and the results of basic diagnostics. Patient preference is essential for the choice of the initial treatment. Behavioural therapy, electrostimulation and medical treatment are available treatment options. If these are not effective, extended diagnostic examinations should be performed prior to minimally invasive treatments, like onabotulinumtoxin injections in the detrusor or sacral neuromodulation. Surgical interventions like augmentation cystoplasty are rarely required today.
- Published
- 2017
13. [Not Available]
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Thomas, Rothe
- Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential ,Cough ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Chronic Disease ,Humans ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Medical History Taking ,Combined Modality Therapy ,Algorithms ,Physical Therapy Modalities ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Published
- 2016
14. [On the Differential Diagnosis of Intractable Psychogenic Chronic Cough: Neuropathic Larynx Irritable - Gabapentin's Antitussive Action]
- Author
-
U, Bonnet, A, Ossowski, M, Schubert, H, Gall, I, Steinkamp, L E, Richter, Y, Khalil-Boutros, A, Nefedev, and R, Kuhlmann
- Subjects
Depressive Disorder, Major ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Goiter ,Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ,Avitaminosis ,Psychophysiologic Disorders ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Cough ,Chronic Disease ,Glucose Intolerance ,Humans ,Pharynx ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Larynx ,Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Aged - Abstract
We present the case of a 76 year old female inpatient who suffered from a chronic intractable cough which arose simultaneously to a severe major depression and was secondary to an exorbitant psychological distress. Chronic cough had never been experienced before and was initially considered to have a mere psychogenic origin since a comprehensive and guideline-based diagnostic screening did not reveal any underlying somatic cause. However, several factors cast doubt on the solitary psychic genesis of the chronic cough: i) occurrence immediately after a penetrant cold, ii) embedding in other complaints of laryngeal hyperreagibility (larynx irritable), such as persistent globus pharyngeus sensation, throat clearing and episodic dysphonia, iii) first occurrence on old life, iv) erupting from sleep as well, v) persistence despite remission of the major depression, and v) no sustaining benefit from specific psychotherapy and speech therapy. Therefore, diagnostics were extended to apparative tools for objective evaluation of swallowing by using fiberoptic videoendoscopic (FEES) and videofluoroscopic (VFS) techniques, which revealed signs of laryngeal neuropathy but without evidence of penetration or aspiration. A co-existing small goiter and an impaired glucose tolerance along with a putative intracellular vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (as indirectly derived from an apparent hyperhomocysteinemia) were assumed to be responsible for the neuropathy and underwent specific treatments. The impaired glucose tolerance and putative vitamin deficit were compatible with a distal symmetric sensorimotoric, even subclinical polyneuropathy of the lower extremities. The larynx irritable improved under gabapentin being confirmed by drug removals several times, and finally calmed down almost completely under gabapentin, which was in line with the scant literature of this topic. Re-examination of the larynx per FEES nine months later showed no deficits any more under the well-tolerated treatment (gabapentin, levothyroxine, vitamin B12 and folic acid substitution, weight reduction and physical training). All in all, the larynx irritable as well as the chronic cough were most probably induced by a laryngeal neuropathy and were not solely of psychic origin. Due to good treatment options a larynx irritable should be regularly taken into consideration of the investigation of intractable chronic cough. Therefore, an apparative evaluation of deglutition is recommended in the diagnostic toolbox of chronic cough - even if embedded in a psychiatric disorder or distress - before diagnosing a sole psychic origin. An hypothetical scheme of the development of a larynx irritable caused by neuropathic and non-neuropathic ("nociceptive") conditions is proposed.
- Published
- 2015
15. [Shingles symptoms are gone but not the pain]
- Subjects
Analgesics ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Amitriptyline ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ,Dipyrone ,Pregabalin ,Administration, Oral ,Lidocaine ,Neuralgia, Postherpetic ,Ibuprofen ,Administration, Cutaneous ,Drug Administration Schedule ,Tapentadol ,Phenols ,Humans ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Female ,Guideline Adherence ,Treatment Failure ,Amines ,Capsaicin ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Aged - Published
- 2015
16. Brachioradialer Pruritus: Eine seltene, lokalisierte, neuropathische Juckreizform
- Author
-
Schürmeyer-Horst, F., Fischbach, R., Nabavi, D., Metze, D., and Ständer, S.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Die α2δ-Untereinheit der spannungsabhängigen Kalziumkanäle: Ein neues pharmakologisches Ziel in der Psychiatrie und Neurologie
- Author
-
Wedekind, D. and Bandelow, B.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Ein noch seltenes Kopfschmerzsyndrom: SUNCT
- Author
-
Neumeier, S., Brinkschmidt, T., and Jensen, U.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. [Pregabalin and gabapentin in multiple sclerosis: clinical experiences and therapeutic implications]
- Author
-
S, Bittner, K, Höhn, K, Göbel, C, Kleinschnitz, H, Wiendl, and S G, Meuth
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Multiple Sclerosis ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Pregabalin ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Lamotrigine ,Ion Channels ,Cohort Studies ,Disability Evaluation ,Young Adult ,Humans ,Amines ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,Neurologic Examination ,Epilepsy ,Triazines ,Valproic Acid ,Middle Aged ,Carbamazepine ,Anticonvulsants ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Female ,Gabapentin ,Mitoxantrone - Abstract
Due to a plethora of additional symptoms patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receive symptomatic treatment besides disease-modifying therapies. Among the substances which are commonly used are ion channel modulators (e. g. pregabalin, gabapentin, carbamazepine). The aim of this study was to investigate the use of these drugs in clinical practice in a larger patient cohort.Data from 533 MS patients [439 without and 94 patients with add-on therapy (treatment group)] were evaluated retrospectively. All patients received a detailed neurological examination including evaluation of EDSS scores.Pregabalin and gabapentin are used most commonly. Abnormal sensations are the most frequent reason for therapy initiation. Patients with higher EDSS values and/or under mitoxantrone treatment most frequently receive additional therapy.So far, it is not known whether the investigated agents exert a beneficial influence on the disease course of MS itself beyond a mere symptomatic treatment. Further research efforts and clinical studies are necessary to address this question.
- Published
- 2011
20. [An algorithm for postoperative pain management in visceral and thoracic surgery: an observational study]
- Author
-
F, Klammer, M, Gehling, A, Klammer, J, Fass, and M, Tryba
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Pirinitramide ,Inservice Training ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Quality Assurance, Health Care ,Pyridines ,Dipyrone ,Hernia, Inguinal ,Etoricoxib ,Young Adult ,Germany ,Humans ,Sulfones ,Amines ,Digestive System Surgical Procedures ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Acetaminophen ,Aged ,Pain Measurement ,Aged, 80 and over ,Analgesics ,Pain, Postoperative ,Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ,Middle Aged ,Thoracic Surgical Procedures ,Analgesia, Epidural ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Treatment Outcome ,Female ,Ketamine ,Gabapentin ,Algorithms - Abstract
We report the results of an observational study of pain intensity before and after implementation of an algorithm for postoperative pain management. The algorithm included multiple factors for treatment.Data of 130 consecutive patients with defined surgical procedures were extracted from charts before and after implementation of the algorithm. Our patients documented pain intensity at rest and on movement on a numerival rating scale (NRS) from 0 (= no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). A successful pain management was definded as maximum pain intensity at rest ≤ 3 and on movement ≤ 5 on the NRS. For statistical analysis we used the Wilcoxon and the chi squared test.The frequency of a successful pain management increased from 49 % (individual pain management) to 85 % (algorithm) at rest 8 (p 0.001), on movement the rates were 42 % and 86 %, respectively (p 0.001). In the total group, we found a reduction of maximum pain intensity at rest (mean ± sd) from 4.05 ± 2.54 to 2.18 ± 1.82 (p 0.001) and with movement from 6.04 ± 2.51 to 3.5 ± 2.08 (p 0.001).Implementing an algorithm for postoperative pain management resulted in a clinically relevant reduction of postoperative pain. Our findings reflect the result of a complex change in pain management, and therefore cannot be attributed to any single factors involved.
- Published
- 2011
21. [Disease with generalized pain. Guillain-Barré syndrome]
- Author
-
A, Schleich and H, Baumann
- Subjects
Adult ,Neurologic Examination ,Analgesics ,Spasm ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Immunization, Passive ,Pain ,Guillain-Barre Syndrome ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Humans ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
A 43-year-old women is suffering from immobilizing generalized muscular pain. Initial diagnostic course doesn't lead to diagnosis. Some days later after appearing of a facial palsy a Guillain-Barré syndrome is diagnosed after lumbar puncture showing a increased protein and normal white-cell count. Because the patient is seriously affected with immobilization a treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin is established, leading to a quick improvement. Pain as a leading symptom of Guillain- Barré syndrome and has a potential for leading to misdiagnosis effecting delay in therapy in possible harmful disease.
- Published
- 2011
22. [Pharmacological treatment of nystagmus]
- Author
-
C, Pieh-Beisse and W A, Lagrèze
- Subjects
Baclofen ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Memantine ,Muscle Relaxants, Central ,Dopamine Agents ,Potassium Channel Blockers ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,4-Aminopyridine ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Nystagmus, Pathologic ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
Nystagmus can be associated with strong discomfort due to oscillopsia, blurry vision and dizziness. Since generally no curative treatment methods exist, studies focus on potential pharmaceuticals to dampen the nystagmus. An overview is given on which forms of nystagmus can be treated with what kind of pharmacological substances and their possible mechanism of nystagmus dampening. Controlled studies found gabapentin and memantine to be effective in acquired pendular nystagmus and early-onset idiopathic nystagmus, and an efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in downbeat nystagmus.
- Published
- 2011
23. Effects of carbamazepine, gabapentin and amitriptyline on the excitability of dorsal horn neurons of the rat
- Author
-
Czorlich, Patrick and Physiologisches Institut
- Subjects
Patch-Clamp ,Hinterhornneurone ,carbamazepine ,gabapentin ,dorsal horn neurons, patch-clamp ,Carbamazepin ,ddc:610 ,amitriptyline ,Medical sciences Medicine ,Amitriptylin - Abstract
Die vorgelegte Arbeit zeigt die Wirkungen der Antiepileptika Carbamazepin und Gabapentin sowie des Antidepressivum Amitriptylin auf Ionenkanäle von Hinterhornneuronen der Laminae I-III unter Zuhilfenahme der Patch-Clamp-Technik. Die untersuchten Neuronen stammten aus einem Dünnschichtpräparat (200µM Dicke) des Rückenmarks junger (2-8 Tage alter) Ratten. Im Rahmen der Patch-Clamp-Technik wurden sowohl Untersuchungen in der Whole-Cell-Methode als auch am isolierten Soma durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Carbamazepin, Gabapentin und Amitriptylin Wirkungen in der Whole-Cell-Methode an spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanälen sowie an verzögert aktivierenden Kaliumkanälen besitzen. Für Carbamazepin sowie für Amitriptylin konnten mit Hilfe der Soma-Isolation halbmaximale Blockierungskonzentrationen von 156,4 +- 16,3 µM bzw. 4,8 +- 0,9 µM für die spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanäle errechnet werden. Die Blockade der verzögert aktivierenden Kaliumkanäle gelant mit einer einer halbmaximalen Blockierungskonzentration von 607 +- 49,3 µM für Carbamazepin bzw 8,3 +- 1,4 µM für Amitriptylin. Gabapentin zeigte in Dosierungen bis 3mM keine relevanten Effekte für spannungsabhängige Natriumkanäle bzw. verzögert aktivierende Kaliumkanäle am isolierten Soma. Alle Wirkstoffe beeinflussten die Generierung von einzelnen Aktionspotenzialen und reduzierten ausgeprägt die Feuerrate von tonically-firing-Neuronen. Aufgrund unserer Untersuchungen wird der schmerzlindernde Effekt von Gabapentin bzw. die Reduktion von tonically-firing-Neuronen nicht durch eine Blockade von spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanälen bzw. verzögert aktivierenden Kaliumkanälen an Neuronen der Laminae I-III hervorgerufen. Die im Rahmen unserer Arbeit ermittelten effektiven Konzentrationen von Carbamazepin und Amitriptylin sind zwar höher als die bekannten Liquorkonzentrationen dieser Wirkstoffe, trotzdem ist eine Beteiligung der Hinterhornneurone in der Schmerzmodulation nicht auszuschließen, weil bereits in niedrigeren Konzentrationen die Feuerrate der tonically-firing-Neurone reduziert wurde. The current study investigated the effects of carbamazepine, gabapentin and amitriptyline on slices of lumbar spinal cord from young rats using the patch-clamp technique for the very first time. Our investigations revealed the following results. Carbamazepine, gabapentin and amitriptyline affected the conductance of voltage-gated sodium channels and delayed rectifier potassium channels in the whole-cell-configuration. With the use of soma-isolation, we were able to calculate the half-maximal blocking concentrations of carbamazepine and amitriptyline on voltage-gated sodium channels to be 156.4 ± 16.3 µM and 4.8 ± 0.9 µM, respectively. The half-maximal blocking concentrations on delayed rectifier potassium channels were found to be 607 ± 49.3 µM for carbamazepine and 8.3 ± 1.4 µM for amitriptyline, respectively. High concentrations of gabapentin were found to have only a slight influence on voltage-gated sodium or on delayed rectifier potassium channels in the soma-isolation. All drugs tested affected the excitability of neurons to generate a single spike and showed a notable reduction in the excitability of tonically-firing neurons. Based on our study, the antinociceptive effect of gabapentin can not be explained by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels or delayed rectifier potassium channels. The effective concentrations for carbamazepine and amitriptyline found in the present study are higher than the values published on the effective cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of these drugs. However, since these drugs already affected the excitability of the tonically-firing neurons at low concentrations, the present findings might have an influence on pain modulation in the dorsal horn neurons.
- Published
- 2011
24. Effekte von Carbamazepin, Gabapentin und Amitriptylin auf die Erregbarkeit spinaler Hinterhornneurone der Ratte
- Author
-
Czorlich, Patrick and Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Subjects
Patch-Clamp ,dorsal horn neurons ,ddc:610 ,Hinterhornneurone ,carbamazepine ,gabapentin ,Carbamazepin ,amitriptyline ,Amitriptylin - Abstract
Die vorgelegte Arbeit zeigt die Wirkungen der Antiepileptika Carbamazepin und Gabapentin sowie des Antidepressivum Amitriptylin auf Ionenkanäle von Hinterhornneuronen der Laminae I-III unter Zuhilfenahme der Patch-Clamp-Technik. Die untersuchten Neuronen stammten aus einem Dünnschichtpräparat (200µM Dicke) des Rückenmarks junger (2-8 Tage alter) Ratten. Im Rahmen der Patch-Clamp-Technik wurden sowohl Untersuchungen in der Whole-Cell-Methode als auch am isolierten Soma durchgeführt.Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Carbamazepin, Gabapentin und Amitriptylin Wirkungen in der Whole-Cell-Methode an spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanälen sowie an verzögert aktivierenden Kaliumkanälen besitzen. Für Carbamazepin sowie für Amitriptylin konnten mit Hilfe der Soma-Isolation halbmaximale Blockierungskonzentrationen von 156,4 +- 16,3 µM bzw. 4,8 +- 0,9 µM für die spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanäle errechnet werden. Die Blockade der verzögert aktivierenden Kaliumkanäle gelant mit einer einer halbmaximalen Blockierungskonzentration von 607 +- 49,3 µM für Carbamazepin bzw 8,3 +- 1,4 µM für Amitriptylin. Gabapentin zeigte in Dosierungen bis 3mM keine relevanten Effekte für spannungsabhängige Natriumkanäle bzw. verzögert aktivierende Kaliumkanäle am isolierten Soma. Alle Wirkstoffe beeinflussten die Generierung von einzelnen Aktionspotenzialen und reduzierten ausgeprägt die Feuerrate von tonically-firing-Neuronen. Aufgrund unserer Untersuchungen wird der schmerzlindernde Effekt von Gabapentin bzw. die Reduktion von tonically-firing-Neuronen nicht durch eine Blockade von spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanälen bzw. verzögert aktivierenden Kaliumkanälen an Neuronen der Laminae I-III hervorgerufen. Die im Rahmen unserer Arbeit ermittelten effektiven Konzentrationen von Carbamazepin und Amitriptylin sind zwar höher als die bekannten Liquorkonzentrationen dieser Wirkstoffe, trotzdem ist eine Beteiligung der Hinterhornneurone in der Schmerzmodulation nicht auszuschließen, weil bereits in niedrigeren Konzentrationen die Feuerrate der tonically-firing-Neurone reduziert wurde., The current study investigated the effects of carbamazepine, gabapentin and amitriptyline on slices of lumbar spinal cord from young rats using the patch-clamp technique for the very first time. Our investigations revealed the following results. Carbamazepine, gabapentin and amitriptyline affected the conductance of voltage-gated sodium channels and delayed rectifier potassium channels in the whole-cell-configuration. With the use of soma-isolation, we were able to calculate the half-maximal blocking concentrations of carbamazepine and amitriptyline on voltage-gated sodium channels to be 156.4 ± 16.3 µM and 4.8 ± 0.9 µM, respectively. The half-maximal blocking concentrations on delayed rectifier potassium channels were found to be 607 ± 49.3 µM for carbamazepine and 8.3 ± 1.4 µM for amitriptyline, respectively. High concentrations of gabapentin were found to have only a slight influence on voltage-gated sodium or on delayed rectifier potassium channels in the soma-isolation. All drugs tested affected the excitability of neurons to generate a single spike and showed a notable reduction in the excitability of tonically-firing neurons. Based on our study, the antinociceptive effect of gabapentin can not be explained by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels or delayed rectifier potassium channels. The effective concentrations for carbamazepine and amitriptyline found in the present study are higher than the values published on the effective cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of these drugs. However, since these drugs already affected the excitability of the tonically-firing neurons at low concentrations, the present findings might have an influence on pain modulation in the dorsal horn neurons.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. [IGOST guideline for pharmacotherapy of low back pain]
- Author
-
Martin, Strohmeier
- Subjects
Analgesics ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Muscle Relaxants, Central ,Aminopyridines ,Antidepressive Agents ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Tolperisone ,Anti-Anxiety Agents ,Neuromuscular Agents ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Humans ,Osteoporosis ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Low Back Pain ,Methocarbamol ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Published
- 2010
26. Was gibt es Neues beim neuropathischen Schmerz?
- Author
-
Claudia Sommer and M. Schäfers
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Lacosamide ,Gabapentin ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Medizin ,Controlled studies ,Transcranial magnetic stimulation ,Neuropathic pain ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Amitriptyline ,Neurology (clinical) ,Levetiracetam ,business ,Clinical treatment ,medicine.drug - Abstract
This review summarises new developments concerning neuropathic pain during the last 2 years, including the latest results of basic research, clinical studies and guidelines. The article focuses on those pathophysiological studies with relevance for clinical treatment, on new guidelines and methods for defining neuropathic pain and the latest controlled studies concerning therapies for neuropathic pain. We report new data on established medications such as amitriptyline and gabapentin as well as data on novel therapies such as lacosamide, levetiracetam or topical therapies. In addition, new results on non-drug treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor cortex-stimulation and psychotherapy are presented. The aim of this review is to provide a fast overview on the latest developments of neuropathic pain.
- Published
- 2010
27. [Empirical evidence for the use of anticonvulsants in personality disorders]
- Author
-
M, Sieberer and H M, Emrich
- Subjects
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Triazines ,Valproic Acid ,Pregabalin ,Oxcarbazepine ,Fructose ,Lamotrigine ,Personality Disorders ,Carbamazepine ,Borderline Personality Disorder ,Topiramate ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - Abstract
There is a common practice of polypharmacy and an increased use of mood stabilizers in personality disorders (PD). This paper reviews all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of anticonvulsants to evaluate the evidence base supporting their use in treatment of PD.German and English language literature cited in Medline and published between 1970 and 2008 was searched using the following terms: Borderline/personality disorder, anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, carbamazepine, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, phenytoine, pregabalin, tiagabine, topiramate, and valproate.Twelve RCTs were identified which included anticonvulsants in treatment of personality disorders. The anticonvulsants valproate and topiramate appeared to have the most empirical support for having a favorable effect on symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Evidence for the use of other anticonvulsants in patients with PD is sparse.Valproate and topiramate, probably also lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine as well, were useful in treating symptoms of affective dysregulation and impulsive aggression in PD. However, further RCTs of anticonvulsants are greatly needed as clinical use of these agents has risen without sufficient evidence supporting their efficacy and safety in personality disorders.
- Published
- 2009
28. [Pain therapy after spinal surgery]
- Author
-
F, Geiger, P, Kessler, and M, Rauschmann
- Subjects
Clinical Trials as Topic ,Pain, Postoperative ,Bone Transplantation ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Analgesia, Epidural ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Spinal Fusion ,Adrenal Cortex Hormones ,Preoperative Care ,Humans ,Amines ,Anesthetics, Local ,Gabapentin ,Spinal Cord Compression ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
A dorsal approach during spinal surgery offers the possibility to distribute drugs directly to the nerve root or epidurally. This can be done via a single intraoperative dose or by placing an epidural catheter. A safe and effective analgesia can thereby be achieved. As placement is done under visual control, no major complications are to be expected. In nerve root compressions, additional local application of steroids and preoperative gabapentin seems sensible. No advantage of preemptive administration of other analgesics can be determined. Another problem, especially of ventral fusions, is the commonly needed autologous pelvic bone grafts. Here the local application of local anesthetics or opioids makes sense. In transthoracic approaches epidural analgesia is recommended by thoracic surgeons, but this is difficult to perform especially in children with deformities. Furthermore it is generally important not to compromise neuralgic controls by analgesic measures.
- Published
- 2008
29. [Pharmacotherapy of central oculomotor disorders]
- Author
-
R, Kalla, R, Spiegel, J, Wagner, N, Rettinger, K, Jahn, and M, Strupp
- Subjects
Baclofen ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Vestibular Nuclei ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Drug Administration Schedule ,Nystagmus, Pathologic ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Memantine ,Humans ,4-Aminopyridine ,Amifampridine ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
Nystagmus causes blurred vision due to oscillopsia, as well as impaired balance. Depending on etiology, additional cerebellar and brain stem signs may occur. We present the current pharmacotherapy of the most common forms of central nystagmus: downbeat nystagmus (DBN), upbeat nystagmus (UBN), acquired pendular nystagmus (APN), and congenital nystagmus (CGN). Recommended medical therapies are aminopyridines (4-AP) for DBN and UBN, gabapentin and memantine for CGN and APN, and baclofen for periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN).
- Published
- 2008
30. [Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects: Part 2: opioids, ketamine and gabapentinoids]
- Author
-
J, Jage, R, Laufenberg-Feldmann, and F, Heid
- Subjects
Analgesics, Opioid ,Anesthetics, Dissociative ,Pain, Postoperative ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Humans ,Ketamine ,Amines ,Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic - Abstract
In part 1 of this review, perioperative aspects of the use of non-opioids (acetaminophene, dipyrone, traditional NSAR, coxibs) were discussed. In part 2 the perioperative aspects of opioids (weak opioids: tramadol, tilidine with naloxone, strong opioids: morphine, piritramide, oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine) and coanalgesics (gabapentinoids; ketamine) will now be presented. The main aim of the review is to describe the use, risks and cost of some substances to facilitate the differential indication. New aspects concerning the use of gabapentinoids and ketamine are discussed.
- Published
- 2008
31. [Pathophysiology and treatment of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias]
- Author
-
P J, Goadsby and A S, Cohen
- Subjects
Male ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Vasodilator Agents ,Indomethacin ,Administration, Oral ,Cluster Headache ,Fructose ,Lamotrigine ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Topiramate ,Humans ,Vasoconstrictor Agents ,Trigeminal Nerve ,Amines ,Anesthetics, Local ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,SUNCT Syndrome ,Analgesics ,Methysergide ,Sumatriptan ,Triazines ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ,Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ,Lidocaine ,Nociceptors ,Paroxysmal Hemicrania ,Serotonin Receptor Agonists ,Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias ,Verapamil ,Female ,Serotonin Antagonists ,Gabapentin - Abstract
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are a group of primary headache disorders, which are characterized by strictly unilateral pain, together with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms. TACs include cluster headache (CH), paroxysmal hemicrania (PH) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT syndrome). These diseases all have one thing in common: an activation of trigeminal nociceptive afferentia with a reflex-like activation of cranial autonomic efferentia via the facial nerve. TACs show differences not only in the length and frequency of attacks but also in the response to drug treatment. It is important to recognize and differentiate between these syndromes because they react very well, but very selectively to therapy.
- Published
- 2008
32. [When the legs have to keep moving at night--the restless legs syndrome]
- Author
-
Michael, Lanz and Svenja, Happe
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Sleep Wake Disorders ,Time Factors ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Polysomnography ,Middle Aged ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Levodopa ,Pregnancy ,Restless Legs Syndrome ,Dopamine Agonists ,Quality of Life ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Child ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
The restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequently occurring neurological disease that is often associated with sleep disorders and reduced quality of life. The cause of RLS still has not been clearly established; however, the dopaminergic and opioid systems and iron metabolism appear to have major roles in the disease. The therapy of choice is treatment with dopaminergic drugs. In addition, opiates and anticonvulsants such as gabapentin are used. The most important side effect of dopaminergic therapy is augmentation. If therapy-related augmentation occurs while taking levodopa, the medication should be changed to dopamine agonists. If augmentation occurs while taking dopamine agonists, opiates or gabapentin should be taken instead.
- Published
- 2007
33. [Frequently occurring forms of dizziness and their treatment]
- Author
-
Frank, Thömke
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Migraine Disorders ,Vasodilator Agents ,Syndrome ,Middle Aged ,Dizziness ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Carbamazepine ,Nystagmus, Physiologic ,Vestibular Diseases ,Memantine ,Vertigo ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ,Vestibular Neuronitis ,Meniere Disease ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Betahistine - Abstract
Dizziness is not a unique clinical picture, but rather is the unspecific symptom of numerous diseases. Dizziness always develops when the real incoming vestibular, visual and somatosensory information contradict each other and the expected input signals. Disorders of the vestibular apparatus are the most frequent cause of dizziness; in contrast, cervicogenic causes play a secondary role. Dizziness syndromes usually have a favourable prognosis and can be successfully treated.
- Published
- 2007
34. [The 10-minute-consultation: chronic singultus]
- Author
-
G, Petroianu and A, Stegmeier-Petroianu
- Subjects
Male ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Pregabalin ,Anti-Ulcer Agents ,Drug Administration Schedule ,Hiccup ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Recurrence ,Chronic Disease ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Omeprazole ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Aged - Published
- 2007
35. [Post-operative pain therapy of a chronic pain patient]
- Author
-
Michael T, Pawlik and Karl Peter, Ittner
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Analgesics ,Pain, Postoperative ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Muscle Relaxants, Central ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Drug Combinations ,Tolperisone ,Treatment Outcome ,Hyperalgesia ,Chronic Disease ,Humans ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Oxycodone ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
Post-operative pain therapy of chronic pain patients poses a challenge. Here we report the perioperative management of a 39-year-old male under chronic therapy with oxycodon, gabapentin and tolperison. Particular the pharmacointeractions regarding premedication and postoperative dose finding of opioids with intravenous PCIA are discussed.
- Published
- 2006
36. [Gabapentin treatment in a female patient with panic disorder and adverse effects under carbamazepine during benzodiazepine withdrawal]
- Author
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Hubertus, Himmerich, Thomas, Nickel, Mira A, Dalal, and Marianne B, Müller
- Subjects
Alprazolam ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ,Benzodiazepines ,Carbamazepine ,Liver Function Tests ,Antimanic Agents ,Humans ,Panic Disorder ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Female ,Amines ,Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Aged ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Despite their addictive potential, benzodiazepines belong to the most often prescribed drugs. We report on a patient with alprazolam dependence, who initially was treated with carbamazepine because of severe withdrawal symptoms. Due to liver enzyme elevation related to carbamazepine, we had to stop this treatment and instead of that started gabapentin treatment. Under this new therapy, the patient showed a dramatic relief of withdrawal symptoms and of the panic attacks recurring during withdrawal. Hence, due to their effectiveness and tolerability, newer anticonvulsants could be considered as medication for benzodiazepine withdrawal and as an alternative for benzodiazepine treatment in panic disorders.
- Published
- 2006
37. [Muscle cramp--what is at the bottom of it? Only a little strained or seriously sick?]
- Author
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D, Heuss
- Subjects
Male ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Quinine ,Muscle Relaxants, Central ,Age Factors ,Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ,Citric Acid ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Carbamazepine ,Pregnancy ,Organometallic Compounds ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Exercise ,Physical Therapy Modalities ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Aged ,Muscle Cramp - Published
- 2006
38. [Polyarteritis nodosa - a 'classical' case]
- Author
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H U, Scherer, F K H, van Landeghem, and F, Buttgereit
- Subjects
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Biopsy ,Middle Aged ,Methylprednisolone ,Drug Administration Schedule ,Polyarteritis Nodosa ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Sural Nerve ,Humans ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Female ,Lymphocytes ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Cyclophosphamide ,Referral and Consultation ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
Diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa is often delayed due to the vast heterogeneity of initial clinical symptoms. The case presented shows the clinical image of the disease, leading from the first symptoms up to verification of the diagnosis by sural-nerve biopsy. We discuss the classification of the disease among other types of vasculitis, the classification criteria proposed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) as well as current therapeutic options. This case underlines the interdisciplinary character of the disease, challenging neurologists, dermatologists, rheumatologists and orthopedics alike.
- Published
- 2006
39. [Unique children -- unique headaches. Case reports of pediatric headache patients from an outpatient children's pain department]
- Author
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C, Wamsler, S, Schürmann, G, Dubbel, M, Blankenburg, and B, Zernikow
- Subjects
Male ,Analgesics ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Child, Preschool ,Headache ,Humans ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Child ,Developing Countries ,Functional Laterality ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
In the industrialized nations headache prevalence is increasing in children and adolescents. The nosologic classification determines the therapeutic strategy to follow. Three case reports illustrate the optimal cooperation of both a pediatric outpatient pain clinic and a pediatric psychosomatic pain clinic. We report on (1) a girl aged 2 years and 7 months with a 4-month history of headache episodes lasting about 15 min each with concomitant symptoms; (2) an 11-year-old boy with Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome, symptomatic focal epilepsy, psychomotor retardation, mild postinfectious internal hydrocephalus, and repeated heat-triggered episodes of right-sided headache beginning suddenly with a duration of 5-30 min and concomitant flush of his hemiface; and (3) a 12-year-old boy who for about 2 years has suffered from "migraine" 3 times a week, significantly impairing his quality of life. We discuss the patients' courses, diagnostic pitfalls, and therapeutic options. For the optimal treatment of children with headache not easily fitting into one of the categories, with significant comorbidity present, or if there is no adequate response to therapy conforming with guidelines, the help of an interdisciplinary pediatric pain clinic is invaluable.
- Published
- 2006
40. Eine neue alpha-2-delta Untereinheit spannungsabhängiger Kalziumkanäle
- Author
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Hobom, Muriel, Hofmann, F. (Prof. Dr.), Ruth, P. (Prof. Dr.), and Dudel, J. (Prof. Dr.)
- Subjects
voltage-gated calcium channels ,auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels ,alpha-2-delta-2 ,in situ-hybridization ,patch-clamp ,gabapentin ,spannungsabhängige Kalziumkanäle ,Hilfsuntereinheiten spannungsabhängiger Kalziumkanäle ,In situ-Hybridisierung ,Patch-clamp ,Gabapentin ,Medizin ,ddc:610 - Abstract
Spannungsabhängige Kalziumkanäle sind oligomere Proteinkomplexe, die eine Vielzahl an Kombinationsmöglichkeiten aus verschiedenen Untereinheiten aufweisen. Die funktionellen Unterschiede der einzelnen Kanaltypen ermöglichen eine gute Anpassung an die verschiedenen Bedürfnisse der einzelnen Zellen und Gewebe. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die a2d-2 Hilfsuntereinheit spannungsabhängiger Kalzium-kanäle untersucht. Sie wurde mittels Bibliothekscreening und PCR-Technik kloniert. Es wurden zwei Spleißvarianten gefunden, die gewebespezifisch exprimiert werden. Die Northern blot-Analyse zeigte, daß a2d-2 besonders stark in Herzgewebe, Pankreas und Skelettmuskulatur exprimiert wird. In situ-Hybridisierungen ergaben, daß a2d-2 im Gehirn vor allem in den Habenulae, den Septumkernen und der Purkinjezellschicht der Kleinhirnrinde exprimiert wird. Da in diesen Hirnarealen auch die a1E Untereinheit eine besonders starke Expression aufweist, ist eine Interaktion dieser beiden Untereinheiten wahrscheinlich. Das neuronale Expressionsmuster von a2d-2 stimmt mit keiner a1 Untereinheit vollständig überein, so daß davon ausgegangen werden kann, daß a2d-2 mit mehreren Kalziumkanaltypen interagieren kann. Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen nach der Patch-clamp Methode haben ergeben, daß a2d-2 bei Koexpression dem kardialen Kalziumkanal a1Ca/b2a keinen signifikanten Unterschied zu a2d-1 und a2d-3 aufweist. Alle drei a2d Isoformen vergrößern die Stromamplitude, verschieben die Stromspannungsbeziehung zu einem stärker hyperpolarisierten Potential und beschleunigen sowohl die Aktivierung als auch die Inaktivierung. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen a2d Isoformen bei funktionaler Charakterisierung gemeinsam mit dem neuronalen Kanal a1E/b3. a2d-1 verschiebt lediglich die Spannungsabhängigkeit der Inaktivierung zu einem negativeren Potential. Zusätzlich verlagert a2d-2 die Spannungsabhängigkeit der Aktivierung ähnlich aber nicht ganz so stark wie a2d-3 zu einem stärker hyperpolarisierten Potential. Sowohl a2d-2 als auch a2d-3 verkürzen die Aktivierungszeitkonstante. Durch die Expression von a2d-2 in Geweben wie in glatter Muskulatur, Herz, Pankreas und Gehirn, in denen spannungsabhängige Kalziumkanäle eine funktionell wichtige Rolle spielen, bietet diese Untereinheit möglicherweise einen Ansatzpunkt für die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente. Voltage-dependent calcium channels are oligomeric protein complexes with numerous possible combinations of their different subunits. The functional differences of the various types of channels allow for a good adaptation to the different necessities of the cells and tissues. In this project, the auxiliary calcium channel subunit a2d-2 was examined for the first time. a2d-2 was cloned via screening of a cDNA library and PCR amplification. Two different splice variants were found, which are expressed in a tissue specific manner. In a northern blot analysis a strong expression of a2d-2 was shown in heart, pancreas and skeletal muscle. In situ hybridization revealed, that in brain a2d-2 is expressed mainly in the habenulae, the septal nuclei and the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum. Because of the high expression of the a1E subunit in the same areas of the brain, an interaction of these two subunits seems to be likely. The expression of a2d-2 in neuronal tissue was not identical with any single a1 subunit so that it must be assumed that a2d-2 interacts with different types of calcium channels. Electrophysiological studies using the patch-clamp method showed, that coexpression of a2d-2 with the cardiac calcium channel a1Ca/b2a has no significant difference compared with a2d-1 and a2d-3. All three a2d isoforms increase the amplitude of the current, move the current-voltage-relationship to a more hyperpolarised potential and accelerate the activation and inactivation. In contrast, there are significant differences between the three a2d isoforms if they are coexpressed with the neuronal channel a1E/b3. a2d-1 only moves the voltage-dependent inactivation to more negative potentials. a2d-2 additionally moves the voltage-dependent activation similar, but not as much as a2d-3 to more hyperpolarized potentials. a2d-2 as well as a2d-3 shorten the activation time constant. Because of the expression of a2d-2 in tissues as smooth muscle, heart, pancreas and brain, where voltage gated calcium channels play a crucial role, this subunit may be a target for the development of new drugs.
- Published
- 2005
41. [Medication, steel or radiation? The appropriate strategy to treat facial neuralgia]
- Author
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A, Berthele and T R, Tölle
- Subjects
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Nerve Compression Syndromes ,Facial Neuralgia ,Oxcarbazepine ,Trigeminal Neuralgia ,Decompression, Surgical ,Radiosurgery ,Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Carbamazepine ,Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Published
- 2005
42. [Brachioradial pruritus: a rare, localized, neuropathic form of itching]
- Author
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F, Schürmeyer-Horst, R, Fischbach, D, Nabavi, D, Metze, and S, Ständer
- Subjects
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Nerve Compression Syndromes ,Pruritus ,Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous ,Middle Aged ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Spinal Osteophytosis ,Forearm ,Cervical Vertebrae ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Humans ,Anticonvulsants ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Spinal Nerve Roots ,Myelography ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
We report on a female patient with brachioradial pruritus, in whom the cause could be verified by purposeful diagnostics (e. g., MRI). The clinical symptoms with localized itching result from circumscribed nerve root compression and hyperexcitation of the nerve fibers. Under treatment with gabapentin, an anticonvulsant with a very good analgesic and good antipruritic effect, the itch ceased and the skin changes healed. This case shows that this special form of neuropathic itch requires targeted therapy, which apart from symptomatic treatment should primarily focus on remedying the cause, if feasible.
- Published
- 2005
43. [Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of neuropathic pain syndromes]
- Author
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S, Braune
- Subjects
Analgesics ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Thioctic Acid ,Pain ,Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ,Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ,Trigeminal Neuralgia ,Antioxidants ,Ion Channels ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Placebos ,Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy ,Polyneuropathies ,Diabetic Neuropathies ,Double-Blind Method ,Humans ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - Abstract
Neuropathic pain can severely reduce quality of life. Double blind, placebo controlled studies confirm the efficacy of the treatment of painful neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia with tricyclic antidepressants, ion channel blockers, opioids and lipoic acid. The numbers-needed-to-treat (NNT) with monotherapy to achieve pain reduction of at least 50% are in the range of 2 to 4. Recent studies indicate that patients can benefit from combinations of opioids and tricyclic antidepressants or opioids and gabapentin.
- Published
- 2005
44. [On the risk of dependence on gabapentinoids].
- Author
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Bonnet U and Scherbaum N
- Subjects
- Behavior, Addictive psychology, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Risk, Substance-Related Disorders diagnosis, Substance-Related Disorders psychology, Analgesics, Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology
- Abstract
In the last ten years, the prescriptions of the gabapentinoids gabapentin and pregabalin increased largely also in Germany. Since several national and international pharmacovigilance-databases have warned for abuse liabilities and overdose fatalities in association with both gabapentinoids, which moreover, became to be sold on internet and black-markets, their addictive power has been subject to an ongoing clinical debate. As pre- and post-approval clinical trials did not reveal significant signs of dependence on gabapentin or pregabalin, we systematically searched in PubMed and Scopus for clinical studies and case reports being associated with abuse of and dependence on these drugs. We found 14 clinical-epidemiologic studies and 38 case reports/series. These were evaluated for i) fulfilled dependence criteria according to ICD-10, ii) non-medical self-administration and their duration, iii) relapses, iv) social sequels, and v) cases seeking treatment for misusing gabapentin or pregabalin. Mostly, the cases of abuse of and dependence on gabapentinoids appeared to be associated with other substance dependencies, primarily opiate dependence and polyvalent drug use. Drug users preferred pregabalin citing a faster and stronger euphoria ("liking") than achievable with oral gabapentin. Both gabapentinoids were anxiolytic in therapeutic doses, stimulating in lower and sedating along with increasing doses. Fatalities have been described mainly in the population of opiate dependents and polyvalent drug users, predominantly together with excessive pregabalin overdosing. It is debated whether the gabapentinoids were indeed the main cause of death in these cases or whether gabapentin and pregabalin had been only bystanders. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms (physical dependence) of gabapentinoids appeared to be common in medical and non-medical use of gabapentinoids. There were only 4 persons who had fulfilled behavioral dependence criteria of gabapentinoids (all had used pregabalin) and had no association with other substance use disorders (apart from nicotine). Regarding the transitions from prescription to non-medical self-administration, the frequency and duration of self-administrations as well as the number of reported relapses, pregabalin appeared also to be more addictive than gabapentin. However, all these events were reported rather infrequently compared with traditional substances of abuse. We did not find a case with social sequalea due to the use of gabapentinoids or a person who sought treatment for his gabapentin or pregabalin use. Therefore, the gabapentinoids were assumed to possess a lower "wanting" in consideration of Berridge's and Robinsons's incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Also, anti-adverse selection of gabapentinoids is discussed to be present in the population of opioid and multi-drug users. Based upon all these results and assumptions, we have estimated the relative risk of dependence on gabapentinoids by using an algorithm which was previously developed by Griffith and Johnson for evaluation of the abuse liabilities of sedatives. Overall, the risk of harm and dependence on gabapentinoids appeared to be lower than that of other sedatives (and stimulants). In addition, pregabalin appeared to be somewhat riskier than gabapentin. We think that in patients with current or past substance use disorders, the treatment with gabapentinoids should be avoided or if indispensable, these drugs should be administered exclusively over a limited time span with caution by using a therapeutic and prescription monitoring., Competing Interests: U. B. erhielt Honorare für Vorträge von Lundbeck. Seine Klinik erhielt Zuwendungen auf ein Drittmittelkonto für die Organisation von Fortbildungsveranstaltungen von den Firmen Actelion, Esparma, Lilly, Lundbeck, Merz, Otsuka und Servier. Persönliche Honorare erhielt er für das Verfassen von zwei CME-Artikeln in der Zeitschrift „Info Neurologie & Psychiatrie“– einer über das Abhängigkeitspotenzial von Propofol und der andere über die Cannabisabhängigkeit. Darüber hinaus ist er außerordentliches Mitglied der Arzneimittelkommission der Deutschen Ärzteschaft. N. S. hat für Tätigkeiten in Advisory Boards und Vortragstätigkeit Honorare von den Firmen Sanofi-Aventis, Indivior/Reckitt-Benckiser, Lundbeck und Janssen-Cilag erhalten., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. [Neuritis of the maxillary nerve. A 55-year-old housewife]
- Author
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A, Hänsel
- Subjects
Analgesics ,Time Factors ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,Cluster Headache ,Middle Aged ,Trigeminal Neuralgia ,Cranial Nerve Diseases ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Neuritis ,Facial Pain ,Maxillary Nerve ,Humans ,Prednisone ,Female ,Trigeminal Nerve ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Published
- 2004
46. 1H-Magnetresonanzspektroskopie bei Chorea Huntington unter neuroprotektiver Therapie mit Gabapentin
- Author
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Bonekamp, David
- Subjects
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Huntington Disease ,Gabapentin ,Protons ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit ,Human - Abstract
Titelblatt, Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Ziel dieser Arbeit 3 1.3 Chorea Huntington 4 1.4 Gabapentin 13 1.5 Magnetresonanz (MR) 15 1.6 Protonenmagnetresonanzspektroskopie 41 2 Material und Methoden 53 2.1 Studienablauf 53 2.2 Untersuchungstechnik 53 2.3 Untersuchungsablauf 54 2.4 Messprotokoll 55 2.5 Auswertung 56 3 Ergebnisse 57 3.1 Altersverteilung 57 3.2 Untersuchungsergebnisse 58 4 Diskussion 64 4.1 Betrachtung der Ergebnisse 64 4.2 Schlußfolgerung 68 5 Zusammenfassung 70 6 Anhang 72 6.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 72 6.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 73 6.3 Tabellenanhang 74 7 Literatur 80 8 Danksagung 89 9 Lebenslauf 90, Einleitung: Chorea Huntington (HD) ist eine seltene neurodegenerative Erkrankung mit einem mittleren Erkrankungsbeginn um das 45. Lebensjahr, die autosomal dominant mit hoher Penetranz vererbt wird. Sie verläuft chronisch progredient ohne Remissionen und führt nach durchschnittlich 12 bis 15 Jahren zum Tode. Die Patienten entwickeln eine Trias von Dyskinesien, Demenz und psychiatrischen Veränderungen. 1993 konnte auf dem kurzen Arm von Chromosom 4 das Gen IT-15 isoliert werden, in dem bei annähernd 100 % der HD - Patienten eine abnormal große Zahl von CAG - Basentriplettwiederholungen in wenigstens einem Allel auftritt. Im Laufe der letzten Jahre haben sich aus der Untersuchung des Zusammenhanges zwischen der abnormalen Struktur des Genproduktes Huntingtin (Htt), das eine verlängerte Polyglutaminat - Kette am N - Terminus trägt, und der fortschreitenden Neurodegeneration Erkenntnisse über die Funktion des Proteins sowie daraus abgeleitete Ansatzmöglichkeiten für neue Therapiekonzepte ergeben. Einer dieser Ansätze ist die sogenannte Glutamatexzitotoxizitätshypothese, nach welcher der erregende Neurotransmitter Glutamat besonders auf die zum Globus pallidus externus (GPe) projizierenden "medium spiny neurons" (MSN), unter anderem durch Vermittlung ionotroper Glutamatrezeptoren (iGluR), darunter auch der N-Methyl-D-Aspartat-Rezeptor (NMDAR), toxisch wirkt. Das Pharmakon Gabapentin, ein neueres Antikonvulsivum, das sich bereits im klinischen Einsatz bei der adjuvanten Therapie refraktärer Epilepsien befindet, besitzt modulierende Eigenschaften auf diesen exzitotoxischen Prozeß. Es wird bei einer Reihe von HD - Patienten derzeit als Neuroprotektivum eingesetzt. Dabei wird ein frühsymptomatisches Stadium als günstigster Zeitpunkt für eine Beeinflussung des Krankheitsprozesses angesehen. Das Monitoring der Patienten geschieht bislang primär durch die Erhebung klinischer Scores. Es besteht jedoch ein großer Wunsch nach objektiveren und sensitiveren Methoden, den Krankheitsprozeß sowie Therapieeffekte verfolgen zu können. Ziel der vorgestellten Dissertation war es, die Magnetresonanzspektroskopie (MRS) zur Differenzierung krankheitsbedingter Metabolitenveränderungen und zur Verfolgung möglicher Effekte einer Pharmakotherapie mit Gabapentin bei HD - Patienten einzusetzen. Material und Methoden: 26 HD - Patienten aus einer ambulanten Sprechstunde wurden vor und 6 Monate nach Therapiebeginn magnetresonanzspektroskopisch untersucht. Zum Vergleich wurde bei einem Kollektiv von 14 gesunden Probanden dasselbe Protokoll ausgeführt. Für alle Messungen stand ein stand ein Siemens Magnetom Vision 1,5 T Scanner zur Verfügung. Single Voxel - Spektren wurden mit einer STEAM - Sequenz jeweils in drei Lokalisationen der linken Gehirnhemisphäre bei einem isotropen volume of interest (VOI) von acht Millilitern gemessen. Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zu den gesunden Probanden zeigten die HD - Patienten nativ ein signifikant erhöhtes Cholin (Cho) / Kreatin (Cr) - Verhältnis sowohl im Corpus striatum als auch im frontalen Kortex. Im Corpus striatum war das Lactat (Lac) / Cr - Verhältnis der HD - Patienten grenzwertig nicht signifikant erhöht. Das N-Acetyl-Aspartat (NAA) / Cr - Verhältnis war nicht verändert. In diesen Lokalisationen ergaben sich damit auf gliotische und neurodegenerative Prozesse, beziehungsweise oxydative Alteration des Gewebes hinweisende Befunde. Im Bereich des occipitalen Kortex waren vergleichbare Veränderungen nicht festzustellen. Unter Therapie kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme des Lac / Cr - Verhältnisses im Corpus striatum, die möglicherweise auf eine Verbesserung des oxydativen Stoffwechsels im Bereich des untersuchten Volumens zurückzuführen ist. Zusammenfassung: In dieser Studie wurde die Magnetresonanzspektroskopie eingesetzt, um den therapeutischen Einfluß einer Pharmakotherapie mit dem Antiepileptikum Gabapentin bei frühsymptomatischen Chorea Huntington Patienten zu untersuchen. Es handelt sich um eine seltene Erbkrankheit, die zur unaufhaltsamen Degeneration von Nervenzellen führt. Obwohl verschiedene Therapiekonzepte existieren, kann sie bislang nicht geheilt werden. Aus der Kenntnis der Pathogenese und der molekularbiologischen Grundlagen wurde die Theorie der Glutamatexzitotoxizität als wichtiger Einflußfaktor für den Neuronenuntergang identifiziert. Im Rahmen von neurologischen Verlaufsbeobachtungen und Studien wird Gabapentin bei Chorea Huntington Patienten eingesetzt, wobei die positiven Effekte des Pharmakons in Verbindung mit einer Abschwächung dieser toxischen Wirkung von Glutamat gebracht werden. Mit der Magnetresonanzspektroskopie kann der Metabolismus in Form von Signalintensitäten festgelegter Metabolite lokalisiert im Gehirn untersucht werden. Dies bietet eine Möglichkeit der objektiven Verlaufskontrolle von Gehirnerkrankungen und erlaubt die Untersuchung von Therapiewirkungen. Im Laufe dieser Studie wurden die Patienten zunächst nativ untersucht, dann etwa sechs Monate mit Gabapentin behandelt und anschließend unter möglichst gleichen Bedingungen nachuntersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Kontrollmessungen an gesunden Probanden erhoben. Der Vergleich der Probanden mit den Nativmessungen der Patienten zeigte nachweisbare Veränderungen, die, da es sich um frühsymptomatische Patienten handelte, im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen bisheriger Studien schwach ausgeprägt waren. Es zeigte sich eine Konzentration der auf Neurodegeneration hinweisenden Prozesse in den als Zentren der Krankheitsaktivität identifizierten Hirnbereichen, vor allem dem Corpus striatum, aber auch dem frontalen Kortex. Die Nachmessungen zeigten nur wenig Veränderung, brachten jedoch Hinweise auf eine Wirksamkeit der Therapie. Die magnetresonanzspektroskopischen Beobachtungen weisen also darauf hin, daß der Einsatz von Gabapentin einen therapeutischen Einfluß auf den Krankheitsprozeß hat. Die Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse ist leider durch die geringe Anzahl von Patienten in geeignetem Krankheitsstadium und die Notwendigkeit der Einhaltung einer akzeptablen Meßzeit begrenzt. Dennoch sind die erreichten Zahlen unter der Berücksichtigung der geringen Verfügbarkeit den Studienanforderungen genügender Patienten als Erfolg zu betrachten. Dies ist der engen Zusammenarbeit mit der Neurologischen Klinik der Charité zu verdanken, die als Zentrum für die Betreuung von Chorea Huntington Patienten weit über die Grenzen Berlins hinaus bekannt ist und damit über ein einmaliges Patientengut verfügt. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse sind zumindest wertbar als Hinweis auf eine Verlangsamung bis Stagnation der beobachtbaren Meßwertveränderungen im betrachteten Zeitraum. Somit zeigt diese Studie, daß die Magnetresonanzspektroskopie gut geeignet ist, Therapieeffekte zu verfolgen. Es ist zu bemerken, daß durch die genannten Limitationen eine geringere Empfindlichkeit für Metabolitenveränderungen erreicht werden konnte, als durch die Möglichkeiten der Magnetresonanzspektroskopie in anderen Kollektiven gegeben wären. Hier sind Ansätze der Detektion kurzfristiger Veränderungen von Metaboliten etwa während der Injektion von Pharmaka bei im Magnetresonanzspektroskop unverändert liegenden Patienten zu nennen. Weiterhin kann bei der Anwendung der Methode auf Erkrankungen mit größerer Verfügbarkeit von Patienten von einer Verbesserung der Aussagekraft ausgegangen werden. Schließlich ist in der Zukunft mit dem Einsatz größerer Feldstärken und verbesserter Ortsauflösung durch neue Meßtechnik mit einer Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit zu rechnen., Introduction: Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease with a mean age of onset of approximately 45 years. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with a high level of penetrance. The course is chronic progredient without remissions, and on the average leads to death after a duration of 12 to 15 years. The patients develop a trias of symptoms consisting of dyskinesia, dementia and psychiatric alterations. In 1993, the gene IT-15 was discovered on the short branch of chromosome 4 displaying an abnormally high number of CAG - base triplet repeats in at least one allele. In the past, several approaches for new therapy concepts have arisen from the examination of the relation between the abnormal structure of the gene product Huntingtin (Htt) and the process of neurodegeneration. One of those approaches pertains to the glutamate excitotoxicity hypothesis which accredits to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate a toxic effect on the medium spiny neurons (MSN) that project from the striatum to the external globus pallidus (GPe), inter alia mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) like the N-metyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug already widely applied in clinical therapy of refractory epilepsia. Additionally, the drug possesses a modulating effect on the named excitotoxic process and therefore presently is used as a neuroprotective drug in several HD patients. An early symptomatic stage of the disease is considered most accessible to treatment. To date, therapy effects are monitored by evaluating behavioural scores. However, there is a strong desire for an increase in objectivity and sensitivity in observing disease progression. The aim of this thesis was to apply proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in a collective of HD patients to differentiate disease specific metabolite variations as well as variations occurring under Gabapentin therapy. Material and Methods: A total of 26 patients visiting an outpatient clinic for HD were examined using MRS both before and six months after initiation of therapy. A group of 14 healthy volunteers were scanned using the same protocol. All measurements were accomplished using a Siemens Magnetom Vision 1,5 T scanner. Single Voxel Spectra (SVS) of a volume of interest (VOI) of eight millilitres were acquired with a STEAM - sequence in three localizations of the left hemisphere, respectively. Results: As compared to the healthy volunteers, the HD patients before therapy showed significantly raised Cholin (Cho) / Creatine (Cr) ratios both in the striatum and in the frontal cortex. The striatal Lactate (Lac) / Cr ratios were not significantly but marginally increased. NAA/Cr remained unchanged. These findings suggest gliotic and neurodegenerative activity and accordingly oxydative alteration of the tissue in the named regions. The occipital cortex did not show comparable findings. Summary: MRS was applied to assert therapeutic effects of Gabapentin in early symptomatic HD patients. At present, this rare inherited neurodegenerative disease cannot be cured, though different approaches exist. From the knowledge of pathogenesis and molecular biological principles the theory of glutamate excitotoxicity was identified as an important factor for neuronal damage. Within the scope of neurological surveillance and clinical studies, effects of Gabapentin were assigned to the attenuation of glutamate excitotoxicity. MRS allows for localized assessment of metabolite signal intensities in the brain. This technique provides a possibility to objectively measure the progression of brain diseases and study pharmacological effects, as was used in this study to observe a group of early symptomatic HD patients. These data revealed detectable, but less pronounced effects in comparison to previous studies, an effect accredited to the assayed early symptomatic patient group. The areas identified as centers of neurodegeneration, the striatum and also the frontal cortex, showed a more accentuated pattern of MRS metabolite alteration. There was little evidence for influence of Gabapentin therapy on disease progression. Unfortunately, the explanatory power of the results is restrained by the little number of HD patients in an appropriate stage of disease as well as the necessity to maintain a reasonable exam duration. Yet considering the availability of suitable patients, the numbers achieved are reasonably high, as a result of close cooperation with the Department of Neurology of Charité Berlin, a well-known medical care facility for HD patients. These data can be interpreted as evidence for deceleration, i.e. stagnation of MRS metabolite changes during study. MRS shows its ability to track the effects of therapy, but did not become fully utilized due to the special features of the study group, as it would be possible in other collectives. As an example, one can think of study designs where the patients position remains unchanged during spectroscopic assessment of therapy effects. Also a higher prevalence will remarkably increase availability of suitable patients. Finally, advancements in measurement techniques and scanner hardware will further increase the capability of MRS.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. [Nonorganic pain -- only psychogenic?]
- Author
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F, von Orelli
- Subjects
Adult ,Complementary Therapies ,Male ,Analgesics ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Migraine Disorders ,Nociceptors ,Pain ,Acetates ,Middle Aged ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy ,Cicatrix ,Back Pain ,Chronic Disease ,Humans ,Pain Management ,Female ,Amines ,Anesthetics, Local ,Gabapentin ,Physical Therapy Modalities ,Procaine ,Tramadol ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
Many chronic pain conditions cannot be classified correctly into the actual categories of nociceptive, neuropathic, or psychogenic pain. The experience that a therapeutic influence on the vegetative nervous system often improves these pains or induces healing of them suggests a classification into four pain types. The inclusion of the autonomic component in the appreciation, and the treatment of chronic pain conditions using measures acting on the vegetative nervous system (such as local anesthetics in the neural therapy of Huneke) will consistently enlarge and improve the understanding and the outcome in pain therapy.
- Published
- 2003
48. [Efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain. Results of an observational study involving 5620 patients]
- Author
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U, Junker and U, Brunnmüller
- Subjects
Analgesics ,Time Factors ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Acetates ,Herpes Zoster ,Diabetic Neuropathies ,Patient Satisfaction ,Humans ,Neuralgia ,Anticonvulsants ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ,Pain Measurement - Published
- 2003
49. [Unclear chronic aches. Often depression plays a part therein]
- Subjects
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Depression ,Pain ,Mirtazapine ,Mianserin ,Acetates ,Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ,Antidepressive Agents ,Hypochondriasis ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Anti-Anxiety Agents ,Back Pain ,Chronic Disease ,Humans ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,Somatoform Disorders ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Published
- 2003
50. [Case report on a patient with SUNCT-syndrome]
- Author
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S, Neumeier, T, Brinkschmidt, and U, Jensen
- Subjects
Analgesics ,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ,Headache ,Pain ,Syndrome ,Acetates ,Middle Aged ,Functional Laterality ,Treatment Outcome ,Humans ,Neuralgia ,Female ,Amines ,Gabapentin ,gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Abstract
Case report on a patient with SUNCT-syndrome (short lasting, unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection, sweating, and rhinorrhoea) who was successfully treated with gabapentin. SUNCT, a still relatively unknown headache syndrome, is characterized by attacks of periorbital pain with accompanying ipsilateral autonomic symptoms. Along with this case report the differences of SUNCT to similar headaches are emphasized. Due to clear diagnostic criteria the inclusion of SUNCT in the IHS classification (International Headache Society) as a separate clinical entity should be favoured.
- Published
- 2003
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