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The immune response progressed by steps in the phylogeny of animals. The non-specific immune response has been improved by specific immune mechanisms during the early evolution of the organisms. Typical B- and T-cells as well as true antibodies originated first in fishes during the phylogenesis. Fishes possess immune mechanisms which appear to be homologous to those of higher vertebrates.

Continuing the discussion on the theory of SZIDAT (1961) on the development and propagation of the genus Merluccius Cuvier & Rafinesque proved by infestation of parasites the digenean species Elythrophalloides merlucci SZIDAT, 1955 was investigated and declared as a synonym of Elythrophallus (Parahemirus) oatesi (leiper & Atkinson, 1914), together with Elytrophallus (P.) australis (Woolcock, 1935) and E. (P.) lovettiae (Crowcroft, 1947). Probably this species was distributed on the Pacific Coast of Gondwana. The far distances of to day distribution are to be proved by the continental drift. In favour of a northatlantic centre of development the point of view of SZIDAT is declined according to Ho (1974).