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Abstract: Aims: Smartphones are an integral part of our lives. Therefore, it is essential to identify risk factors for problematic usage. This study explores the relationship between two personality traits, namely the ability to delay gratification and the tendency to maximize, and problematic smartphone usage (PSN). The actual smartphone usage behavior, including social media usage, is considered. Method: Participants answered the scale assessing individual maximization tendency, the German translation of the Delaying Gratification Inventory, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Data from a total of 370 individuals were included in the analysis. A subsample of 128 participants additionally provided smartphone usage data over seven days. Statistical analyses were conducted using the free software jamovi. Results: In the overall sample, it is evident that the ability to delay gratification (β = –.33) and individual tendency to maximize (β =.45) each serve as predictors for PSN. Usage data from the subsample indicate that both the ability to delay gratification (β = –.24) and the tendency to maximize (β =.21) have a significant impact on the proportion of social media usage but not on the overall duration of smartphone usage. Conclusions: These findings provide starting points for measures to promote healthy smartphone usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: In the scientific community no consensus exists regarding the question whether excessive smartphone use (ESU) should be considered as a behavioral addiction. This position paper summarizes relevant aspects of previous research on ESU with respect to content and methodology. From this, recommendations are derived as to which approaches should be given greater consideration in future research work. Conclusions: Our recommendations include the following points: 1. Development and consistent use of smartphone-based measuring instruments that allow the collection of real-time usage data and the submission of time-controlled questionnaire, 2. Validation of these instruments in large representative samples in Germany, 3. Using real-time smartphone user data to address the question whether ESU can become addictive in nature, 4. Clarification of the central question of the extent to which ESN is specific (i. e., use of specific smartphone functions such as social networks) or generalized (in terms of a behavioral pattern of general smartphone overuse). In the long term, further studies on the neurobiology and long-term stability of ESN should be carried out before the classification of ESN as a behavioral addiction can be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question: The need for excessive work, also known as "workaholism", is a serious health problem in our society. In this study, we examined the impact of work characteristics (low boundaries between work and home) and personality traits (Big Five) on workaholism. Method: Data were collected from a sample of 111 employees aged 19 to 66. Participants completed the Big Five Inventory-SOEP (BFI-S), a questionnaire to determine central characteristics of work (Fragebogen zur Erfassung der zentralen Merkmale der Arbeit 4.0) and a scale to measure workaholism (Skala zur Erfassung von Arbeitssucht) online. Statistical analyses (correlation analyses, moderated regression analyses) were conducted using "R" and "PSPP". Results: Workaholism scores were found to be significantly correlated with low boundaries between work and home (r =.208), with neuroticism (r =.356) and with participants' age (r = -.321). The proportion of variance explained by all three predictors was 29 %. No moderating effect of the variable 'boundaries between work and home' on the relationship between neuroticism (UV) and workaholism (AV) could be found. Conclusions: In addition to the Big Five personality factor neuroticism and the age of participants, low boundaries between work and home play a relevant role in workaholism. These results are important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as employees more often work from home, which makes the separation between work and personal time more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]