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Research on the Covid-19 pandemic highlights it as a catalyst for significant changes in mobility patterns. The health crisis sparked a renewed focus on cycling as a viable mode of daily transportation and prompted new public policies, including support for bicycle repairs and the establishment of temporary cycling infrastructure known as "coronapistes". This article investigates the development of the pro-bike association network in the Île-de-France region, examining its evolution from 1970 to 2023 and analyzing its spatial dynamics. It poses the question: To what extent did the Covid-19 crisis act as a catalyst for ongoing processes, or did it serve as a driver for more transformative change? Drawing on both quantitative data (a census of associations) and qualitative insights (narratives of organizational histories, interviews with association members, local authorities, and institutions), the research compares two sets of data: one collected prior to 2020 and another gathered afterward. The findings indicate that the advocacy efforts of these associations have played a crucial role in establishing cycling as a legitimate mode of transport in the Paris region. Although the foundations of these pro-bike discussions were laid well before the Covid-19 crisis, the pandemic has significantly enhanced the legitimacy, structure, and effectiveness of the associated movements. The degree of this impact varies based on the level of action involved.

In this contribution to honour Willemien du Plessis we use the economic approach to law to explain how environmental law affects economic development and vice-versa. The contribution starts by presenting the Environmental Kuznets Curve that makes clear that environmental regulation should not retard economic development but that, on the contrary, environmental protection and economic growth can go hand-in-hand, provided there is environmental regulation. The contribution further discusses the idea of competition between legal orders and how this affects environmental law, and to this end both the race to the bottom as well as the race-to-the-top are discussed. Finally, attention is paid to the role of environmental law in economic development.

En 2017, le marché mondial du médicament a dépassé le seuil des 1 000 milliards de dollars US de chiffre d’affaires, en croissance de 6 % par rapport à 2016. Pourtant, selon P. Even & B. Debré [2012], l’industrie pharmaceutique n’aurait pas fait de découverte majeure depuis des décennies. On comprend alors qu’elle doive recourir à d’autres stratégies pour conserver ses bénéfices colossaux et continuer à peser sur la politique américaine. Le marketing représente à lui seul presque la moitié des dépenses des industriels du médicament. Aux États-Unis, ce « mixed marketing » s’adresse aux médecins mais surtout aux patients puisque la publicité télévisuelle pour les médicaments sur ordonnance y est légale.Dans notre contribution, nous souhaitons mettre au jour les différentes stratégies utilisées par l’industrie pharmaceutique – et les instituts de branding auxquels elle fait appel – pour persuader les patients de se faire prescrire un médicament plutôt qu’un autre, allant jusqu’à susciter un besoin chez une personne en parfaite santé, notamment par l’intermédiaire de la tactique du disease mongering.Pour mener notre travail à bien, nous proposons une analyse multimodale des noms et des logos, leur pendant pictural [Danesi 2006], de médicaments de marque sur ordonnance récemment approuvés par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Notre étude porte sur un corpus de 10 médicaments, que nous avons sélectionnés pour le pouvoir évocateur de leur nom et pour la richesse iconographique de leur logo.

To ensure the safe use of agrochemicals, today’s regulatory system requires an assessment of the environmental risk to bees, as well as an assessment of the dietary risk to humans following the consumption of honey and other bee products. Field trials can provide valuable data to assess the potential exposure of foraging honey bees to agrochemical residues and hence the potential for residues to reach honey consumed by humans.

Old Masters of Nicolas Mahler (after Thomas Bernhard): Art Which Tests the Caricature. Nicolas Mahler, born 1969 in Vienna, is a major figure in the German-speaking world of comics and his graphic novel Old Masters (2011) falls in with his own reflection on art. I will try to identify the devices (options of narrative patterns, graphic style, etc.) thanks to which he aligns this adaptation of a comedy by the Austrian novelist and playwright Thomas Bernhard with his own works. The systematic wrecking of art that the musicologist Reger carries out in his diatribes thus translates in the graphic novel as a radical iconoclasm. Indeed, Reger’s defense of an aesthetic of the fragment as well as his praise for caricature become in Mahler’s adaptation quite an irreverent effort to deconstruct old masters and their works. REZUMAT. Vechi maeștri de Nicolas Mahler (după Thomas Bernhard): arta și proba caricaturii. Nicolas Mahler, născut la Viena în 1969, figură majoră pentru banda desenată germanofonă, înscrie romanul său grafic Vechi maeștri (2011) în propria sa reflecție cu privire la artă. Vom căuta să determinăm prin ce procedee el reușește să plaseze în continuitatea operei sale această adaptare a comediei romancierului și dramaturgului austriac Thomas Bernhard. Demersul de a demola sistematic arta pe care îl întreprinde muzicologul Reger în diatribele sale se traduce astfel în romanul grafic printr-un iconoclasm radical. Estetica fragmentului adoptată de Reger, precum și preferința sa pentru caricatură dau naștere în adaptarea lui Mahler, unei lucrări de deconstrucție irevocabilă a picturilor vechilor maeștri. Cuvinte cheie: adaptare, artă, caricatură, fragment, iconoclasm

Abstract The quail is a valuable farm and laboratory animal. Yet molecular information about this species remains scarce. We present here the first genetic linkage map of the Japanese quail. This comprehensive map is based solely on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. These markers were developed and genotyped in an F2 progeny from a cross between two lines of quail differing in stress reactivity. A total of 432 polymorphic AFLP markers were detected with 24 TaqI/EcoRI primer combinations. On average, 18 markers were produced per primer combination. Two hundred and fifty eight of the polymorphic markers were assigned to 39 autosomal linkage groups plus the ZW sex chromosome linkage groups. The linkage groups range from 2 to 28 markers and from 0.0 to 195.5 cM. The AFLP map covers a total length of 1516 cM, with an average genetic distance between two consecutive markers of 7.6 cM. This AFLP map can be enriched with other marker types, especially mapped chicken genes that will enable to link the maps of both species and make use of the powerful comparative mapping approach. This AFLP map of the Japanese quail already provides an efficient tool for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.