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The article describes the process of nostrification of a foreign degree in human or dental medicine in Austria. Nostrification refers to the recognition of a foreign degree as equivalent to a domestic degree. It is emphasized that nostrification alone does not grant medical professional authorization, but is a specific requirement for professional practice. The article explains the procedure of the nostrification process, mentions the fee of 150 euros, and the necessity to submit certain documents. It is also emphasized that compliance with formal requirements and translations is important. The article also describes the Medical Admission Test (MedAT) and the sample test, which are relevant within the nostrification process. It is explained that nostrification is only recognized after successfully completing the required supplementary exams. It is also discussed that nostrification can be revoked if it was obtained through forged certificates. [Extracted from the article]

The article is about the termination of employment of a nursing assistant who deceived about a "vaccination obstacle". The Federal Labour Court has ruled that the extraordinary immediate termination is effective. The plaintiff had submitted a forged certificate certifying temporary inability to be vaccinated. The court confirmed that the termination was justified as the employee had violated ancillary contractual obligations. Due to the seriousness of the breach of duty, a warning was not necessary. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Survivor's Compensation after the Death of the Mother due to the Decision of a Guardian?" deals with a legal dispute concerning the liability of a guardian for the death of a person under guardianship. The Saarbrücken Regional Court has ruled that the lawsuit is admissible but unfounded. The plaintiff has no claim to payment of survivor's compensation according to § 844 para. 3 of the German Civil Code. It is determined that the guardian did not commit any breach of duty and therefore cannot be held liable. It is also explained that the presumed will of the patient must be determined if no living will is available. The statements of the guardian are considered credible, while the statements of the plaintiff raise doubts. It is determined that the plaintiff did not submit a living will and her explanation for its absence is not convincing. The present text deals with various legal aspects related to a power of attorney for care and a living will. It is determined that the court is convinced that the presumed will of the person under guardianship was communicated to the defendant, that she did not wish for life-prolonging measures through machines. It is also determined that no approval from the guardianship court was required to terminate ventilation. Furthermore, it is mentioned that the defendant was not obligated to investigate whether a power of attorney for care existed in favor of the plaintiff. In another part of the text, the offense of forging a vaccination certificate and computer fraud through the use of incorrect data in connection with falsely billed "Corona" vaccinations is discussed. [Extracted from the article]

One manuscript of an oratorio in I-Mc dating from 1784 is described, on its title page, as a pasticcio by “celebrated Neapolitan maestri”. I suggest that the source is actually a forgery and linked to three non-Neapolitan composers. The inference is that it was associ- ated with Naples purely for marketing reasons.

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the legal issues related to the repackaging of medicinal products. Since 2019, medicinal products must be equipped with a device to protect against tampering in order to prevent counterfeit medicines from entering the legal supply chain. The European Court of Justice has ruled that the repackaging of medicinal products is only allowed if the product cannot be marketed in the importing member state. Parallel imports of medicinal products are generally lawful. The ECJ has also ruled that the "debranding" of repackaged medicinal products is only permissible if the presentation of the new packaging damages the reputation of the brand or impairs the brand's indication of origin function. [Extracted from the article]

More than 70 years have passed since Philippe Lauer published his edition of the 130 royal diplomas of Charles III the Simple (893/898-923). Since then numerous studies of these diplomas have been brought forward, concerning their genuineness, interpolations, datings, identifications of places and more. This paper unites these studies and adds further thoughts, thus providing comments on no less than 47 charters, acting as a supplement to Lauer's edition: Four deperdita are added to the collection. Seven diplomas thought to be genuine by Lauer are identified as forgeries, while in turn three supposed forgeries are shown to be genuine. Four more diplomas contain interpolations and another two were rewritten at a later point. Datings of a further 18 diplomas are corrected, as are the places of issue of another 13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johannes Trithemius (1462-1518) was a German Benedictine abbot who wrote books on many varied topics: theological problems, literary history, cryptography, monastic history, Frankish history, and the history of the Holy Roman Empire. Chapter I discusses Trithemius in general terms and introduces his Compendium sive Breviarium primi voluminis chronicarum sive annalium de origine regum et gentis Francorum (Mainz 1515), in which he described 45 generations of rulers of the Franks between ca. 440 B.C.-440 A.D., followed by 17 generations of Merovingian kings. He claimed as his source the manuscript of a certain Hunibaldus, an author who allegedly lived in the times of Clovis I (ca. 480-511 A.D.). In fact, Trithemius himself had invented both his author and his manuscript. Chapter II presents Trithemius' fictitious history of the Franks in the context of the desire of Emperor Maximilian I to have august royal forbears related to the Trojans (Troja-Legende). It discusses the theories brought forward by modern scholars to explain why Trithemius (or anyone, for that matter) could have engaged in such outrageous historical forgery. Chapter III provides the first annotated translation of a part of the biographical sequence in which Trithemius presents the history of the Franks. The author shows how, with the help of which sources and to what purpose this forgery was perpetrated. Chapter IV discusses how Trithemius' "Hunibaldus" was received in contemporary and later genealogy and historiography. While Trithemius was criticized from the start as an unreliable historian, he also found many credulous readers down through the 19th century. It also becomes clear how ideas about the ancestors of the Habsburgs developed before finally finding their present form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Phenomenological Studies / Phänomenologische Forschungen is the property of Felix Meiner Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With regard to the debate about the date of Easter around the year 200 A. D., Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica 5,23–25 refers to a council held in Palestine. This council appears to be referred to in a short passage within manuscripts containing works of Bede and Isidor or computistic texts. Yet there are differing versions of this text and the various publications containing and referring to it since the 16th century provide a confusing picture, with some dismissing it as a forgery. It can be assumed that one of these versions is a later reworking of the other, which in turn has never been published in its original form yet. After viewing these publications and the additional information contained therein, a search for manuscripts containing the texts was conducted. These were collated and the text of the two main versions constituted. While the first version as it is now available in the manuscripts also shows alterations of a later stage and cannot be dated earlier than the end of the 4th century, there is no reason not to assume the core of the text to be a contemporary or not much later recollection of a council in Palestine which dealt with the date of Easter, possibly as part of written correspondence regarding the issue as reported by Eusebius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "Forgery of a Vaccination Certificate" deals with the legal consequences of forging a vaccination certificate. It is stated that a conviction for forgery of documents is only possible if specific findings regarding the entries in the forged vaccination certificate are available. Furthermore, it is mentioned that an electronic certificate of recovery from COVID-19 is only punishable if the file gives the impression that it was created by the issuer of the certificate. In another article titled "False Billing of 'Corona' Vaccinations," a case of computer fraud using incorrect data is reported. A doctor is said to have made false billing for services not provided in connection with COVID-19 vaccinations. [Extracted from the article]

It is settled in South African and English law that for the fraud exception to apply to demand guarantees or letters of credit the fraud must have been committed by the beneficiary (or his agent with the beneficiary's knowledge) and not by a third party. Even where the fraud relates to a forgery or materially fraudulent document, the fraud must have been committed by the beneficiary for the exception to apply. This is in contrast with American law, where the fraud relating to forgeries and materially fraudulent documents does not necessarily have to be committed by the beneficiary. This contribution considers the law in this regard in these three jurisdictions.

The summary deals with the different approaches of Richard Lepsius and Christian Carl Josias Bunsen regarding Egyptian history. Although Lepsius is often considered the "founder" of Egyptology, he actually had less influence on the development of the discipline than previously assumed. Bunsen had a more lasting influence on Lepsius, and both scholars initially worked together but had disagreements regarding chronology. Despite their differences, both recognized the importance of Egyptian monuments for establishing a chronology. Lepsius called for an investigation of an alleged manuscript by Uranios but had doubts about its authenticity himself. Despite the controversy, Lepsius' contribution to Egyptology is undeniable as he established a solid chronological foundation. [Extracted from the article]

Wax-tablets were often used as writing materials in the Roman Republic. They had a wide range of application, not only for contracts and last wills, but for bookkeeping as well. The soft wax was however not fully protected again the later modifications e.g. again the document-forgery. So special technic for the protection were developed: the so-called two-sided documents. But the documents used for bookkeeping remained one-sided open documents, so the later modifications were further possible, but not without any trace. Cicero found such forgery during his investigation for the preparation of his lawsuit against Verres, the former governor of Sicily, about extortion of the inhabitants of the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transfer: Zeitschrift für Kommunikation & Markenmanagement is the property of Deutsche Werbewissenschaftliche Gesellschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the middle of the nineteenth century, in the Ethiopian highlands, a Catholic missionary named Giusto d’Urbino chose to put an end to his evangelizing activities and resolved to devote himself fully to studying Ge’ez, Amharic, and Ethiopia’s Orthodox civilization. His mentor, Antoine d’Abbadie, was well-known at the time for his scholarly writings on Ethiopia. D’Urbino sent him the results of his work, in particular two copies of a very rare philosophical text, allegedly authored by an Ethiopian thinker in the seventeenth century. The present article is the first in a series devoted to the history and status of the Ḥatatā Zar’a Yā‘eqob and its appendix, the Ḥatatā Walda Ḥeywat. In order to show how these texts fit into Giusto d’Urbino’s oeuvre, this article draws on the manuscripts he sent to Antoine d’Abbadie, and analyzes the hitherto unpublished correspondence between the two men. As a linguist and translator, Giusto d’Urbino wanted to make a contribution to Ethiopian studies. His letters also suggest that he was an anxious and ambitious thinker, intent on producing a philosophical work. Might the two Ḥatatā have been a response to this twofold ambition?

Les manuscrits de Shapira, censés représenter un état antérieur du Deutéronome, contiennent des indications claires qu'il s'agit de faux. C'est notamment le cas au niveau de l'orthographie qui mélange les conventions d'écriture de la stèle de Mésha et de la Bible hébraïque. L'utilisation consistante du waw , à la place du hé , pour indiquer le ô final est clairement un anachronisme. Ces problèmes n'étaient pas encore perceptible au XIXe siècle, ni pour les spécialistes, ni pour les faussaires, mais indiquent rétrospectivement un travail de faussaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the evaluation criteria used by the UNESCO, „authenticity” is among the most important but It is actually almost completely absent in our legislation for built heritage. The most important deficiency in the monument scheduling methodology is ignoring the idea of authenticity, limited only to a relatively vague formula in its 8th article which states that value is influenced by the „the proportion of the component elements resulted from the interventions made after the moment of building”. In this hypothesis, there is a relative contradiction with a thesis of the restoration doctrine, namely the one stating that all stages of a monument are relevant so that they can only be eliminated only in specific situations highlighted by the Venice Charter. In the operational guidelines of World Heritage Committee, there are a few articles dedicated to authenticity and integrity, which are not actually mentioned in the text of the World Heritage Convention. Ideas associated with the preservation of heritage that are resulting from the recent evolution of doctrinaire texts, such as „compromise” or „management of change”, have led to ideological confrontations even within ICOMOS, the international organization responsible for scientifically and professionally assessing the authenticity and integrity of the heritage covered by the international convention.

Guthe's skepticism regarding the authenticity of Val. can be confirmed by findings and research in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Osiris statuette P 6169 of the Prague Náprstek Museum has a very unusual appearance: In addition to a striking surface corrosion, its crooked shape in comparison to its fine surface details are not corresponding to the ancient Egyptian artistic ideal. Through consideration of comparative pieces of the Joseph Ferdinand of Austria-Tuscany collection came up the suspicion that it might be concerned as a pasticcio. The particular challenge of the object is to establish mainly the certainty that it was possibly composed of different ancient fragments in modern times. Objectives of the restoration project are, firstly, the identification of P 6169 as a pasticcio and, secondly, a conception of conservation and restoration treatments, which have to be derived from this knowledge. In addition to the scientific and cultural-historical analysis of the object, the focus of the work is mainly on the ethical discussion on how to approach such an object and the resulting demands of the object to its preservation for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on forgery work for saving Jews in the Netherlands during World War II. Topics include renowned illustrator, book designer, graphic artist, and professor being one of the five members of the founding committee of the Pirckheimer Society in 1956; and involvement in the cultural landscape of Berlin all illuminated through Saltuk's lens.

Copyright of Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst is the property of Freunde Mainfraenkischer Kunst und Geschichte e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oldest surviving charter of the Premonstratensian monastery Rot is a privilege of Pope Eugene III, dated 1152 December 15 (JL † 9618). Because of the dorsal note (Copia bulle Eugenii pape), the external characteristics and the subscriptions of the cardinals, this is clearly a contemporary copy of an alleged solemn privilege. As the analysis of the subscriptions of the cardinals shows, this privilege is the result of a compilation of two papal privileges, namely a solemn privilege of Eugene III, most likely issued in February 1146, and a second (solemn or simple) privilege of Eugene III from 1152 December 15. Due to several interpolations - in particular the list of pertinences - this compilation can be clearly identified as a forgery, which was created at around 1181/1182 for the purpose of obtaining a solemn privilege of Lucius III, dated 1182 November 22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]