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Copyright of Pflüger's Archiv Für Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pflüger's Archiv Für Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pflüger's Archiv Für Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pflüger's Archiv Für Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pflüger's Archiv Für Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pflüger's Archiv Für Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrical 'narcosis' is produced both by repeated shocks (sinoidal alternating current, make-and-break shocks, rectangular shocks of a continuous current) and by constant galvanic current, when the current is allowed to flow through the central nervous system of mammals or men; in the case of the constant galvanic current the effect depends also on the direction of the current in the body. The analysis of the current-effects shows that repeated shocks never produce a paralysing effect similar to chemical narcosis and that the paralysis is caused only by the preceding maximal irritation of the central nervous system (demonstrated by the general muscular spasms). On the contrary a real narcosis is brought out by a constant galvanic current, which descends through the spinal cord of a mammal or a man; this effect is obtained without muscular spasms and is equivalent to the effect of chemical narcotics. An ascending galvanic current increases the central excitability and produces general muscular spasms, which are facilitated by analeptics and depressed by narcotics. This contrary variation of the central nervous systems's function, depending on the direction of the galvanic current, is only possible if there is a special micro-structure in the spinal cord of mammalians and men. We have not succeeded as yet in producing a physically easily variable narcosis by electrical methods, but many things of practical importance have been accomplished: the electrical stunning of cattle in the slaughter-houses, the electrical convulsant therapy of psychoses in humans, a new method for testing the effects, in respect to duration and depth, of drugs that stimulate or depress the nervous centers, a proof for the existence of special micro-structure in the central nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrical elicited cutaneous pain was measured in 6 healthy males (20-21 years) in Innsbruck (560 m) and in the Monte Rosa Territory (2800 m). In high altitude there is a remarkable decrease of pain threshold during the first days and afterward an increase up to the values before the exposition to high altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archiv für Mikrobiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the patronage of the sciences by Vienna's liberal bourgeoisie in the days of the late Habsburg monarchy, a period of public and private advancements in all sciences. It specifically focuses on the establishment of scientifically highly successful prizes and institutions within the Vienna Academy of the Sciences. Regarding the research of radioactivity in particular, patronage by founding a new research institution (Institut fur Radiumforschung at the Academy) triggered and incited internationally competitive research. All this came to an end in 1938. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)