1,091 results on '"Energy Intake"'
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2. Parenterale Ernährung von Früh‑, Neugeborenen, Kindern und Jugendlichen: Konsensuspapier, basierend auf den Leitlinien der ESPGHAN, ESPEN, ESPR und CSPEN.
- Author
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Ernährungskommission der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGKJ), Greber-Platzer, Susanne, Haiden, Nadja, Hauer, Almuth Christine, Lanzersdorfer, Roland, Pietschnig, Beate, Plank, Renate, Scholl-Bürgi, Sabine, Sperl, Wolfgang, Weghuber, Daniel, Zwiauer, Karl, Bührer, Christoph, Ensenauer, Regina, Jochum, Frank, Lawrenz, Burkhard, Kalhoff, Hermann, Körner, Antje, Koletzko, Berthold, Mihatsch, Walter, and Rudloff, Silvia
- Abstract
Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. [Methods for continuous body condition scoring in dairy herds - an Overview]
- Author
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Nicola Carina, Panne and Rolf, Mansfeld
- Subjects
Milk ,Animals ,Lactation ,Cattle Diseases ,Cattle ,Female ,Ketosis ,Energy Metabolism ,Energy Intake - Abstract
The body condition assessment methods Body Condition Scoring (BCS) and backfat thickness measurement are important methods to assess the energy status of a dairy cow in the dry period and early lactation. An extensive search of the scientific literature (online and analogue) was carried out for the presented review. Various keywords filtered important articles, which were entered into a literature management program and whose content was assigned to various categories, on which the review article is based. The BCS is the tool of choice for acquiring a rapid and precise overview of the dairy herd. The backfat thickness (RFD) may be used for more detailed investigations. The aim of aformentioned studies is to attain an optimal energy balance of the dairy cow during early lactation considering energy intake and energy output as well as to minimize diseases such as fat mobilization syndrome and ketosis, and in consequence to allow for improved animal health and optimal performance.Die Körperkonditionsbeurteilungsmethoden Body Condition Scoring (BCS) und Rückenfettdickemessung mittels Ultraschall (RFDM) beim Rind bieten gute und praktikable Möglichkeiten, die Energiebilanz einer Milchkuh in der Trockenstehphase und in der Frühlaktation zu beurteilen. Für den vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel wurde eine umfangreiche Recherche der wissenschaftlichen Literatur (online und analog) durchgeführt. Die verschiedenen Arbeiten wurden in ein Literaturverwaltungsprogramm eingepflegt und kategorisiert. Das BCS ist das Mittel der Wahl, um schnell und präzise einen Überblick über die Verläufe der Körperkondition von Kühen eines Bestands während des Reproduktionszyklus zu bekommen. Die Rückenfettdicke (RFD) kann durch exakt messbare Werte vor allem bei der Einzel- oder Kleingruppenbetreuung herangezogen werden. Ziel derartiger Verfahren ist es, den Energiehaushalt der Milchkuh in der Frühlaktation unter Berücksichtigung der Energieaufnahme und der Energieabgabe optimal zu steuern, um die Inzidenzen von Erkrankungen wie Fettmobilisationssyndrom und Ketose zu minimieren und dementsprechend eine bessere Tiergesundheit und optimale Leistung zu schaffen.
- Published
- 2022
4. Ernährungsorientierte Strategien zur Bekämpfung der Adipositasepidemie.
- Author
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Koletzko, B.
- Abstract
Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. [Weight loss and maintenance with a tailored healthy diet based on the energy density of food items].
- Author
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Erdmann J and Hausmann M
- Subjects
- Humans, Obesity, Energy Intake, Diet, Diet, Reducing, Diet, Healthy, Weight Loss
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Sehr frühe parenterale Ernährung bei kritisch kranken pädiatrischen Patienten kann nachteilig sein.
- Author
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Ernährungskommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin e. V.
- Abstract
Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Grundlagen der biologischen Alterung.
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Schosserer, M., Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., and Grillari, J.
- Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. [Methods for continuous body condition scoring in dairy herds - an Overview].
- Author
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Panne NC and Mansfeld R
- Subjects
- Cattle, Female, Animals, Lactation, Energy Metabolism, Energy Intake, Milk metabolism, Ketosis veterinary, Cattle Diseases metabolism
- Abstract
The body condition assessment methods Body Condition Scoring (BCS) and backfat thickness measurement are important methods to assess the energy status of a dairy cow in the dry period and early lactation. An extensive search of the scientific literature (online and analogue) was carried out for the presented review. Various keywords filtered important articles, which were entered into a literature management program and whose content was assigned to various categories, on which the review article is based. The BCS is the tool of choice for acquiring a rapid and precise overview of the dairy herd. The backfat thickness (RFD) may be used for more detailed investigations. The aim of aformentioned studies is to attain an optimal energy balance of the dairy cow during early lactation considering energy intake and energy output as well as to minimize diseases such as fat mobilization syndrome and ketosis, and in consequence to allow for improved animal health and optimal performance., Competing Interests: Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. [The New DGEM Guideline - All the Clinician Needs to Know]
- Author
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Gunnar, Elke and Wolfgang H, Hartl
- Subjects
Parenteral Nutrition ,Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Care ,Critical Illness ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Nutritional Requirements ,Humans ,Energy Intake - Abstract
The German Society for Nutritional Medicine has recently updated its guideline on clinical nutrition in critically ill patients thereby cooperating with seven other national medical societies. This article provides readers with a concise overview on selected key aspects of this guideline relevant for clinical practice. We will discuss some issues in detail such as the determination of energy expenditure and of calorie and protein intake, the choice of the route of administration (enteral or parenteral), and the handling of micronutrients.Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin hat kürzlich in Kooperation mit 7 anderen nationalen Fachgesellschaften ihre Leitlinie zur klinischen Ernährung kritisch kranker Patienten aktualisiert. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen komprimierten Überblick für die klinische Praxis – mit dem Fokus auf der Ermittlung des Energieumsatzes, der Bestimmung der Kalorien- und Proteinzufuhr, der Auswahl des Applikationsweges und dem Umgang mit Mikronährstoffen.
- Published
- 2020
10. Im Lockdown wurden Kalorien geschaufelt.
- Author
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Wirth A
- Subjects
- Humans, Energy Intake
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
11. Special aspects of nutrition in elderly
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Nadine, Schlüter and Patricia, Groß
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Aging ,Minerals ,Humans ,Nutritional Status ,Guidelines as Topic ,Micronutrients ,Vitamins ,Energy Intake ,Aged - Abstract
A balanced and wholesome diet provides the human organism with energy (macronutrients) and all necessary micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteinogenic amino acids, omega fatty acids) necessary for the maintenance of all metabolic processes. The necessary quantity and composition especially of energy-supplying macronutrients change with age due to physiological and pathological changes in the body. These age-related changes as well as corresponding recommendations for elderly patients will be summarized in the following article based on the current S3 guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine on «Clinical Nutrition in Geriatrics» as well as further literature and the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society. Nutrition at the terminal stage of life and special nutritional advices for persons suffering from diabetes mellitus are not discussed.
- Published
- 2019
12. Physiologische Mechanismen in der Entwicklung von Adipositas.
- Author
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Winkler, S., Picó, C., and Ahrens, W.
- Abstract
Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Potential effects of reduced red meat compared with increased fiber intake on glucose metabolism and liver fat content: A randomized and controlled dietary intervention study
- Author
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Hans-Georg Joost, Matthias B. Schulze, Caroline Willmann, Katarzyna Linder, Hans-Ulrich Häring, Norbert Stefan, Robert Wagner, Andreas Fritsche, Jürgen Machann, and Martin Heni
- Subjects
Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Dietary Fiber ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Diet therapy ,Iron ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Context (language use) ,Type 2 Diabetes ,Prevention ,Randomized Controlled Intervention Study ,Nutritional Factors ,Fiber ,Red Meat ,Type 2 diabetes ,Intra-Abdominal Fat ,Insulin resistance ,Weight loss ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Weight Loss ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Life Style ,Caloric Restriction ,Glucose tolerance test ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Feeding Behavior ,Glucose Tolerance Test ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Diet ,Fatty Liver ,Endocrinology ,Adipose Tissue ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Liver ,Ferritins ,Red meat ,Female ,Insulin Resistance ,medicine.symptom ,Energy Intake ,business - Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies suggest that an increased red meat intake is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas an increased fiber intake is associated with a lower risk.Objectives: We conducted an intervention study to investigate the effects of these nutritional factors on glucose and lipid metabolism, body-fat distribution, and liver fat content in subjects at increased risk of type 2 diabetes.Methods: This prospective, randomized, and controlled dietary intervention study was performed over 6 mo. All groups decreased their daily caloric intake by 400 kcal. The "control" group (N = 40) only had this requirement. The "no red meat" group (N = 48) in addition aimed to avoid the intake of red meat, and the "fiber" group (N = 44) increased intake of fibers to 40 g/d. Anthropometric parameters and frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before and after intervention. Body-fat mass and distribution, liver fat, and liver iron content were assessed by MRI and single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results: Participants in all groups lost weight (mean 3.3 +/- 0.5 kg, P < 0.0001). Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity improved (P < 0.001), and body and visceral fat mass decreased in all groups (P < 0.001). These changes did not differ between groups. Liver fat content decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with no differences between the groups. The decrease in liver fat correlated with the decrease in ferritin during intervention (r(2) = 0.08, P = 0.0021). This association was confirmed in an independent lifestyle intervention study (Tuebingen Lifestyle Intervention Program, N = 229, P = 0.0084).Conclusions: Our data indicate that caloric restriction leads to a marked improvement in glucose metabolism and body-fat composition, including liver-fat content. The marked reduction in liver fat might be mediated via changes in ferritin levels. In the context of caloric restriction, there seems to be no additional beneficial impact of reduced red meat intake and increased fiber intake on the improvement in cardiometabolic risk parameters. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03231839.
- Published
- 2019
14. [Current Developments in Nutritional Therapy of Intensive Care Patients]
- Author
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Alexander, Koch, Lukas, Bündgens, Ulf, Herbers, Christian, Trautwein, and Frank, Tacke
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Parenteral Nutrition ,Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Care ,Nutritional Support ,Critical Illness ,Humans ,Micronutrients ,Vitamins ,Energy Intake - Abstract
The goals of nutritional therapy for critically ill patients are the enteral or parenteral provision of calories, proteins, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements and fluids. The metabolism of critically ill patients is characterized by a catabolic stress condition, which is caused by a systemic inflammatory response and is associated with an increased infection rate, occurrence of multiple organ failure and increased mortality.Traditionally, nutritional therapy has been considered as an "adjunctive" therapy for critically ill patients with the primary goal of providing energy to maintain muscle mass. Based on the scientific developments of recent years, it became evident that adequate nutritional therapy can favorably influence stress-related metabolic processes, reduce oxidative cell damage and modulate the immune response of the body. Important measures that can positively influence the clinical course of intensive care patients include early enteral nutrition, adequate intake of macro- and micronutrients, and blood glucose control.IDENTIFIKATION VON INTENSIVPATIENTEN MIT HOHEM RISIKO EINER MANGELERNäHRUNG: Mehr als 50 % der Intensivpatienten weisen bereits bei Aufnahme eine unspezifische Mangelernährung auf, jeder 10. Patient eine Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung. Bei lediglich ⅓ der Intensivpatienten ist keine Mangelernährung nachweisbar. Die Sterblichkeit von Intensivpatienten mit unspezifischer und/oder Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung ist erhöht. Zur Identifikation dieser Risikopatienten sind klinische Scores wie der NRS 2002 etabliert. ERNäHRUNGSTHERAPIE KRITISCH KRANKER PATIENTEN: Zur Ernährungstherapie kritisch kranker Patienten gibt es neue evidenzbasierte europäische (ESPEN) und deutsche Leitlinien (DGEM).Die indirekte Kalorimetrie ist weiterhin der Goldstandard zur Bestimmung des Energiebedarfs. Ist eine Kalorimetrie nicht verfügbar, sollte im klinischen Alltag der Energiebedarf in der Akutphase mit 24 kcal/kg KG/d (DGEM-Leitlinie) bzw. 20 – 25 kcal/kg KG/d (ESPEN-Leitlinie) bei nicht adipösen Patienten (BMI 30 kg/mDer Proteinbedarf kritisch kranker Patienten liegt bei 1,2 – 1,3 g/kg KG/d tatsächliches aktuelles Körpergewicht. In der frühen Akutphase (Tag 1 – 3) sollte die Ernährung mit 75 % des Proteinziels begonnen und bis zum Ende dieser Phase auf 100 % gesteigert werden, um eine prognostisch ungünstige hyperkalorische Ernährung in der Akutphase zu vermeiden. START DER ERNäHRUNGSTHERAPIE: WANN UND WIE?: Die Ernährungstherapie von Intensivpatienten soll innerhalb von 24 – 48 h nach Aufnahme in Form einer frühen enteralen Ernährung initiiert werden.In zwei großen prospektiven, randomisierten, multizentrischen klinischen Studien (CALORIE und NUTRIREA-2) wurde gezeigt, dass parenterale und enterale Ernährung bei kritisch kranken Patienten in den wichtigen klinischen Endpunkten vergleichbar sind. Eine supplementierende parenterale Ernährung kann in der Akutphase sinnvoll sein, falls das angestrebte (hypokalorische) Energieziel mit enteraler Ernährung allein nicht zu erreichen ist, eine prognostisch ungünstige hyperkalorische Ernährung muss jedoch vermieden werden.Die routinemäßige Anwendung von Probiotika in der Intensivmedizin wird nicht empfohlen. GASTRALE ODER POST-PYLORISCHE ERNäHRUNG?: Standardapplikationsweg einer enteralen Ernährung sind gastrale Sonden.
- Published
- 2018
15. Enterale und/oder parenterale künstliche Ernährung des Intensivpatienten: Ein Algorithmus als mögliche Entscheidungsgrundlage
- Author
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Weimann, A.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. [Nutrition of horses with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction ('Cushing's syndrome') treated with pergolid - A field study]
- Author
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Ellen, Kienzle and Theresa, Bockhorni
- Subjects
Nutrition Assessment ,Body Weight ,Animals ,Horse Diseases ,Horses ,Energy Intake ,Cushing Syndrome ,Pergolide - Abstract
The nutritional status of 36 patients with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) under pergolide treatment was investigated.The body condi tion score (BCS) and feeding were determined at the beginning of the study and after 60 and 120 days. Sampled blood for control of pergolid therapy were used for insulin and glucose measurement. A standardized questionnaire regarding the symptoms of the disease, including hypertrichosis and weight change, was completed by the owners.The mean BCS (scale of 1 = cachexia to 9 = grossly obese) was 3.1 ± 0.8 (large horses 2.7 ± 0.8, ponies 3.5 ± 0.8). The mean energy requirement of the large horses was estimated to be 74 ± 10 MJ of metabolizable energy, but the intake amounted only to 65 ± 15 MJ. There was a significant correlation between the BCS and the estimated energy intake in percent of requirements in the large horses. The energy requirements of the ponies were generally met. The patients were fed a mean of 2.0 ± 0.7 meals of roughage per day (total roughage intake per day 0.2-2.1 kg/100 kg body weight) and a maximum of one meal of concentrates. Sixteen ponies and one large horse did not receive any concentrates, whereas five ponies and 14 horses were fed concentrates (mean amount for ponies 0.15 kg and for large horses 0.8 kg). The requirements for zinc, copper, selenium and vitamins A and E were not met in the majority of patients. Blood glucose levels were within the reference range in all samples, but insulin levels were elevated in seven animals at least at one sampling point. The serious underweight of some of the patients was not recognized as a problem by some of the owners.Owners of PPID patients need more guidance on body condition scoring, amount of feed, number of meals, and logistics of feeding to avoid malnutrition of their animals.
- Published
- 2018
17. [In process]
- Author
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Sabine, Marienfeld, Christa, Flerchinger, and Jörg, Bojunga
- Subjects
Food, Formulated ,Enteral Nutrition ,Nutritional Requirements ,Homes for the Aged ,Humans ,Energy Intake ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,Aged ,Nursing Homes - Published
- 2018
18. [In process]
- Author
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Silke, Werner
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Food Preferences ,Enteral Nutrition ,Alzheimer Disease ,Nutritional Requirements ,Humans ,Independent Living ,Energy Intake ,Nurse-Patient Relations ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,Aged - Published
- 2018
19. Enacting Rituals to Improve Self-Control
- Author
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Jane L. Risen, Francesca Gino, Gerald Häubl, Allen Ding Tian, Juliana Schroeder, and Michael I. Norton
- Subjects
self-regulation ,Adult ,Male ,Mindfulness ,Sociology and Political Science ,Inhibition (Psychology) ,self-control ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,prosociality ,050109 social psychology ,PsycINFO ,Intention ,050105 experimental psychology ,Self-Control ,Young Adult ,business studies ,Perception ,Food choice ,Weight Loss ,Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,rituals ,Longitudinal Studies ,Ceremonial Behavior ,media_common ,Marketing ,05 social sciences ,health ,Self-control ,Feeding Behavior ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Feeling ,Prosocial behavior ,Delay Discounting ,Cognitive Sciences ,Female ,Energy Intake ,Social psychology ,Goals ,Gesture - Abstract
Rituals are predefined sequences of actions characterized by rigidity and repetition. We propose that enacting ritualized actions can enhance subjective feelings of self-discipline, such that rituals can be harnessed to improve behavioral self-control. We test this hypothesis in 6 experiments. A field experiment showed that engaging in a pre-eating ritual over a 5-day period helped participants reduce calorie intake (Experiment 1). Pairing a ritual with healthy eating behavior increased the likelihood of choosing healthy food in a subsequent decision (Experiment 2), and enacting a ritual before a food choice (i.e., without being integrated into the consumption process) promoted the choice of healthy food over unhealthy food (Experiments 3a and 3b). The positive effect of rituals on self-control held even when a set of ritualized gestures were not explicitly labeled as a ritual, and in other domains of behavioral self-control (i.e., prosocial decision-making; Experiments 4 and 5). Furthermore, Experiments 3a, 3b, 4, and 5 provided evidence for the psychological process underlying the effectiveness of rituals: heightened feelings of self-discipline. Finally, Experiment 5 showed that the absence of a self-control conflict eliminated the effect of rituals on behavior, demonstrating that rituals affect behavioral self-control specifically because they alter responses to self-control conflicts. We conclude by briefly describing the results of a number of additional experiments examining rituals in other self-control domains. Our body of evidence suggests that rituals can have beneficial consequences for self-control. (PsycINFO Database Record
- Published
- 2018
20. Bewiesen: Ihre Pandemie-Kost geht voll in Ordnung!
- Author
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Heyer C
- Subjects
- Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Energy Intake, Pandemics
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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21. [Is type 2 diabetes irreversible or can it be cured?]
- Author
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Johann, Steurer
- Subjects
Food, Formulated ,Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Diet, Reducing ,Weight Loss ,Bariatric Surgery ,Humans ,Energy Intake ,Combined Modality Therapy - Published
- 2016
22. [Metabolic surgery or conservative measures as therapy of obese type 2 diabetics?]
- Author
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Udo, Jahn, Thomas, Schubert, Sibylle, Schlepp, and Heinz Jürgen, Deuber
- Subjects
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Risk Factors ,Weight Loss ,Aftercare ,Bariatric Surgery ,Interdisciplinary Communication ,Obesity ,Conservative Treatment ,Energy Intake ,Intersectoral Collaboration ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
After bariatric surgery there are some favourable effects on comorbidities of obesity as glucose and lipid metabolism besides weight loss. Therefore surgical measures targeting at improvement of such metabolic disorders especially diabetes type 2 has been called "metabolic surgery". The complexity of its underlying metabolic mechanisms is not yet clear, but restriction of energy and weight loss (maintenance) seem to be the cornerstones.Risks of these procedures which are drawn of the established methods of bariatric surgery are reported to be relatively low in qualified centers. Being an elective operation special focus has to be set on mortality and morbidity, numbers of therapeutic failure and redo-surgery. Multiple irreversible and not seldom severe, potentially life-threatening consequences of bariatric surgery require consequent interdisciplinary postsurgery care and therapy throughout the whole life, especially substitution therapy of deficiencies due to post-operative malassimilation, if necessary. Little is known about long term consequences of modified anatomy and function of digestive system caused by surgery, and there may be a delay of (many) years until manifestation of clinical problems.Obese diabetics (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m
- Published
- 2016
23. [Nutrition in overweight and obesity with a specific focus on gender aspects]
- Author
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Sabine, Dämon, Karin, Schindler, Barbara, Rittmannsberger, Manuel, Schätzer, and Friedrich, Hoppichler
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Sex Characteristics ,Adolescent ,Age Factors ,Feeding Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Overweight ,Nutrition Surveys ,Body Weight Maintenance ,Food Preferences ,Young Adult ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Risk Factors ,Austria ,Humans ,Female ,Obesity ,Child ,Energy Intake ,Attitude to Health ,Aged - Abstract
Efforts to optimize the diet in terms of prevention and treatment of obesity aim at long-term adaptation and reduction of energy intake according to age and physiological requirements while preserving the nutrient density with consideration of individual food preferences.As the nutritional habits of the average Austrian people are unfavorable for obesity prevention there is a clear need for action. Women are "disadvantaged" in weight control compared to men in terms of physiological conditions-and are confronted with specific needs during life course (e.g. pregnancy), whereas the average man or male adolescents present "unhealthier" behaviors and attitudes and are (still) less interested on nutrition or weight control.To achieve better nutrition a target-group specific, gender-sensitive guidance of the individual is needed, starting with pregnant women, but also habitat-oriented interventions for improved nutrition offers, which have to be sustainably assured through the support of a relevant legal and social framework.
- Published
- 2015
24. [Which diet is appropriate for patients with diabetes mellitus?]
- Author
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Fäh D
- Subjects
- Energy Intake, Humans, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Mediterranean
- Abstract
Which diet is appropriate for patients with diabetes mellitus? Abstract. What is considered a balanced diet for the general population is in principle also true for people with diabetes. The scarce scientific evidence does not justify a dogmatic attitude with strict rules and bans on nutrients or foods. Rather, all macronutrient groups are represented in a balanced diet, whereby a reduction in calorie intake can be equally successful via carbohydrates or fats. Ideal are products of high quality and with low and gentle processing, such as starch products rich in fibre and cold-pressed vegetable oils. The benefits of increased protein intake in terms of diabetes management and weight control are becoming increasingly clear. However, plant-based or dairy products should be used as sources rather than red or processed meat. The Mediterranean diet and concepts with a comparable scientific basis are most likely to meet the criteria of a "suitable" diet for diabetes patients. Although alcohol is dense with empty calories, there is no reason not to tolerate the consumption embedded in such a diet. In view of the individually different metabolic reactions to the same foods and taking into account the scarce evidence, a personalised approach is more appropriate than ever.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. [The New DGEM Guideline - All the Clinician Needs to Know].
- Author
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Elke G and Hartl WH
- Subjects
- Critical Illness, Energy Intake, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Parenteral Nutrition, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Critical Care, Enteral Nutrition
- Abstract
The German Society for Nutritional Medicine has recently updated its guideline on clinical nutrition in critically ill patients thereby cooperating with seven other national medical societies. This article provides readers with a concise overview on selected key aspects of this guideline relevant for clinical practice. We will discuss some issues in detail such as the determination of energy expenditure and of calorie and protein intake, the choice of the route of administration (enteral or parenteral), and the handling of micronutrients., Competing Interests: Erklärung zu finanziellen Interessen Forschungsförderung erhalten: ja, von einer anderen Institution (Pharma- oder Medizintechnikfirma usw.); Honorar/geldwerten Vorteil für Referententätigkeit erhalten: ja, von einer anderen Institution (Pharma- oder Medizintechnikfirma usw.); Bezahlter Berater/interner Schulungsreferent/Gehaltsempfänger: ja, von einer anderen Institution (Pharma- oder Medizintechnikfirma usw.); Patent/Geschäftsanteile/Aktien (Autor/Partner, Ehepartner, Kinder) an Firma (Nicht-Sponsor der Veranstaltung): nein; Patent/Geschäftsanteile/Aktien (Autor/Partner, Ehepartner, Kinder) an Firma (Sponsor der Veranstaltung): nein. Erklärung zu nichtfinanziellen Interessen Gunnar Elke ist Mitglied der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Mitglied und Vorsitzender des Ausschusses „Forschung“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin, Mitglied der Deutschen Sepsis Gesellschaft, Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, European Society for Intensive Care Medicine, European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Special aspects of nutrition in elderly
- Author
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Schlüter N and Groß P
- Subjects
- Aged, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Minerals, Aging physiology, Energy Intake, Micronutrients, Nutritional Status, Vitamins
- Abstract
A balanced and wholesome diet provides the human organism with energy (macronutrients) and all necessary micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteinogenic amino acids, omega fatty acids) necessary for the maintenance of all metabolic processes. The necessary quantity and composition especially of energy-supplying macronutrients change with age due to physiological and pathological changes in the body. These age-related changes as well as corresponding recommendations for elderly patients will be summarized in the following article based on the current S3 guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine on «Clinical Nutrition in Geriatrics» as well as further literature and the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society. Nutrition at the terminal stage of life and special nutritional advices for persons suffering from diabetes mellitus are not discussed.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. [Non-Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention of Weight Gain in Schizophrenic Patients Treated with Antipsychotic Medication]
- Author
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Astrid, Fink, Sandra, Cieslak, and Frank, Rosenbach
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Bipolar Disorder ,Diet, Reducing ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Overweight ,Weight Gain ,Combined Modality Therapy ,Psychotic Disorders ,Behavior Therapy ,Schizophrenia ,Humans ,Female ,Schizophrenic Psychology ,Child ,Energy Intake ,Antipsychotic Agents ,Sports - Abstract
To evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent anti-psychotic medication induced weight gain in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia.We searched electronic databases Medline, Embase and PsychINFO and reference lists of articles. Controlled trials evaluating the beneficial effects of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent weight gain were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias of the studies and extracted data.9 studies met the inclusion criteria. Evaluation of studies was carried out separately according to the different interventions. Six studies examined the effect of behavioral interventions. Two meta-analysis were conducted and found small effects on weight management in favor of the behavioral intervention. Three studies reported the effect of nutritional counselling yielding contradictory results .There is currently no clear evidence which intervention is the best to prevent antipsychotic-induced weight gain in patients with first episode of schizophrenia. Further trials of high methodological quality are necessary.
- Published
- 2015
28. [Quality management in weight restitution in Anorexia nervosa--pathophysiology, evidence-based practice and prevention of the refeeding syndrome]
- Author
-
Michael, Mayr, Hartmut, Imgart, Katrin, Skala, and Andreas, Karwautz
- Subjects
Anorexia Nervosa ,Adolescent ,Evidence-Based Practice ,Humans ,Female ,Guideline Adherence ,Refeeding Syndrome ,Water-Electrolyte Balance ,Energy Intake ,Weight Gain ,Risk Assessment ,Total Quality Management - Abstract
During refeeding syndrome-a well-known and dreaded complication of weight-restauration in anorexia nervosa-a shift of electrolytes and fluid can occur in malnourished patients and might therefore lead to-potentially fatal-cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological symptoms. Causes of this are metabolic and hormonal changes during re-establishment of a carbohydrate-rich diet. This syndrome is most commonly associated with hypophosphatemia, which can however be accompanied by other chemical laboratory abnormalities. Standardized guidelines for the prevention and management of the refeeding syndrome have not yet been established. In case and cohort studies different low- and high-calorie diet protocols led to comparable results with similar complication rates. A focus should be placed on prevention of serious complications by careful monitoring. The pathophysiology, the main constituents in the development of the refeeding syndrome, recommendations for risk assessment and treatment, and current evidence are discussed.
- Published
- 2015
29. [Required Effekt Sizes of Preventive Measures for Overweight in Children and Adolescents]
- Author
-
S, Plachta-Danielzik, B, Kehden, and M J, Müller
- Subjects
Male ,Pediatric Obesity ,Adolescent ,Adolescent Health ,Child Health ,Health Promotion ,Treatment Outcome ,Child, Preschool ,Germany ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Female ,Preventive Medicine ,Child ,Energy Intake - Abstract
Successful preventive measures can stop a further increase in the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents. However, up to now, the required effect sizes of interventions for reducing childhood overweight remain unclear. The calculation of the energy gap (excess calories consumed over calories expended) offers the possibility to estimate the required effect sizes. In this work 2 approaches to calculate the energy gap will be compared.Longitudinal data of 1690 children and adolescents of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS) on measured height, weight, fat mass and fat-free mass (using bioelectrical impedance analysis) at age 6 and 10 years will be used to calculate energy gap with 2 different approaches: (i) using age-independent changes in fat mass and fat-free mass (old approach) and (ii) using a mathematic model of weight dynamic (new approach).Energy gap according to the old approach was 140 kcal/day; by contrast, new modeling resulted in an energy gap between 270 and 370 kcal/day. Both, BMI and fat mass were suitable to calculate energy gap and led to nearly same results. Exceeding the 90(th) percentile of BMI or fat mass (incidence approach) as well as large changes within the normal range (i.e. between the 10(th) and the 90(th) percentile) led to large energy gaps. Thus, all children with large energy gaps have to be characterized as at risk for overweight.The new approach seems to be convincing because it considered the additional energy expenditure for building fat-free mass due to increasing age and weight.Calculating energy gap offers a new approach for prevention of overweight. It shows that the required effect sizes of prevention measures have to be in a region of 140 to 400 kcal/day. This differs clearly from energy reduction of diets in the therapy of obesity.
- Published
- 2015
30. [Enteral and/or parenteral nutrition in the critically ill : An algorithm as a possible basis for decision-making]
- Author
-
A, Weimann
- Subjects
Parenteral Nutrition ,Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Illness ,Humans ,Energy Intake ,Algorithms - Abstract
Taking into account new data and recent clinical controversies regarding nutritional support within the first 7 days of critical illness, early enteral nutrition is recommended. A normocaloric goal of 25 kcal/kg body weight/day should be achieved. In case of inadequate enteral tolerance, parenteral supplementation starting between day 3 and 5 should be selectively restricted to primarily malnourished patients and those with high risk for complications and prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. This can be summarized in a clinical algorithm.
- Published
- 2015
31. [Nutritional prevention of urological tumours]
- Author
-
B J, Schmitz-Dräger, S, Sahin, G, Lümmen, E, Bismarck, C, Fischer, and P, Thelen
- Subjects
Male ,Urologic Neoplasms ,Nutritional Requirements ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Feeding Behavior ,Vitamins ,Diet, Mediterranean ,Kidney Neoplasms ,Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ,Risk Factors ,Dietary Supplements ,Humans ,Female ,Dairy Products ,Energy Intake ,Carcinoma, Renal Cell - Abstract
Through the last decade considerations on the role of vitamins and antioxidants in the primary prevention of genitourinary tumors have changed dramatically. In spite of all efforts, the efficacy of a specific compound has not been proven so far. In consequence, recommendations to use vitamins or other supplements for the primary prevention of urological tumors should be avoided. However, there is some evidence that moderate food consumption, reduction of dairy products and an Asian or Mediterranean diet may not only prevent prostate cancer (PCA) but also harbour additional beneficial effects on general health. Although quantification of these findings may be difficult, it becomes evident that these measures will have additional synergistic effects on cardiovascular diseases. Considering the large number of PCA patients dying not cancer-related but from concomitant diseases, primary prevention in particular of PCA should always also consider the general health of the target population. More recent studies suggest a potential effect of nutritional compounds on biochemical tumour recurrence in PCA patients after definite therapy. These observations may serve as a starting point for validation within controlled clinical trials.
- Published
- 2014
32. [Parenteral nutrition strategies]
- Author
-
Michael, Adolph
- Subjects
Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Care ,Germany ,Malnutrition ,Nutritional Requirements ,Humans ,Parenteral Nutrition, Total ,Hospital Mortality ,Length of Stay ,Energy Intake ,Prognosis ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - Abstract
Parenteral nutrition is a fundamental part of any therapeutic concept in critically ill patients. Just recently some international prospective randomized controlled trials were investigating the correct indication, optimal timing and dosage of parenteral nutrition regimens. Despite a controversial discussion newer strategies recommend the parenteral nutrition as a very important supplemental component to an early enteral nutrition therapy.Die parenterale Ernährung ist elementarer Bestandteil der Therapie kritisch kranker Patienten. Dies gilt unvermindert auch vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Diskussion um diese Form der künstlichen Ernährung. Erst in jüngerer Zeit haben mehrere groß angelegte prospektiv randomisierte kontrollierte Studien Fragen nach der korrekten Indikation, dem optimalen Timing und der Zusammensetzung einer parenteralen Ernährung untersucht. Trotz einer zum Teil ausgesprochen kontrovers geführten Diskussion kristallisiert sich eine Strategie heraus, die die parenterale Ernährung als besonders wichtigen, ergänzenden Baustein einer möglichst früh begonnenen enteralen Ernährung sieht.
- Published
- 2014
33. [Nutrition of the critically ill - is less more? How much energy for the ICU patient?]
- Author
-
Thomas W, Felbinger, Matthias, Hecker, and Gunnar, Elke
- Subjects
Intensive Care Units ,Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Care ,Nutritional Support ,Critical Illness ,Malnutrition ,Humans ,Nutritional Status ,Guidelines as Topic ,Energy Intake ,Energy Metabolism - Abstract
Decreased nutritional intake or preexisting malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality during hospital stay. However nutritional support in particular for the ICU patient is not trivial. Hyperalimentation in the acute phase of critical illness but also hypoalimentation in the chronic and stable phase of illness has to be avoided. Ideally about 25 kcal/kg/d should be targeted over a few days during metabolic monitoring. Alternatively indirect calorimetry should be applied where available.
- Published
- 2014
34. [Eating and drinking in old age]
- Author
-
Peter, Landendörfer, Marlies, Karsch-Völk, and Antonius, Schneider
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,Nursing Homes ,Nutrition Assessment ,Germany ,Weight Loss ,Homes for the Aged ,Humans ,Female ,Guideline Adherence ,Energy Intake ,Geriatric Assessment ,Algorithms ,Aged - Published
- 2014
35. [Current Developments in Nutritional Therapy of Intensive Care Patients].
- Author
-
Koch A, Bündgens L, Herbers U, Trautwein C, and Tacke F
- Subjects
- Energy Intake, Enteral Nutrition, Humans, Micronutrients, Parenteral Nutrition, Vitamins, Critical Care, Critical Illness therapy, Nutritional Support
- Abstract
The goals of nutritional therapy for critically ill patients are the enteral or parenteral provision of calories, proteins, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements and fluids. The metabolism of critically ill patients is characterized by a catabolic stress condition, which is caused by a systemic inflammatory response and is associated with an increased infection rate, occurrence of multiple organ failure and increased mortality.Traditionally, nutritional therapy has been considered as an "adjunctive" therapy for critically ill patients with the primary goal of providing energy to maintain muscle mass. Based on the scientific developments of recent years, it became evident that adequate nutritional therapy can favorably influence stress-related metabolic processes, reduce oxidative cell damage and modulate the immune response of the body. Important measures that can positively influence the clinical course of intensive care patients include early enteral nutrition, adequate intake of macro- and micronutrients, and blood glucose control., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. [Calories, proteins - what does the intensive care patient need?]
- Author
-
A, Schäfer
- Subjects
Fat Emulsions, Intravenous ,Enteral Nutrition ,Gastroesophageal Reflux ,Nutritional Requirements ,Humans ,Dietary Proteins ,Critical Care Nursing ,Energy Intake ,Respiratory Insufficiency ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition - Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that the nutrition of critically ill patients is a highly complex activity with many unanswered questions. Much research has been performed showing that early enteral nutrition helps to avoid complications. In addition, it has already been shown that the calorie goal as the sole diet goal rather plays a minor role, if one pays attention to sufficient supply of proteins. The diet of the different patient groups with their very individual physiological conditions and their very different diseases are another difficile question in nutritional therapy. The question about the best access path currently appears clearly to be the way of enteral nutrition. Although there seems to be no clear advantage to the gastric or jejunal route, the gastric tube is apparently used more often in clinical practice due to the ease of placement. Reflux control is also currently controversially discussed. To assess the intestinal transport capacity, control of reflux is inevitable, but the amount of reflux that should be considered as cut-off criteria is still unclear. The field of immunonutrition or the substitution of selenium, glutamine, and other substances requires further research. The goal of this article is to provide the reader with a review of the current literature concerning nutritional needs of intensive care patients.
- Published
- 2013
37. 18 reasons why diet fail
- Author
-
Thomas, Ellrott
- Subjects
Motivation ,Diet, Reducing ,Aftercare ,Overweight ,Weight Gain ,Food Preferences ,Secondary Prevention ,Humans ,Patient Compliance ,Obesity ,Treatment Failure ,Energy Intake ,Energy Metabolism ,Life Style - Published
- 2013
38. [High-fat diets in diabetes]
- Author
-
A F H, Pfeiffer
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Cholesterol, HDL ,Fatty Acids ,Hypercholesterolemia ,Cholesterol, LDL ,Diet, High-Fat ,Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted ,Treatment Outcome ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Weight Loss ,Diseases in Twins ,Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ,Humans ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,Insulin Resistance ,Energy Intake ,Triglycerides - Published
- 2013
39. [How much sugar are children allowed?]
- Author
-
Stefan, Dietrich and Dirk, Fischer
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Nutritional Requirements ,Food Preferences ,Dietary Sucrose ,Child, Preschool ,Fruit ,Germany ,Humans ,Female ,Snacks ,Child ,Energy Intake ,Nutritive Value - Published
- 2013
40. [Nutritional therapy in acute pancreatitis]
- Author
-
J, Ockenga
- Subjects
Food, Formulated ,Critical Care ,Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing ,Nutritional Requirements ,Pancreatic Extracts ,Prognosis ,Combined Modality Therapy ,Antioxidants ,Enteral Nutrition ,Treatment Outcome ,Humans ,Parenteral Nutrition, Total ,Amino Acids ,Energy Intake - Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a frequent clinical entity in the West. About 80% of patients with acute pancreatitis develop edematous pancreatitis, while 20% develop necrotizing pancreatitis: The latter is a potentially life-threatening disease. In this case, early enteral nutrition has been shown to improve the course of the disease. Usually, gastric enteral nutrition with a polymeric formula via a nasogastric tube is possible; only in a minority of patients is jejunal feeding necessary owing to the high gastric residual volume. An elemental formula is useful for patients with significant intestinal maldigestion. If enteral feeding is not feasible within 5-7 days, (additional) parenteral nutrition has to be considered. Individualized--primary enteral--nutritional support is an essential part of a multimodal therapy in severe acute pancreatitis and it improves clinical outcome.
- Published
- 2013
41. [Nutrition and liver failure]
- Author
-
M, Plauth
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Critical Care ,Nutritional Support ,Nutritional Requirements ,Liver Failure, Acute ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,Enteral Nutrition ,Hepatic Encephalopathy ,Humans ,Parenteral Nutrition, Total ,Refeeding Syndrome ,Amino Acids ,Isoleucine ,Energy Intake ,Energy Metabolism ,Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ,Liver Failure - Abstract
In the critically ill liver patient, nutrition support is not very different from that given for other illnesses. In hyperacute liver failure, nutrition support is of less importance than in the other subtypes of acute liver failure that take a more protracted course. Nasoenteral tube feeding using a polymeric standard formula should be the first-line approach, while parenteral nutrition giving glucose, fat, amino acids, vitamins, and trace elements is initiated when enteral nutrition is insufficient or impracticable. In chronic liver disease, notably cirrhosis, there is frequently protein malnutrition indicating a poor prognosis and requiring immediate initiation of nutrition support. Enteral nutrition ensuring an adequate provision of energy and protein should be preferred. Particular care should be taken to avoid refeeding syndrome and to treat vitamin and trace element deficiency.
- Published
- 2013
42. [From the corpulent rich to the obese poor]
- Author
-
Zeno, Stanga and Kurt, Laederach
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Feeding Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Motor Activity ,Overweight ,Feeding and Eating Disorders ,Young Adult ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Risk Factors ,Body Composition ,Fast Foods ,Humans ,Female ,Obesity ,Energy Intake ,Life Style ,Switzerland ,Aged - Published
- 2013
43. [Effects of calorie information and nutrition traffic light on alimentation behaviour in public catering]
- Author
-
A, Bruder, W, Honekamp, and J M, Hackl
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Restaurants ,Adolescent ,Feeding Behavior ,Health Promotion ,Middle Aged ,Young Adult ,Menu Planning ,Food ,Food Labeling ,Germany ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,Female ,Energy Intake - Abstract
Due to the significant increase in overweight and obese people, action is needed to raise eating behaviour awareness. A significant main meal (lunch) is witnessing a growing trend in the catering (part of the out-of-home nutrition). The aim of this study is to determine whether the selection of lunch menus is affected through the display of nutritional information in the form of number of calories or a traffic light model.In this exploratory study, quantitative data were collected in a cross-sectional design. In addition to the established measurement instruments, socio-demographic and socio-economic information of the subjects based on the study were evaluated. The survey took place in 2008 in 2 passes (time t A/t B). The identical lunch menu of a catering company was applied twice respectively for 4 weeks. In the second run (t B) the lunch menu contained additional nutritional information (big 4 instructions) in the form of calories or a traffic light nutrition. The test of group differences was based on scientific statistical analysis in SPSS.The overall results for the illustration of kilocalories or traffic light do not have a unique significance in the direction of a low average number of calories at the time t B in comparison to the time t A. The food participants, on average, choose a lower calorie-containing menu, when a combination of traffic light and calories is given.The nutrition behaviour is accompanied by an oversupply of unhealthy foods. Lunch participants are sensitised for the selection of healthier lunch menus by a traffic light nutrition information or calories information. Nutrition labelling for lunch menus in the form of calories nutrition information or a coloured traffic light could trigger preventive effects.
- Published
- 2012
44. [Strategies for successful weight reduction - focus on energy balance]
- Author
-
M, Weck, S R, Bornstein, A, Barthel, and M, Blüher
- Subjects
Male ,Diet, Reducing ,Thermogenesis ,Thyroid Function Tests ,Autonomic Nervous System ,Body Mass Index ,Adipose Tissue ,Weight Loss ,Humans ,Female ,Basal Metabolism ,Obesity ,Energy Intake ,Energy Metabolism ,Exercise - Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and related health problems is increasing worldwide and also in Germany. It is well known that substantial and sustained weight loss is difficult to accomplish. Therefore, a variety of studies has been performed in order to specify causes for weight gain and create hypotheses for better treatment options. Key factors of this problem are an adaptation of energy metabolism, especially resting metabolic rate (RMR), non-exercise thermogenesis and diet induced thermogenesis. The extremely high failure rate (80%) to keep the reduced weight after successful weight loss is due to adaptation processes of the body to maintain body energy stores. This so called "adaptive thermogenesis" is defined as a smaller than predicted change of energy expenditure in response to changes in energy balance. Adaptive thermogenesis appears to be a major reason for weight regain. The foremost objective of weight-loss programs is the reduction in body fat. However, a concomitant decline in lean tissue can frequently be observed. Since lean body mass (LBM) represents a key determinant of RMR it follows that a decrease in lean tissue could counteract the progress of weight loss. Therefore, with respect to long-term effectiveness of weight reduction programs, the loss of fat mass while maintaining LBM and RMR seems desirable. In this paper we will discuss the mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis and develop therapeutic strategies with respect to avoiding weight regain successful weight reduction.
- Published
- 2012
45. [Nutrition in intensive care medicine]
- Author
-
M, Hecker, T, Felbinger, and K, Mayer
- Subjects
Food, Formulated ,Parenteral Nutrition ,Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Care ,Nutritional Support ,Nutritional Requirements ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunologic Factors ,Parenteral Nutrition, Total ,Energy Intake ,Monitoring, Physiologic - Abstract
Nutrition of intensive care patients is challenging due to complex metabolic changes. For this reason nutritional support adapted to the metabolic state is the only effective option to avoid hyperalimentation or hypoalimentation and thus has a direct influence on the prognosis. The analysis of the calorific requirement and the mode of administration are of key importance. An early enteral nutrition should be established, whereas in practice often a supplementary parenteral support is required to provide adequate calorie supply. Nowadays, most commercially available standard solutions are optimized concerning composition of nutrients; however, metabolic and gastrointestinal monitoring is recommended. In a selected group of patients the administration of immunomodulatory substances may be indicated but due to insufficient or conflicting study data an uncritical use of these supplements cannot be recommended.
- Published
- 2012
46. [How to assess the nutritional status of my patient]
- Author
-
M S, Leuenberger, M L, Joray, S, Kurmann, and Z, Stanga
- Subjects
Cross-Sectional Studies ,Nutrition Assessment ,Anthropometry ,Risk Factors ,General Practice ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Interdisciplinary Communication ,Cooperative Behavior ,Energy Intake ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,Switzerland ,Body Mass Index - Abstract
Protein-energy-malnutrition is a growing problem in industrialised countries. Many studies have found malnourishment in 20-60% of hospitalized medical or surgical patients, as well as out-patients. Malnutrition negatively influences patients' prognosis, immune system, muscle strength, and quality of life. As it is a largely treatable co-morbidity, systematic screening for malnutrition and effective management will improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Early diagnosis and assessment depends on a simple and standardised screening tool that identifies at-risk patients, allowing the medical team in charge to solve patients' nutritional problems with an interdisciplinary approach.
- Published
- 2012
47. [What can be done about the yo-yo effect?]
- Author
-
M, Schenk
- Subjects
Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Adolescent ,Diet, Reducing ,Peptide Hormones ,Feeding Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Overweight ,Weight Gain ,Young Adult ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Humans ,Female ,Obesity ,Energy Intake ,Energy Metabolism ,Life Style ,Aged - Published
- 2012
48. [Overweight in families with migrant background]
- Author
-
Ayse, Unal
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Social Values ,Turkey ,Socialization ,Emigrants and Immigrants ,Infant ,Feeding Behavior ,Overweight ,Islam ,Child, Preschool ,Germany ,Educational Status ,Humans ,Female ,Child ,Energy Intake ,Attitude to Health ,Acculturation - Published
- 2011
49. [Nutrition in the critically ill]
- Author
-
A, Weimann, J, Andrä, and A, Sablotzki
- Subjects
Enteral Nutrition ,Critical Care ,Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Parenteral Nutrition, Total ,Guideline Adherence ,Energy Intake ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Combined Modality Therapy ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
The prognostic impact of inadequate energy and protein supply in malnourished intensive care patients has been recently reemphasized. Consent exists about the beneficial effects of early enteral nutrition in the critically ill. However, gastrointestinal intolerance of the critically ill may be a major problem for the feasibility of enteral nutrition bearing additional risks. In case adequate enteral nutrition cannot be realized, there is controversy about the appropriate time to start total parenteral or combined enteral / parenteral nutrition. Due to potential adverse effects immune-enhancing substrates have to be cautiously administered. For standardization implementation of a guideline based nutritional protocol is recommended. The review refers to the recent guidelines of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (2009), the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) (2009) and the German Sepsis Society (DSG) (2010).
- Published
- 2011
50. [Behavioral indicators of loss of control over eating: bite size and bite velocity]
- Author
-
Anja, Hilbert and Julia, Czaja
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Body Weight ,Feeding Behavior ,Overweight ,Body Mass Index ,Affect ,Food Preferences ,Interview, Psychological ,Humans ,Female ,Bulimia ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Energy Intake ,Internal-External Control - Abstract
Loss of control (LOC) over eating is a common and psychopathologically relevant experience in childhood. The current study aimed at evaluating bite size and bite velocity as behavioral indicators of LOC eating in an experimental test meal study with a variation of mood. Children with or without LOC eating (N=120, 8-13 years) consumed a parent-child test meal and a child-only meal consisting of snack food, following induction of negative mood. Bite size and bite velocity were determined through behavioral observation, food intake was measured, and sense of LOC and mood were rated. Children with LOC eating did not show greater bite size and bite velocity than children without LOC eating. Bite size of children with LOC eating was increased in negative mood and decreased in neutral mood. Greater bite size and bite velocity predicted greater food intake at test meal and snack eating and greater LOC over eating at snack eating, however, without an intervening influence of negative mood. Bite size was significantly associated with greater body weight of child and parent. Bite size and bite velocity were not significantly associated with eating disorder psychopathology and varying levels of LOC symptoms. The evidence as to whether bite size and bite velocity are suited as behavioral indicators of LOC eating is not clear-cut. Further research on behavioral indicators of childhood LOC eating is warranted.
- Published
- 2011
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