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The essay explores the importance of teaching and research in the building cultures of specific territories, with a particular focus on the use of wood in construction. Through interviews with experts from research centres and universities, such as Andreja Kutnar from InnoRenew CoE in Slovenia, Frédéric Pichelin from the Bern University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland, and Florian Court from the Haute École du Bois et de la Forêt association in France, the essay highlights how such institutions are promoting innovation and sustainable development in the wooden construction sector. Kutnar emphasises the importance of interdisciplinary and holistic research to develop renewable materials and improve the quality of the built environment. Pichelin discusses how innovation can emerge from the integration of new technologies and biobased materials, while Court addresses the challenge of industrialising wood production processes while preserving unique local characteristics. The essay also examines future challenges for wooden architecture in the Alps, such as climate change and the need for sustainable resources, highlighting projects like VETA/NOVA developed by the Bern University of Applied Sciences, which aims to develop guidelines for the restoration of historic wooden buildings. Finally, it discusses the possibility of translating global prerogatives into a local context, influencing the contemporary architectural identity of the Alps and its multidimensional impact on the territory.

A Paisagem Linguística, área de pesquisa relativamente recente, trata da forma escrita das línguas visível no espaço público. A metodologia de coleta de dados engloba fotografar e documentar os diferentes tipos de suporte, de línguas e suas funções no espaço urbano. As pesquisas em Paisagem Linguística geralmente consideram a presença simultânea de várias línguas ou variedades e sua relação umas com as outras, porém, dentro da abordagem denominada Spot German, não necessariamente utilizada com fins acadêmicos, a coleta de dados pode ser realizada com um objetivo específico, sem documentação de todos os sinais visíveis. Assim, neste artigo, discorro sobre as características, definições e diferenças entre as abordagens e apresento brevemente as possíveis fontes de coleta de dados com base em pesquisas realizadas em diversos países. Além disso, trago como exemplo de aplicação a língua alemã em sua relação com o espaço próximo a um colégio alemão e sua possível influência na paisagem linguística da cidade na qual se encontra. Por fim, apresento possibilidades pedagógicas para explorar a paisagem linguística no ensino de línguas, que oferece oportunidade de investigar a relação da cidade e das pessoas com as línguas do entorno, da mesma forma que apresenta inúmeras entradas para exploração didática.

The purpose of the study is to find out whether such variables as access to finance, human resource competence and information systems can improve the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in Palembang (Indonesia). The authors use the foundations of the contingency theory and the theory of information systems (in particular, the Technology acceptance model (TAM)). To evaluate the impact of these three variables on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises, the authors use organizational culture as a study moderator variable. The study is based on the use of descriptive statistics methods. The random sample of the study is 386 respondents. To process digital data, a computer program for statistical data processing, SPSS 20, was used. It was determined that access to finance has a decisive influence on the efficiency of performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, organizational culture mitigates the impact of information systems and the human resource competence on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises, which is also quite significant. The study results indicate an unsatisfactory level of relations between small and medium-sized enterprises, on the one hand, and the Office of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises in Trade and Industry of Palembang City, on the other. The authors believe that business entities should interact more actively with agencies that are responsible for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Through this interaction, small and medium-sized enterprises will be able to obtain more accurate information about their development potential and become the driving force behind the economic growth of Palembang City.

Gynaecological care is generally perceived as focused on reproductive health. However, when women enter the non-reproductive life phase, other reasons to seek gynaecological care gain in importance. This paper presents findings on the reasons for women in the 50 years and older age group to seek gynaecological consultation and treatment. Our findings are based on data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1, 2008–2011), conducted by the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), as well as the 2016 claims data from the Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (KVen), provided by the Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care in Germany (Zi). At this age, cancer screening and menopausal complaints can become, as DEGS1 data shows, important reasons to seek gynaecological services. Around 65.0% of 50- to 79-year-old women took advantage of breast palpation examinations during the last twelve months, and 58.0% underwent cervical cell smear tests (pap smear). 47.2% of women had their last menstrual period at age 50 or later. KV data shows that with 45.3% and 33.1% of cases respectively, menopausal symptoms (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision, ICD-10: N95) and screening for malignant neoplasms (ICD 10: Z12) were the most frequently billed services. The data clearly shows reasons for consultation and treatment of women aged 50 years and older and these should therefore be considered in treatment planning and design.

There are relatively few representative data on the utilisation of physician services in Germany and its influencing. Based on data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1, 2008–2011), we analyse the utilisation of gynaecology and general practitioner (GP) services, with a focus on women aged 50 years and older. We compare these findings with data from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES98) and, based on this and further data, discuss possible developments. Figures for seeking GP services (over 80%) are constantly high across the entire lifespan, whereas figures for gynaecology services drop with age. Around 60% of women aged 50 years and older go to a gynaecological practice at least once a year. Socioeconomic status and place of residence are important determinants for the utilisation of services. Around half of all women aged 50 years and older sought both gynaecology and GP services at least once over a one-year period. Under 10% had only been to a gynaecologist, and around one third sought GP services only. Compared to GNHIES98, figures for GP and gynaecology services were considerably higher in DEGS1, health insurance data, however, shows no increase in the use of gynaecology services between 2008 and 2018. The results highlight the need to increase awareness among GPs of the needs of middle-aged and older women for gynaecological consultation and treatment.

For older and very old women in rural areas, the long distances involved and the limited availability of services can make accessing general practitioners and specialist physicians difficult. Based on data from the recent wave of the German Health Update (GEDA 2014/2015-EHIS), we have analysed the barriers to accessing health care for women in the age group 50 years and older in Germany. 21.0% of the women reported having had difficulties getting an appointment for an examination when it was needed during the twelve-month period before the interview. Fewer than 5% of the women reported distance as the reason for delayed medical examinations. Over the course of a one-year period, women in the large cities more frequently had to wait for an appointment for an examination than women in smaller towns. However, women in smaller towns reported more often that an examination had taken place late due to distance. The results are informative for the planning of health care services.

As Daniele Vitale wrote, the elements of historical Alpine tradition seem to be, for Mollino, “pretexts” for an exploration and formal manipulation that seeks its ways and directions. Rural architecture is therefore seen not as the bearer of an “objective rationality”, but as a set of materials that, thanks to the design interpretation, determines unprecedented fields of value. The process that characterizes many of his mountain works rarely follows the linear logic of problem solving but is characterized by a deviation that creates a new value space, a gap that distances it from the outcome considered as a consequential act. Let us think of the device of recovery and distortion of archetypes and conventional configurations of the historical tradition, which become a pretext for reinterpretations that generate new tectonic and formal meanings. Let us consider also their disassembly and reassembly to understand their constructive relationships, static configurations, tectonic logics, which were reused in the creation of his design devices; or the metamorphic and metasemic transmutations of some constructive figures exasperated to the point that, from being part of a whole, they are amplified and hyperbolized until they coincide with the overall architectural configuration. The essay, by retracing some of Carlo Mollino’s numerous projects developed in the Alpine area and some of his main built works, tries to identify some of the conceptual devices employed in his mountain construction site.

The Corpus of historical architecture – built by traditional societies in the Alps be-tween the great settlement phase of the twelfth-thirteenth century and the break caused by twentieth-century modernization – represents one of the main references when addressing the topic of building in the mountains. It is recognized as having authority. It is to it that we appeal – from the nineteenth-century Swiss-German treatises, through Adolf Loos and Giuseppe Pagano, to contemporary designers – to legitimize theories or to support collective images on building in the mountains. The Corpus of historical Alpine architecture, however, consists not only of the materiality of the buildings and infrastructures, but above all of the dense layering of exegesis and interpretations. The essay highlights how in recent years, however, it seems to be set in motion again through actions of a different nature: on the one hand, the weakening of a patrimonial paradigm that only placed the recognition of historical values and the conservation-enhancement of heritage at the center; on the other hand, the emergence of an unprecedented issue related to the construction of a new habitability in the Alps through projects for the revitalization and re-generation of territories based on the need for spaces that provide social interaction to the community, welfare, and culture production. This creates a new demand for the construction of “use values” that goes beyond the historical and symbolic values of heritage; thus, an unprecedented way of looking and thinking about things is required to prefigure a new civilization of the mountain in which legacies return to being a living body.

When compared with the central-eastern ones, the Western Alps have experienced a growing marginality in the new century. After all, getting out of the heavy legacy left by twentieth-century modernisation – abandonment of territories and tourism – is not easy. Today, however, there seems to be some evidence of a radical change in sensitivity, characterised by an awareness of the potential and limits of the contemporary architecture in relation to local dimension. This is how environment, landscape, history, traditions, heritage are no longer just a “fetish” to be exhibited for the mountain users, but become the threads with which contemporaneity tries to mend the ties interrupted with the territories. Quality architecture no longer seems to be just a self-referential exercise of composition, but a conscious opportunity to translate the demands, imaginaries, expectations, identities of the territories, in physical projects. Projects that are within the processes and that necessarily respond to compromises, in which sometimes the aesthetic-formal aspect is only one among all that control the project, that become the result of extremely diversified and contrasting questions. This working condition, always at the edge of the processes, inevitably also affects the forms of architecture, in which the difficulties and precariousness of the operational context become a prerequisite for the characterisation of the figurative and architectural aspects.

"The contemporary architectural production in the Alps of Piedmont has to be studied taking into consideration the contrasting phenomena of depopulation and tourism that have involved the mountain areas of the region during last century. In the fifties and sixties the percentage of abandonment of the high valleys reaches even 80-90%. Entire communities move to industrial urban centers in the cities on the plain. On the other side we witness to a strong polarization of the winter stations that become real “banlieues blanches” for the free time of the citizens and where the architecture of alpine modernism, with various forms, shapes. The paradox nowadays is that the rarefaction of abandoned and depopulated territories is necessary to force to start and choose new innovative paths. We witness a contemporary situation with different shades: on one side the well-established touristic territories that need projects to promote the redevelopment and diversification, on the other side the marginal places where are rising new visions are practices of reactivation of the territory in which architecture is fundamental. The topic of quality of the construction of the physical space intersects with the regeneration of places on a cultural basis, new agriculture and green economy, innovative development of the patrimony, sustainable tourism, with inclusive and participative paths of nature, by giving new meanings to places and building new economies and identities."

"The construction of a renewed habitability of the contemporary Alpine space requires a profound critical revision of the ways of looking and of the cultures concerning the theme of re-use of the built heritage. Over the last few decades, a sort of crystallization of imaginaries, operational practices and development ideas has emerged around the two terms of re-use and heritage and their ways of interaction, which today is likely to be an obstacle to the construction of new development scenarios for the Alpine region. Trying to imagine new values and meanings of the concepts of reuse and heritage, however, requires the questioning of those patrimonialization cultures that have served as the ultimate framework for the project of the Alpine space. The essay reconstructs those design processes that, starting from a renewed productive vision of the mountain, attempt today to overcome a hypostatized vision of the conventional cultural landscape produced by the patrimonialist paradigm, to embrace a transformative attitude of the heritage based on the materic character of the basic elements of the Alpine space. In particular we want to underline how the contemporary design culture in the Alps is directed to the development of synthetic languages aimed at capturing the stratified and diachronic dimension of the built landscape through metasemic cognitive and interpretative practices. It is an attitude that, against a background of the change in perspective brought about by climate change and environmental issues, allows the maximization of the opportunities and physical resources recovered in the place, perfectly in line with the aptitude for the continuous re-use of the Alpine civilizations of the past, which focuses on the awareness of participating in a constructive process of transformation of the long lasting Alpine territory."

"Martino Pedrozzi operates in Canton Ticino. His architectural production ranges from renovations to ex novo interventions; among the most remarkable projects, the interventions on the abandoned heritage of high mountain pastures in Val Malvaglia are worth mentioning. With a combination of art and architecture, Pedrozzi “reassembles” the stones of the destroyed ruins within their own perimeter walls, with implications of symbolic, conservative and landscape value. This project implies various meanings: from the restoration of a neat public spatiality, to a gesture of pietas and dignity towards a civilization, the rural Alpine one, ended only a few decades ago. The interventions are going to involve also building reconditioning, wherever the pre-existing ones will allow it, through minimal substitutions and integrations. The redevelopment also extends to the landscape, through practical and symbolic cleaning operations of former alpine pastures covered with vegetation since their abandonment. Freed from functionality and economic interests, they become construction sites shared by volunteers, friends and students, involving a strong educational component."

"The project for Villa Borsotti, whose construction ended in 1932, is the result of a collaboration between the architect Umberto Cuzzi and the artist Gigi Chessa, who built this small house at the edge of the village of Balme in Val d’Ala di Lanzo, in the area surrounding Turin. The essay focuses on the genesis of the project, with reference to the cultural and professional context within which the protagonists have worked. In terms of the relationship between the external aspect and its location in the Alpine context, the building seems to be characterized by the presence of two apparently opposite tendencies. On the one hand, the building looks for a contextualization in the mountain landscape through the declination in local key of a rationalist language, with a modern use of local dialect, composed of “lemmas” from the Alpine building tradition (stone masonry, wooden infill, bipartition between stone basement and wooden upper floor, etc.). At the same time, thanks to the bending configuration of the plan and the ribbon window, the surrounding environment also “enters” the house and becomes an integral part of it. On the other, the house seems to pursue the effect of alienation from the context through the conscious research of a formal autonomy with which the object “lands” in the natural framework of the valley. Another interesting trait of the house is the treatment of interiors according to the idea of configuring a wrap-around environment in which architecture and interior design are strongly intertwined."

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist eine Erörterung des Ausdruckes zu fluchen bewegt (in dem Zusammenhang [Ich...] habe ſie erzrnet und zu fluchen bewegt) aus dem Teil über die Beichte in den baltischen (altpreußischen, altlitauischen, altlettischen) Fassungen des „Kleinen Katechismus“ von Martin Luther. Gebrauch und Semantik dieses Ausdruckes werden vergleichend-kontrastiv wie auch hermeneutisch untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen von den Übersetzern in die jeweilige Sprache benutzten Übersetzungsstrategien werden gleichfalls berücksichtigt.Die Arbeit von Abel Will an dieser Stelle wurde wahrscheinlich von verschiedenen Impulsen beeinflusst unter denen auch Klangähnlichkeit und Ikonismus. Sein Übersetzungsverfahren konnte sowohl von der phonetischen (Assonanz) als auch von der semantischen Nähe (zwischen der zu übersetzenden Stelle und der Übersetzung selbst). Beispiele aus anderen Sprachen werden vorgestellt und kommentiert. Nach der Meinung des Verfassers in der Wahl von pobanginnons für die Übersetzung von bewegt bzw. bewogen eine bisher nicht beachtete, subtile Art von Interferenz des Deutschen widerspiegelt, und zwar bei der Übersetzung.Als Ergebnis des Übersetzungsverfahrens gelangte Abel Will mit apr. pobanginnons zu einer begünstigten Lehnschöpfung.

A parallelism has been observed between the particular meaning of povero “deceased” in some usages and the name of the Slavic ultramundane being *ubog- “domestic daemon” (ubog- “poor”).

Objective: Physicians in postgraduate training (PPT) in General Practice (GP) typically have very little interaction with their peers, as there is usually only one resident physician working in their respective department or GP office at a given time. Therefore, the online platform KOLEGEA, presented here, aims to support postgraduate training in general practice (PT in GP) in Germany through virtual interaction.Methodology: In 2012, the interdisciplinary research project KOLEGEA set up an online platform that any physicians in PT in GP can use for free after registration with their unitary continuous education number (Einheitliche Fortbildungsnummer, EFN). It offers problem-based learning and allows to discuss self-published anonymized patient cases with the community that can be classified and discussed with experienced mentors (specialists in general practice - GPs) in small virtual groups.Results: An anonymous online survey carried out as part of the 2014 project evaluation showed a good acceptance of the platform, even though shortage of time was mentioned as a limiting factor for its use. Data analysis showed that KOLEGEA was used by PPT in GP in all federal states. Patterns of passive use were predominant (90%). This report also describes the further development of the platform (in 2015 and 2016) that integrates an activity monitor as part of a gamification concept.Conclusions: Due to a low response rate of the 2014 online survey and the preliminary evaluations of usage patterns we could identify only initial trends regarding the role of KOLEGEA in supporting PPT. The platform was perceived as a helpful supplement to better structure PT in GP.

О ПЕРЕВОДЕ МАЖВИДАСА 1549 г. „TE DEUM LAUDAMUS“РезюмеНа основания детального текстологического анализа перевода установлено: 1) при переводе М. Мажвидас пользовался как латинским, так и польским оригиналами (автор последнего — Секлюцьян); 2) совпадения или параллели с латинским источником являются более частыми, чем с польским; 3) в некоторых затруднительных случаях переводчик проявил творческое отношение к решению проблем.

BALTISCHE SPRACHEN UND KULTUREN IN DER RENAISSANCEZEIT. DIE AUFFASSUNG DER BALTISCHEN SPRACHEN IN „DE DIALECTIS“ VON ANGELO ROCCA, 1591ZusammenfassungVon Angelo Rocca, Bibliograph und Gründer der Biblioteca Angelica zu Rom, wird das Werk Appendix de dialectis. Hoc est de variis linguarum generibus untersucht, dem am Ende das viel breitere Werk Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana a Sixto V.P.M. in splendidiorem commodoriemque locum translata... (Roma, 1591) beigefügt ist. Die Hauptquelle von Rocca ist das Mithridates (Treviri, 1555) von Conrad Gesner gewesen.Alle Beobachtungen über die baltischen Sprachen, die im Werke Roccas registriert sind, verdienen große Aufmerksamkeit. Obwohl man leicht beobachten kann, wie oft der Italie­ner dem Text des Deutschen fleißig gefolgt, auch in den Textstellen, wo über die baltischen Sprachen geschrieben ist, fehlen nicht wichtige Unterschiede. Bisher haben die Sprachhi­storiker, Baltisten und Slavisten, eine solche dynamische Situation nicht genug beachtet: die Konzeption, die in der Klassizität vorwiegend war, zeigt sich gerade umgekehrt bei Miechowita; andererseits Gesner häuft „enzyklopädischerweise“ alle derzeit bekannten Theorien an; in dem Werk Roccas „kreuzen“ sich die Tradition („illyrische“ und „britannische“ Th.) und die Innovation (Th. der „lingua quadripartita“), aber es fehlt die litauische Erschöpfung für die Th. von Palemonas. Das ist ein schönes Beispiel der Zirkulation der Theorien oder „Fluß und Ausfluß“, typisch der Renaissance-Zeit.Man soll die Rolle Roccas hervorheben, weil er solche Theorien in der humanistischen sprachwissenschaftlichen Debatte Italiens eingeleitet hat. Außerdem kann man das Werk Roccas so betrachten, als ob es eine transitorische Lage in der Entwicklung der Sprachkon­zeption der baltischen Sprachen darstelle: von einer Zeit, als die klassischen und damals traditionellen Theorien noch vorwiegten zu einer neuen, schon „wissenschaftlicheren“ Fassung über die Sprache derselben Familien, gegründet auf der Theorie der „lingua quadripartita“ und auf der Ablehnung der Theorie von Palemonas.

VĖLYVOJI PRŪSŲ KALBA. DĖL GALIMO VĖLYVOSIOS PRŪSŲ KALBOS KORPUSO APIBRĖŽIMOSantraukaPrūsų kalbos korpuso padėtis yra kiek kitokia nei lietuvių ir latvių raštijos korpusų. Siekiant jį aprašyti, siūloma išnagrinėti šiuos aptariamosios problemos aspektus:1) kaip susiformavo senosios prūsų kalbos korpusas;2) ką reiškia sąvoka „vėlyvoji prūsų kalba“;3) kokios yra gãlimos vėlyvõsios prūsų kalbos tyrimo kryptys.Vėlyvajai prūsų kalbos raidos fazei galima priskirti pavienes glosas ar žodžius, pavienius sakinius, taip pat gausius Tėve mūsų pavyzdžius.Skirtinos šios tyrimo kryptys:a) pastarųjų metų darbuose (Schaeken, Dini & Subačius ir kt.) atkreiptas dėmesys į vėlyvosios prūsų kalbos medžiagą F. Zamelijaus, H. Megiserio, M. Pretorijaus, M. Orbinio, C. Myslentos, O. Rudbeckio, Chr. Knauthe’s, J. Gottschedo, polilingvistiniuose Chr. Mentzelio darbuose. Manytina, kad laikui bėgant šis sąrašas turėtų ilgėti;b) vėlyvoji prūsų kalba „nebaltiškuose“ (lotynų, vokiečių, senosios lenkų, senosios rusų ir kt. kalbų) šaltiniuose: glosos ir pavieniai pavyzdžiai (vardai ir teonimai);c) vėlyvosios prūsų kalbos Tėve mūsų variantai: Orationes Dominicae nuo Gessnerio (1555) iki Adelungo (1806). Šiuos paminklus dar reikia detaliai ištirti.

LIUTERIO „MAŽOJO KATEKIZMO“ VERTIMŲ Į BALTŲ KALBAS LYGINAMOSIOS-KONTRASTYVINĖS ANALIZĖS BENDROSIOS PRIELAIDOS SantraukaLiuterio „Mažojo katekizmo“ vertimai (1561 m. A. Vilio į prūsų kalbą, 1579 B. Vilento į lietuvių kalbą, 1586 m. vadinamojo J. Ryvijaus į latvių kalbą) yra vienintelis visų trijų baltų kalbų literatūrų „paralelinis tekstas“. Bezzenbergeris pabrėžė šių tekstų lyginamojo-kontrastyvinio nagrinėjimo svarbą jau XIX a. pabaigoje, bet iki šiol jie buvo nagrinėjami tik po du (dažniau lietuvių ir prūsų, rečiau prūsų ir latvių).Tekstai ir jų formavimasis lyginami pagal tam tikrus išorinio (modelių, spausdinimo tempų, kalbos peržiūros) ir vidinio (tekstologijos, turinio, vertimo proceso) pobūdžio aspektus. Taip pat svarstomi kiti su vertėjais susiję klausimai. Autoriaus nuomone, Liuterio „Mažojo katekizmo“ vertimų į baltų kalbas lyginamasis-kontrastyvinis nagrinėjimas įgalina geriau spręsti trijų tekstų filologines problemas ir aiškinti trijų kalbų lingvistinius klausimus.

LIUTERIO „MAŽOJO KATEKIZMO“ VERTIMŲ Į BALTŲ KALBAS LYGINAMOJI-KONTRASTYVINĖ ANALIZĖ: DĖL PR. 105,25–6 ſen brendekermnenSantraukaTrečiojo prūsų katekizmo sakinys kantou ſen brendekermnen poſtāsei (= vok. wenn du Schwanger wirſt) jau du su puse šimtmečio yra iššūkis prūsistams. Straipsnyje, aptarus minėto sakinio ikišiolinius aiškinimus, siūloma nauja jo filologinė ir lingvistinė analizė.Pastebėtina, kad šią „Mažojo katekizmo“ vietą Abelis Willis verčia kitaip nei B. Vilentas (1579) ir J. Rivijus (1586). Pagal tradicinę sakinio segmentaciją vok. Schwanger atitinka pr. ſen brendekermnen, o vok. wirſt – pr. poſtāsei; brendekermnen traktuojamas kaip posesyvinis dūrinys (interpretuojamas kaip „mit ‘Frucht-leib’“, „mit ‘Schwer-leib’“ arba kaip „mit ‘Voll-leib’“, tačiau nė vienas iš šių žodžių vokiečių kalboje nėra paliudytas). Straipsnyje siūloma kitokia segmentacija, t. y.: pr. poſtāsei (beje, kaip ir lie.) atitinka vok. Schwanger wirſt „pastoti; konzipieren“, tuo tarpu pr. ſen brendekermnen lieka be atitikmens vokiškame tekste. Vadinasi, Willis sąmoningai nutolo nuo Liuterio „Mažojo katekizmo“ teksto. Dėl pr. ſen brendekermnen siūloma, kad tai yra: 1) lokalinis-medialinis apibrėžimas veiksmažodžiu poſtāsei išreiškiamo veiksmo; 2) determinatyvinis dūrinys ir 3) vertinys pagal medicinos terminus technicus, plg. vok. (1594 m.) Berleib [dabart. Gebärleib] „gimda, įsčios; uterus“.Atrodo, kad A. Willis nutolo ne be pagrindo. Prūsiškame tekste greičiausiai bus atsiradusi diktografijos išprovokuota klaida <ſen… ſen ← *en… ſen>, kurią reikėtų emenduoti kaip *en brendekermnen (vietininkas). Jei tai tiesa, nagrinėjama prūsų kalbos teksto vieta yra nesunkiai paaiškinama. Iš tikrųjų vertėjas į prūsų kalbą čia bus atsižvelgęs į Luko evangeliją (1,31), plg. vok. (1522 m. Liuteris) du wirſt ſchwanger ym leibe, lo. (1529 m. Liuterio Vulgatos peržiūrėjimas) Ecce concipes in utero, gr. (Septuaginta) συλλήμψῃ ἐν γαστρὶ. Įdomu, kad lokalinis apibrėžimas kartojasi ir kitose baltų kalbose, plg. lie. (1590 m. Bretkūno) nieſchcʒe bu̓ſi ſʒiwate bei la. (1685 m. Glücko) tu tapſ̷i apgruhtinata tawâs Meeśâs.

A HEBREW THEORY CONCERNING THE BALTIC LANGUAGES IN THE CONTEXT OF 16TH C. PALAEOCOMPARATIVISM AND A RELATED ENIG­MATIC TEXTSummaryIn the wider context of the history of the linguistic ideas concerning the Baltic languages, and espe­cially of the Palaeocomparativism of the 16th century, we should also like to present and comment on the idea that the Baltic languages derive from the Hebrew language (this theory completes the picture I already tried to give in a series of papers on the Slavic, Roman, Fourfold, Greek and other linguistic theories).The main authors and works related to this idea in the 16th c. are: Johannes Funck (1518-1566) and his Chronologia ab orbe condito (Nürinberg, 1545; Königsberg, 1552, 1566; Wittenberg 1578); Severin Göbel (1530-1612) and his works: De Succino Libri Duo (1565), Einfeitiger Jedoch gründtlicher Bericht vnd Bedencken, Vom vrsprung des Agadt oder Bernsteins... (1616); Johannes Loewenklau (1537-1593) and his works Annales Sultanorum Othmanidarum (Frankfurt am Main, 1588), Neuwe Chronica Tiirckischer nation (Frankfurt am Main, 1590).Loewenklau (1588) quotes the enigmatic text Ieru Ieru Masco Lon, which was repeated with some variants in later editions and by other authors of that time. The text has resisted until now many attempts at an explanation (M. Praetorius, Ph. Ruhig, X. Bohusz). Previous explanations of the text are discussed in this paper and a new interpretation is proposed. Finally we consider the text to belong to the Lith. tradition and we explain it as follows: “Lord, Lord (cf. Lith. exclamation jerau! < germ. Herr) throw (cf. Lith. mesk) beer (cf. Lith. alų, i.e. alaus statinę, or sim.)”. Linguistic and cultural arguments supporting this explanation are also given.

BALTŲ KALBŲ NEMINĖJIMAS E. BREREWOODO VEIKALE „ENQVIREIES...“ (1614)SantraukaAnglo E. Brerewoodo 1614 m. išleistas veikalas baltistikos istorijai įdomus tuo, kad jame išdėstytoje pasaulio kalbų klasifikacijoje jokios baltų kalbos neminimos. Tai neturėtų per daug stebinti, jei iš kitų veikalo skyrių nepaaiškėtų, kad prūsų, lietuvių bei žemaičių pagonys Brerewoodui buvo gerai žinomi. Mėginant suprasti baltų kalbų visiško neminėjimo priežastį, prieinama prie išvados, kad aptariamame veikale išdėstyta originali ilirų kalbos koncepcija užpildė vietą, kurią Renesanso laikais tradiciškai užim­davo baltų kalbos. Vis dėlto keista, kad Brerewoodas jų neskiria nė prie slavų kalbų.

ZUR HISTORIOGRAPHIA LINGUISTICA BALTICA DER PALÄOKOMPARATIVISMUS-ZEITZusammenfassungDie Historiographia Linguistica Baltica (= HLB, Historiographie der baltischen Linguistik) ist ein Teil der allgemeinen Erforschung zum Thema der Historiographia Linguistica (= HL, oder Historiographie der Linguistik). Dieses besondere Forschungsgebiet bezieht sich auf die historiographische (und nicht auf die historische) Erforschung innerhalb der baltischen Sprachwissenschaft. Die HLB ist ein vernachläßigtes Forschungsgebiet in der Baltologie. Da in diesem historiographischen Bereich – besonders für die Paläokomparativismus-Zeit – noch vorbereitende Arbeiten fehlen, muß man sich sehr oft auf die Quellen (Primärliteratur) beziehen. Man kann keine Gesamtstudie über die Sprachauffassungen in der baltischen Sprachdomäne nennen, sondern nur einige sporadische Einzelbeiträge. Die Reife einer Disziplin manifestiert sich auch dadurch, daß sie fähig ist, über die eigene Vergangenheit nachzudenken. Da dieses Reifeniveau von der Baltologie erreicht worden ist, ist es höchste Zeit, daß man sich mit der HLB befaßt und einige preliminäre Koordinaten für ihre Erforschung feststellt. Als konkretes Beispiel der HLB Nachforschung wird der Fall der Lingua Quadripartita von Miechowite kurz dargestellt.

Ideen über land und bewohner žemaitens aus der paläokomparativismus-zeitZusammenfassungDie traditionelle Erklärung des Namens Žemaitens (vgl. žemas) ist wahrscheinlich die älteste (ob­wohl nicht die einzige, vgl. žemė) Etymologie der litauischen Sprache. Sie war schon in einem Brief Vytautas des Großen aus dem 15. Jh. belegt. Seit dieser Zeit ist diese Erklärung des Toponyms sowohl in Litauen als auch anderswo in Osteuropa weit verbreitet. Erst später (vgl. das vielmals ausgegebene und übersetzte Werk Abraham Ortelius, Teatri Orbis Terrarum, 1570) wurde sie gleichfalls in westeuropäi­schen Umlauf gesetzt. Da noch lange Zeit Žemaiten in Westeuropa terra incognita blieb, ist es weiterhin interessant die ersten Erwähnungen des Toponyms und des Etnonyms in Westeuropa zu untersuchen. In der Epoche des linguistischen Paläokomparativismus der Renaissance-Zeit (15. -16. Jh.) gab es in West­europa auch eine andere Meinung über die eigentlichen Einwohner Žemaitens. Nach Auffassung von Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini wurden die Maʃʃagetae gerade zwischen Livonien und Preußen in den Wer­ken mehrerer Autoren (z.B. Volaterranus, Hartmann Schedel, Johann Cochlaeus) gesetzt. Eine kritische Stellung gegen diese Meinung nahmen damals nur einzelne andere Autoren (wie z. B. Jan Stobnica, Albert Krantz) ein. In dem Beitrag wird untersucht 1) wie und vor allem mit welchen Argumenten über dieses Thema während des ganzen Jahrhunderts diskutiert wurde; 2) auf welche Art und Weise eine Verwechslung zwischen Samagetae und Maʃʃagetae entstehen konnte. Zu dem letzten Punkt werden zwei nicht alternative, sondern sich integrierende Hypothesen vorgeschlagen, und zwar mittels: a) einer Volksetymologie, b) einer obscura per obscuriora explicalio. Es wird endlich gezeigt, wie eine solche Unklarheit bei dem Namen der Žemaiten auch bei anderen Autoren der Renaissance-Zeit (wie z. B. Angelo Rocca) zu unerwarteten Verwechslungen führte (vgl. Samaritanorum lingua).

SAMPRATŲ APIE BALTŲ KALBAS ĮVAIROVĖ C. GESNERIO VEIKALE „MITHRIDATES" (1555)SantraukaSavo veikale „Mithridates“ C. Gesneris tarp daugelio pasaulio kalbų nagrinėjo ir baltų kalbas. Šio straipsnio tikslas – veikalo baltiškosios dalies nuodugnus tyrinėjimas. Gesnerio darbe kryžiuojasi labiau paplitusios pažiūros apie baltų kalbas Renesanso Europoje: tradicinė Tacito nuomonė dėl prūsų kalbos, „ketveriopos kalbos“ (pagal lenkų istoriko Miechovito veikalą „De duabus Sarmatiis“), taip pat „ilyriškos kalbos“ teorijų atšvaitai. Aptariamo veikalo analizė rodo, kad Gesneris „enciklopediniu būdu“ kaupė visas ligi tol išdėstytas tezes ir teorijas, tad jo supratimas apie baltų kalbų grupę, buvo gana įvairus ir neaiškus.

DAR KARTĄ NEUROI: ETNOLINGVISTINĖS VARDO REIKŠMĖS TYRIMAS SantraukaNeuroi daugelio tyrėjų aiškinamas kaip hidroniminės kilmės etnonimas. Straipsnyje keliama mintis, kad šis pavadinimas: 1) bus atsiradęs del etnolingvistinės opozicijos „aiškiai kalbantieji“ – „neaiškiai, ne­suprantamai kalbantieji“ (tai būdinga daugeliui kitų baltų ir nebaltų etnonimų, pvz.: mixkai, gudai,Немцы ); 2) sietinas su lie. niáura, niaũras, -à, niaurỹs, -ė̃ ‘kas/kuris pro nosį kalba, niurzga, neaiškiai kalba‘. Tokiu vardu senovėje galėjo būti vadinamos tiek prabaltų, tiek praslavų gentys.

Languages, literatures and nationalities in Lithunia (and in the East Baltic region). This article’s focus is on Lithuania and its literature, but many considerations contained in it are also valid for the whole East Baltic cultural region. A preliminary distinction is made inside Lithuanian literature between Ortsgebundenheit and Sprachgebundenheit, in order to show and discuss the strong multilingualism which has characterized the Baltic region already in an early period. A short excursus follows, pointing out the possible importance the “national literary model” could have had in different epochs. Similarities with the situation in Latvia and Estonia, but also with other central European countries, are stressed concerning the delay in building sovereign states; a parallel is drawn especially with Catalonia. The importance and the role played by the language in all these cases is underlined and commented on. Other considerations regard the literature in exile and the new literary tendencies that have emerged after the identity protest movement at the end of the 1980s which led to the declaration(s) of independence. Finally, general thoughts are expressed concerning the concept of “national literature” in the case of countries whose history has been characterized by an intermittence of sovereignty (the case of the Baltic countries), and for other longer-established European countries. The supporters of Weltliteratur normally completely neglect these aspects. In the author’s mind, however, they also should be attentively considered.

Crosslinked chitosan and poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) microparticles containing a hydrophilic bioactive material, hydroquinone, were synthesized by suspension crosslinking and suspension polymerization, respectively and were extensively characterized. The produced microparticles had a spherical geometry and a smooth surface. The release rate of hydroquinone from the microparticles could be adjusted by varying the degree of polymer crosslinking as well as the initial polymer concentration. The degree of polymer swelling of the PHPMA microparticles could be properly modified by suitable adjustment of the degree of polymer crosslinking and of the composition of the solvent.