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The present paper refers to the current problem of semiotic signs’ specifics in the context of gaming discourse based on texts from action first-person shooter game Ultrakill developed by Finnish creators. The problem is relevant due to the influence that computer games have on people’s mind – in particular on the minds of the younger generation. Moreover, the study will help to understand the linguistic mechanisms of the impact of video games on players. The study used methods of semantic analysis, semiotic analysis, observation and description techniques. As a result, the research revealed that developers use intertextual units to create patterns that are familiar to the player, but which at the same time have new characteristics. While 66% of all intertext is universally known, obscure allusions play an important role in creating associations for the recipient as well, which proves the importance of intertext in video game discourse. Well-known allusions play a role in creating semantic images in the game, while the lesser known intertext has easy to understand semes that could provoke the player to action in game. The research identified the following types of intertext: allusions to songs, music albums, other games, myths, the Bible and literature. The synthesis of intertext and author’s text in level names gives the player an idea of the upcoming challenges without informing of the level context, and in some cases even intriguing the player. The combination of borrowings and original semiotic units in the names of characters creates images that are familiar to the player, but at the same time, it creates properties that are specific to this particular game. Dialogues are mainly inherent in this genre, but the conversations also have deviations from this genre, which is also done in order to affect the player – the author gives the recipient a familiar behavior pattern in order to replace it afterewards, causing cognitive dissonance to the player. Conclusions are drawn about the discourse mechanisms in video games, how they affect the player and for what purpose the developer uses one or another linguistic technique.

Nous nous sommes consacrés dans le cadre de cette étude à l’analyse des patronymes en Algérie, plus précisément les patronymes de la Wilaya de Jijel. Notre objectif en mettant l’accent sur le processus de construction de la patronymie en Algérie est d’effectuer une étude morpho-sémantique des patronymes de la ville de Jijel. Pour ce faire, nous avons en premier lieu, nous consacrer à l’identification de la structure morphologique des patronymes jijiliens. En deuxième lieu, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’étude des connotations qui se dégagent de l’ensemble de ces patronymes. En dernier lieu, et afin de vérifier si ces patronymes exercent un impact sur leur porteur, nous nous sommes intéressés également à l’étude des effets qu’une telle patronymie produit. Le corpus sur lequel nous nous sommes basés dans notre travail de recherche est composé de 80 patronymes récoltés dans la ville de Jijel et 40 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès des personnes porteuses des patronymes relevés. Abstract We have dedicated ourselves in this article to the analysis of surnames in Algeria, more precisely the surnames of the Jijel province. Our objective in focusing on the process of surname construction in Algeria is to conduct a mopho-semantic study of the surnames of the city of Jijel. To do this, we first identified the morphological structure of Jijel surnames. Secondly, we focused on studying the connotations that emerge from these surnames. Finally, so that we verify if these surnames have an impact on their bearers structured interviews conducted with individuals bearing the recorded surnames.

Their laughter is golden yellow and stained with living blood: About The Metaphorical Meaning of Colours in Jacques Prévert’s Poems ABSTRACT: In this paper, we aim to identify and analyse the metaphors of colour and their place in Jacques Prévert’s poems. We will begin with a brief presentation of the artistic and philosophical credo of the author, and then we will proceed to a detailed study of the texts that we have selected from the following collections: Things and others (1972), Jumble (1966), Grand Spring Ball (1951), Stories and other stories (1946), The Fifth season (1984), Rain and sunshine (1955), Words (1946) and Night Sun (1980). We will focus on the stylistic and semantic analysis as an essential method of our research and that will allow us to define the new dimensions that colours take up in Prévert's work, as well as the elements of the traditional meaning that they retain in the texts in question. RÉSUMÉ : Dans la présente contribution, nous nous donnons pour but de dégager et d’analyser les métaphores de couleur ainsi que leur place dans les poèmes de Jacques Prévert. Nous commencerons par une brève présentation du credo artistique et philosophique de l’auteur, pour procéder ensuite à une étude détaillée des textes que nous avons sélectionnés à partir des recueils suivants : Choses et autres (1972), Fatras (1966), Grand Bal du Printemps (1951), Histoires et d’autres histoires (1946), La cinquième saison (1984), La pluie et le beau temps (1955), Paroles (1946) et Soleil de nuit (1980). C’est l’analyse stylistique et sémantique que nous privilégierons en tant que méthode essentielle de notre recherche et qui nous permettra de définir les dimensions nouvelles que prennent les couleurs dans l’oeuvre de Prévert, de même que les éléments de la signification traditionnelle qu’elles gardent dans les textes en question.)

The article examines the artistic features of the image of a thunderstorm in Dostoevsky‟s novel “The Idiot.” The theory of symbol developed by A. Losev and S. Averintsev, the idea of psychological parallelism in a literary text studied by A. Veselovsky and the theory of the polyphonic novel by M. Bakhtin were used as a methodological basis. A significant part of the article is devoted to the poetics and symbolism of the pre-storm landscape in St. Petersburg and the peculiarities of describing the inner state of Prince Myshkin. The relevance of the work is determined by the importance of considering the philosophical and aesthetic nature of the landscape (including urban landscape) in the writer‟s polyphonic novels, in particular, in “The Idiot.” Dostoevsky‟s landscapes fully reveal the spiritual and moral-philosophical facets of the author‟s worldview and his characters. This is especially true of the pre-thunder and thunderstorm description of nature in the novel. They are subtly coupled with the image of Myshkin‟s psychological state before an epileptic seizure. The pictorial power of Dostoevsky‟s artistic word in this episode often attracted researchers, but it did not become the subject of a detailed consideration. That is why a detailed analysis of chapters 2–5 of part II of the novel, in which the thunderstorm, the experiences and thoughts of the main character are outlined, was claimed by us as the main purpose of this article. To achieve the study‟s goal, we used the following methods: a) systematic analyses, combining historical-literary and theoretical-literary approaches; b) structural analyses, combining the semantics, poetics of the artistic word and the concept of culture and literature as a focus of signs and symbols; as well as the methods of observation, description, contextual analysis, analysis of the unity of form and content. The conclusions of the study allow us to use the terminological combination of A. Veselovsky “psychological parallelism” in relation to the analysis of the thunderstorm episode and the description of Myshkin‟s seizure. It is proved that the polyphonic instrumentation permeates both the content and the form of Dostoevsky‟s text, and the symbolism of the fragment of the pre-storm and thunderstorm is extremely multi-layered.

The lexicons of natural languages are not isomorphic. Reasons for the anisomorphism can be sought on three interrelated planes: language structure, extralinguistic reality, and conceptualisation. Simply put, the relevant differences may reside in the language, the world, the mind, or any combination of these. As a result, what goes under the name of lexicographic equivalence is a rather heterogeneous category. Growing awareness of this fact has resulted over the years in the creation of several tentative typologies of equivalence, one of which is presented below, together with a brief discussion of some strategies for dealing with imperfect equivalence. The remaining part of the article comprises a detailed analysis of a single problem encountered while preparing a new edition of a bilingual dictionary for Polish learners of English. The task at hand involved choosing a viable counterpart for a (Polish) semantic neologism from among a few (English) equivalence candidates. In the discussion, reference is made both to the metalexicographic categories introduced earlier and to such concepts developed by lexical (especially cognitive) semantics which may prove helpful in capturing the meaning differences between the source-language item and its competing target-language renditions. This micro-scale dissection of a single specimen demonstrates that we are still some way from being able to classify, let alone deal with, all the instances of imperfect interlingual correspondence that come our way. Persisting in the efforts to advance our understanding of the complex issues covered by the blanket term lexicographic equivalence thus seems crucial for improving the treatment of meaning in bilingual dictionaries.

The paper studies the historical and cultural associative meanings of the lexeme BIRCH in the Russian culture and the lexeme BAMBOO in Chinese by analyzing the results of the perception process of these objects, their concepts and images by native speakers of the Russian and Chinese languages. The relevance of the research is due to the growing attention of modern linguistics to comparative cultural studies, including the number of comparative works on the Russian and Chinese languages, the importance of describing linguistic and cultural differences for the development of international economic and cultural relations between China and Russia. The research material involves phraseological units, proverbs, myths, poems and literary works, as well as historical materials, customs and traditions of the two nations. This paper uses research methods such as descriptive, contextual, comparative, the method of component analysis and cognitive modeling. As a result, it was determined that birch occupies a significant place in the Russian culture with the meanings of “motherland”, “mother”, “woman”, “bride”, “girl”. Bamboo in Chinese has only positive connotations, including “unshakable quality”, “spiritual purity”, “humble character”, “high aspirations.” It is concluded that birch as a symbol of Russia is a lacunar concept in the Chinese culture, while bamboo as the personification of a “perfect gentleman” in Chinese has no cultural connotation in Russian. Despite mismatched meanings in two languages, birch and bamboo must be recognized as equivalents in terms of cultural significance and the high frequency of symbolic use in poetry and other precedent texts.

Intolerance toward Christians in Europe including Slovenia is increasing and experts are not dealing with it sufficiently. The media plays a key role in disseminating information and shaping social representations. The fact that the media, due to the nature of their action, will always be in conflict with the Church, must not be a reason for intolerance. In Slovenia, the media are the central creators of negative opinions about the Church. They are very sophisticated in spreading Christianophobia. The journalists with the most published articles with negative connotations regarding the Church create negative social representations. Negative topics that are most often associated with the Church in the media are sexual abuse, money and politics. An analysis of the connotation and topic of the articles shows that the serious socio-political themes of the Church are neglected in the media. The local media mostly write positively about the Church, as they are aware of specific events, while the national media write about it negatively since they are often distant from specific events and usually evaluate them according to editorial policy criteria, and not according to professional arguments and varied opinions. The location of events covered negatively in articles happen both within and outside Slovenia. Most negative articles do not include photos; however, tabloids usually include them. By reducing the dissemination of negative and discriminatory messages about the Church and raising the ethics of reporting, intolerance towards Christians and other minorities will decrease.

Das Ziel des Beitrags ist die Darstellung der lexikalischen Mittel, mit denen die Migranten in der Geschichte der polnischen Sprache bezeichnet wurden. Die Grundlage des Textes bildet eine quantitative Analyse, die von der Autorin durchgeführt wurde. Das Forschungsmaterial besteht aus 73 Lexemen, die anhand von 12 Wörterbüchern der polnischen Sprache gesammelt wurden. Es ist zu betonen, dass die erwähnten Lexika sowohl altpolnische als auch moderne Lexeme beinhalten. Der Schwerpunkt wurde hier auf die Beispiele gelegt, welche in drei Wörterbüchern gefunden wurden: „Słownik języka polskiego” herausgegeben von Zdanowicz u. a. (19. Jahrhundert), „Słownik języka polskiego” von Jan Karłowicz, Adam Kryński und Władysław Niedźwiedzki (20. Jahrhundert) sowie „Słownik języka polskiego” herausgegeben von Witold Doroszewski (20. Jahrhundert). In den oben genannten Wörterbüchern findet man nämlich die größte Anzahl an Bezeichnungen für Migranten. Die in diesem Beitrag dargestellten Überlegungen beziehen sich nicht nur auf die lexikalische Ebene, sondern auch auf historische und gesellschaftliche Beweggründe, die zu der Entstehung neuer Bezeichnungen dieser Art beigetragen haben. The purpose of this article is to present the vocabulary describing migrants over the history of the Polish language. The author conducts quantitative analysis and describes chosen expressions. The research material consists of 73 lexemes collected from 12 dictionaries of the Polish language. It should be emphasized that the dictionaries mentioned contain both Old Polish and modern lexemes. The emphasis here was placed on the examples found in three dictionaries: „Słownik języka polskiego” edited by Zdanowicz et al. (19th century), „Słownik języka polskiego” by Jan Karłowicz, Adam Kryński and Władysław Niedźwiedzki (20th century) and „Słownik języka polskiego” edited by Witold Doroszewski (20th century). The dictionaries mentioned above contain the largest number of names referring to migrants. The considerations presented in this paper not only refer to the lexical level, but also to historical and societal motivations that have contributed to the emergence of new terms of this kind.

The English lexical unit gentleman which appeared in the language in the Middle Ages and is bound with knightly traditions of Western Europe is widely used nowadays. It implies nobility, politeness, honesty, disinterestedness, independence, financial well-being, reservedness, aristocratic background, respect of a woman and a set of other positive character traits due to which such a person stands out in society and functions with dignity in it. The purpose of the article is to show the representation and actualization of this lexical unit in various modern English spheres of life, discourses, and with this idea in mind the attention is paid to phraseological units including sayings and proverbs both in standard language and in slang as well as aphorisms and utterances of well-known public figures concerning this lexeme. Both contextual, definition and componential analyses were used in this research. There are not many proverbs and sayings with this unit but quite enough phraseological units and especially aphorisms and opinions of dignities about gentlemanism in general, some of them are quite negative and even paradoxical. Some contemporary сelebrities express specific attitude towards this notion which can testify to transformation of public attitude towards gentleman per se. Both native and foreign lexicographic reference-books as well as books of aphorisms were consulted in the research.

This paper comprises two parts. The first part is an introduction to Auriol’s moderate conceptualism, as it is presented in his Commentary on Book II of the Sentences, distinction 9, question 2, article 1. The second part is an edition of the text. In the introduction, I focus on Auriol’s use of the noetic tool of connotation. My thesis, in particular, is that connotation is a necessary prerequisite to his moderate conceptualism. To this purpose, the first part of this introduction will be devoted to a brief presentation of Auriol’s conceptualism. In the second part, Auriol’s theory of essential predication will be presented. In the third part, I will present my claim that Auriol’s theory of essential predication can only be made sense of when read against the background of his theory of connotation as applied to intellectual cognition. Finally, I will offer a collation of Auriol’s Commentary on Book II of the Sentences, distinction 9, question 2, article 1, obtained by collating eight manuscripts, which hand down Auriol’s text, that is, Firenze, Biblioteca nazionale centrale, ms. Conv. Soppr. B.6.121, Firenze, ms. Conv. Soppr. A. 3.120, Napoli, Biblioteca nazionale, ms. VII.C.3, Padova, Biblioteca Antoniana, ms. 161, scaff. ix, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. latin 15867; Pelplin, Biblioteka Seminarium duchownego, ms. 46/85, Vaticano (Città del), Biblioteca Apostolica, ms. Borgiano 404, Vaticano (Città del), Biblioteca Apostolica, ms. Vat. lat. 942.

The success of the characterization of urban female characters in Bozic's Kurlani novels was touched upon only incidentally for the purpose of interpreting other structural elements of the novel or Bozic's poetics, and these characters were referred to as stereotypical and conventional. However, Ada Zrnic, Bozic's urban female character, on whom this study focuses, is mature, moreover, complete personality. She act autonomously as an independent individual precisely thanks to Bozic's skilful literary processes in shaping a character. Bozic enters into an emotional-psychological world, imaginative, ethical, religious, social and other realms of this heroin, and with the narratological processes which he uses to create the female character in his narrative universe, he answers, in fact, the vital existential questions.

Can a President’s holidays be like an ordinary person’s holidays? No! Never! The President cannot detach himself from the Power, nor from the fear and obsession that he will lose it. In the villa in Neptun resort, time is characterized by other dimensions: the nights seem endless and the days fly like seagulls, slipping under the azure sky that unfolds its unique beauty above the sea. Surprising many real moments, known personally by the author during her stay in the resort or from sources close to each of the four Presidents, the novel seeks to analyze the transformation of the individual consciousness into the context of supreme power, and everything that it implies: unjustified revenge on those who dare to contradict the President, fierce punishment of traitors, unscrupulous threat against so-called enemies, disappearance and the execution of uncomfortable persons. The villa in Neptun, a holiday home, a place of recreation and meditation for every presidential couple, is described as a common place, but also as a character alongside the great blue sea, symbolizing the restlessness arisen from power, the fear of the imminent danger that can lurk anywhere, the joy of finding hope and trust in one’s own strengths. In this context, the President becomes a complex character, aware of his supreme position in the state and in the party, but also with his human weaknesses, fears and anguish of loneliness arisen from the dread of tomorrow. That is why the “crowd baths”, the massive and numerically impressive popular manifestations, occasioned by national events, are a way of showing the world the high appreciation given by the people to their leader. In this singular, mysterious and extremely fascinating world, does any of the four Presidents think of those beyond the security fences? How are they? Are they happy or not? Are they poor or rich? Do the people really matter? Do they become dangerous if they are unhappy?

"In the article, the problem of the cognitive semasiological archaization of the word in the art historical discourse in considered. The scientific hypothesis of the research is the assumption of interaction between two factors: external (cognitive communitive demands) and internal (laws of self-management of lexical-semantic subsystem of the language). Analysis of semantic dynamics of obsolete vocabulary is based on the methodological doctrine of modern linguistic cognitology, according to which cognitive discursive practice is the main driver for axiological development of lexical-semantic subsystem of the language. The concept becomes an artistic concept in the artistic text’s canvas. The concept can be a meaning of expressing the author’s consciousness and besides it can be the part of holistic system, which does not depend on author’s will. That is why the artistic concept forms a work of art. According to the conceptual-diachronic aspect of lexical semasiology, the concept is represented by an artistic word. Therefore, diachronic changes in the word in the artistic text depend on the change in the conceptosphere. In turn, the conceptosphere reflects the mentality and discursive consciousness of the author, which is part of a particular linguistic culture (or is a linguistic personality). The author of an artistic text is a native speaker or a representative of culture. He perceives and reflects information that is encoded in the concept. The author’s personality has an exceptional role, because his world view is reflected in the text."

The article is aimed at the research of the interrelation between genre and style, namely the problem of connotation within the speech genre framework. The importance of studying the extra- and intraliguistic components of an utterance is determined by general tendencies in modern textology and colloquial linguistics aimed at pragmatizing the research. The research is based on the statements of language and culture interrelation, speech and mind interaction, the priority of human perception in language production, as well as genre determination in compliance with the extralinguistic reality or the cognitive system of a fictional universe. According to the authors, the notion of a speech genre is one of the most important theoretical frameworks of the modern linguistics. The article reviews the history of speech genre theory development from the modern perspective. The authors emphasize the importance of M. Bakhtin’s speech genres theory for the idea of speech genres subdivision into primary and secondary ones, as well as the triple unity of the aspects of theme, style and composition of an utterance. The intention of an utterance is associated with its theme, thus stressing the role of the connotative component of an utterance as a means of expressive and evaluative influence upon the addressee. The research of interrelation between genre structures and connotation demonstrates a range of linguistic features specific for the styles typical for the particular fields of human interaction. The interaction of the intentional component of the utterance with the connotative components is confirmed by the intentional synonymy existing in the language. Therefore, the emotional and evaluative nature of connotative meaning activates the communicative and axiological aspect of an utterance content.

The latest research conducted by De Jong (2014) indicated that only a few European academic dictionaries, among over one hundred and fifty, use pictorial illustrations. On the other hand, it has been mentioned several times in the literature (related to both printed and electronic reference works) that visual content makes a general dictionary more attractive for the user. Therefore a new methodology, enhancing graphical strategy in lexicography, would be proposed. Firstly, a thematic division of meanings will be applied to the authentic multimodal explanations taken from two general dictionaries (verbal definition and graphical facility). As a result, commonly illustrated thematic fields will be shown along with the ones used by lexicographers in a restrained way, as well as the fields left without illustrations for some reasons. The exemplary meanings from these latest, "orphan" groups will be confronted with the query results from the authentic multimodal corpora. Such a procedure will give us some more detailed information about the obstacles connected with illustrating this particular set of senses (for example multimodal denotation and connotation problems).

This paper focuses on the connotative meaning of the English adjective EMOTIONAL through the analysis of dictionary entries in several contemporary dictionaries of British English and the data retrieved from the British National Corpus (BNC). The domain of emotions has been well researched in numerous interdisciplinary investigations focusing on the relationship between languages and cultures, including those in cognitive linguistics. Different researches of conceptual metaphors involving emotions have shown that emotions in English are predominantly conceptualised as negative and potentially dangerous phenomena. This paper attempts to show that this view of emotions in English can also be validated through the analysis we hereby propose. First, we discuss the cultural factors that contribute to the assumed negativity of emotions. Secondly, the dictionary entries for the lexeme EMOTIONAL are analysed, revealing the inherent bias against emotions despite the intended objectivity. Then, we analyse the collocations EMOTIONAL forms with nouns in order to determine their overall connotative value, and finally, we investigate example sentences for the neutral phrase emotional reaction retrieved from the corpus. All the results obtained consistently point to the fact that emotions are valued negatively in the English language and culture.

Henry James, properly named world writer, was one of the first modern novelists, with an exigent writing conscience. The American writer subverted the prejudgement of the omniscient author in favour of the narration which is centred on the characters’ point of view, thus modernising the novel before V. Woolf, Huxley, Thomas Mann, or in our case Camil Petrescu and G. Călinescu. Some bio-bibliographical information familiarises the reader with the life and work of this writer. The larger part of the article is dedicated to a case study of the novel with the metaphorical title: The Figure in the Carpet, where Henry James tries to illustrate in an artistic manner his conception regarding the profundity and ineffability of the literary creation. The conclusion which the author reaches, alternating the familiar plan of the relationship between a married couple with the esthetical plan, is that the relationship between writer and his work represents an act of fully intimacy, just like a ceremony that takes place in the wedding night

When the first boats sank off the coast of Lampedusa, Italy, the debate about refugees and migration started to become one of the most widely discussed issues in mass media and therefore in communication studies again. The concept of framing becomes relevant when investigating the depiction of certain events and issues in news coverage. However, it still lacks a coherent definition. Most recently, it has been argued that a consideration of further elements is necessary in order to restructure the concept. Thus, the present case-study focuses on a combination of linguistic elements used in recent migration discourse and a potential impact of language on news frames. The results of a combined frame and corpus-based analysis of the German Süddeutsche Zeitung and the English Guardian show that connotation of key words used in news frames about the Lampedusa incident between October 2013 and October 2014 diverge from the orientation of news frames. Although approximately two thirds of the examined articles use protection frames, the majority of the identified key words describing refugees is connoted negatively. The fact that these contrary orientations of news frames and connotation do exist serves as a first indication for linguistic elements as influencing factors in framing research.

Conceptual-image role of the symbolically-mythological comprehension of the mineralogical vocabulary in Maksimilian Voloshin’s poetry Based on Maksimilian Voloshin’s poetry, the article investigates the conceptual-image meaningfulness of the symbolically-mythological comprehension of the mineralogical vocabulary, realizing culturological semantics in the author’s contexts. The peculiarities of the additional connotations, revealed by these lexemes, are analyzed.

This research examines lexical units expressing perception that serve for description of the fiction reality through the eyes of the characters. We managed to emphasize the peculiarities of Boris Vian’s style, to reveal the hidden sense of the text and author’s concept of the world.

Titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles as suffixoids? The article focuses on suffixoids based on titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles. As an example, the study analyzes a total of 14 suffixoids with regard to the relation between the base word and the suffixoid. For this purpose, the author created a corpus of 200 tokens from online sources covering a 10-year period. The study presents suffixoids as active word-formation elements used as a result of linguistic expressivity and creativity. Moreover, it suggests an increasing tendency towards their use. This linguistic study can be seen as a new impetus to further investigations, especially in the field of translation studies - e.g. in the comparison of German and Czech with regard to this topic, which remains an uncharted field with no accurate studies yet available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of polysemy: The meanings of words in translation This paper deals with polysemy and signification, what are they exactly and what’s the difference between them? We focus here on the impact of culture and the special use of the language on the evolution of meaning and significations. Moreover, the paper stresses on the challenges translators meet when translating plysemic words. Translators, generally make use of context to understand the meaning, taking into consideration extra-linguistic factors that contribute in shaping the meaning of the text. The article deals with the analysis of the phenomenon of multiple meanings and connotations and how the latter affects the overall understanding of the text. The article also sheds light on the impact of culture and special linguistic use on the development of semantics. Moreover, the article addresses the challenges that this phenomenon poses to the translator. The translator relies on the context of the text in order to understand its meaning, in addition to other external factors controlling the construction of meaning and its connotations, by revealing the factors and circumstances surrounding the text, which are often non-linguistic, which necessitated knowledge of everything that contributes to building meaning and significance in a text that exceeds the limits of language Text. Also, knowledge of the transmitted language and the language to which it is transmitted, and the semantic relations of each of them are considered among the most important things that facilitate the translation process and ensure its correctness to some extent. The difference of tongues in different peoples is a natural phenomenon, and the difference in expressing a need and reporting it also differs, as we have already explained. We also showed the difference between multiple meanings and connotations, in addition to addressing some translation trends and how they dealt with this issue. It seems that culture, society and history have a key role in determining the meanings and connotations of words because language is affected and interacts with the environment of its speakers and their culture. Accordingly, polysemy and multiple significance is one of the challenges facing the translator in the first place, because of the obstacles it causes to prevent understanding the text. In order to bypass this problem, it must be taken into account that the text is not a closed space whose borders end with the end of words, but rather the product of thought and a society governed by a dynamic that clearly affects the speakers’ formulation of ideas. The text is not subject to the limits of language, but rather transcends them because meanings and connotations are constantly evolving and changing, bound by the dynamism of society, history and culture.

Abstract: The paper discusses the question whether an LSP dictionary should take the sociolinguistic stratification of the entire speech community in a particular domain of activity into consideration, and as a consequence, also encompass vocabulary on the lower stylistic levels, such as professional jargon and occupational slang in addition to technical terminology and nomenclature. The author's contention is that by including such vocabulary, an LSP dictionary will be more comprehensive and closer to the communicative reality. Moreover. it will meet the more specific requirements of translators and interpreters. To substantiate this claim, the author examined two monolingual English dictionaries and five bilingual English-German (German-English) dictionaries published between 1973 and 2000, which have successfully incorporated professional jargon and slang. The subject areas covered range from law, economics, accountancy and business administration to geology, geophysics, geotectonics, and to automotive engineering. Some lexicographers have used style markers or usage labels (such as informal, colloquial, slang, vulgar, umgangssprach/ ich, fdrmlich, gelwben, finance, motoring, press) for vocabulary bearing stylistic or expressive connotations. As a rule, these style markers have only been given to key words of the source language so that they may be inferred for the target language equivalent. Ideally, as one dictionary author has proved, style markers should also be attached to target language equivalents. However, an LSP lexicographer must be aware of the fact that informal and slang words may be short-lived and be substituted by other colloquial and colourful words from oral communication - and that slang words may gradually lose their connotations and become stylistically neutral words and even terms.Keywords: LSP DICTIONARY, TECHNICAL TERM, ITEM OF NOMENCLATURE, TRIVIAL (POPULAR) NAME, PROFESSIONAL JARGON, OCCUPATIONAL SLANG, TRADE NAME, CONNOTATION, STYLISTIC LEVEL/LEVEL OF STYLE, STYLE MARKER, USAGE LABEL, MONOLINGUAL/BILINGUAL DICTIONARY, SOCIOLINGUISTIC STRATIFICATION OF THE SPEECH COMMUNITYZusammenfassung: Sollen Fachworterbiicher auch Berufsjargon und Slangeinbeziehen? Der Artike1 erortert das Problem, ob ein Fachworterbuch auch die soziolinguistischeSchichtung der gesamten Kommunikationsgemeinschaft eines Fachgebietes beriicksichtigen und folgJich neben der Terminologie und Nomenklatur auch den Wortschatz der unteren Stilebenen,wie Berofsjargon und -slang, einbeziehen sollte. Die Autorin geht von der These aus, daBdurch die Einbeziehung dieses Wortschatzes ein Fachworterbuch an Umfang gewinnt, der kommunikativenWirklichkeit starker angenahert ist und speziellen Anforderungen der Obersetzer undDolmetsCher eher gerecht wird. Zur Stiitzung dieser These hat die Autorin zwei e~prachige englischeund fiinf zweisprachige englisch-deutsche (deutsch-englische) Fachworterbi.icher untersucht,die zwisChen 1973 und 2000 erschienen sind und den Vorteil haben, daB sie auch Berofsjargon und-slang beriicksichtigen. Die hier vertretenen Fachgebiete reichen von der Rechts·, Wirtschafts- und80rsensprache zur Sprache der Geowissenschaften und der Kraftfahrzeugtechnik. Einige Lexikographenverwenden Stilmarkierungen und SachgebietSindikatoren (z.B. informal, colloquial, slang,vulgar, umgangssprachlich, formlich, gehoben, finance, motoring, press) fUr Worter mit stilistischen oderexpressiven Konnotationen. In der Regel sind diese Stilmarkierungen nur bei den ausgangssprachlichenWortem verzeichnet, so daB sie bei dem zielsprachlichen Aquivalent erschlossenwerden miissen. 1m Idealfalle soli ten die Stilmarkiecungen auch bei den zielsprach1ichen Aquivalentenangegeben werden, wofiir einer der Worterbuchautoren den Beweis geliefert hat. ]edochmuG sich der Fachworterbuchautor stets der Tatsache bewuGt sein, daG largon- und Slangworterkurzlebig sein und durch andere umgangssprachliche und plastische Worter aus dem miindlichenSprachgebrauch ersetzt werden konnen - ebenso wie Slangworter allmahlich ihre Konnotationenverlieren, stilistisch neutrale Bezeichnungen und sogar Termini werden konnen.Stichwörter: FACHWÖRTERBUCH, TERMINUS, NOMENKLATURZEICHEN, TRIVIALNAME,BERUFSJARGONISMEN, BERUFSSLANG, WARENNAME, KONNOTATION, STILEBENE,STILMARKIERUNG, SACHGEBIETSINDIKATOR, EINSPRACHIGES / ZWEISPRACHIGES WÖRTERBUCH, SOZIOLINGUISTISCHE SCHICHTUNG DER KOMMUNIKATIONSGEMEINSCHAFT.

Ælfric’s writings accurately reflect the early medieval or Anglo-Saxon deep contemplation of the universe, for Anglo-Saxon scholar’s ideas were culture-specific. Meanwhile, “Catholic Homilies” reveal the author’s personal style as well as the didactic concerns to teach his audience moral and spiritual values. In his sermons, the Anglo-Saxon abbot of Eynsham has an abiding interest in doctrinal issues namely salvation, baptism, resurrection of the body, the soul and body dualism. The abbot identified the soul with the tenet of immortality. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the meaning of soul in Ælfric’s “Catholic Homilies”. The article advocates an interdisciplinary approach which embraces the fields of cognitive semantics, the history of the English language, culturology, philosophy, and theology. As far as Ælfric’s Sermons are concerned, they are regarded as a considerable and invaluable resource for a wide variety of linguistic and theological investigations. In his “Catholic Sermons”, the importance of soul and its faculties are indicated by the size and diversity of the vocabulary. The research reveals the connotations of sawel, i. e. sawel as a superordinate, and other words (such as gast ‘soul, spirit’, mōd ‘mind, soul, heart, spirit, mood’, gemynd ‘memoria’, gescead ‘ratio and wylla ‘voluntas’) as its hyponyms.

This article aims to advance a theory of the semantic status of ethnic epithets able to account for the relationship between the denotation and connotation of these terms. The more common approaches to the topic are considered and some of their drawbacks are illustrated. Then, a solution based on the speech-act theory is offered. It is claimed that a speaker, when using an ethnic epithet, performs two different speechacts, one of which is always an expressive, according to Searle's terminology. The defended theory is in line with those which consider the connotative meaning of ethnic epithets as semantically expressed and can be extended to other connoted terms of a linguistic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]