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Beyond the fact that oral literature is poetry, it is the reflection of the society from which it comes or in which it originates. It is place-based and reflects, among other things, the psychology and mentality of its place of origin. In collecting West African oral literature, for example, many European explorers and colonial officials had in mind the study of the psychology, lifestyle and beliefs of West African peoples (cf. Lanmadousselo 2012: 187–190). The present study deals with the question of the image of white people in Beninese proverbs. The topic has been very little studied so far, although it is present in African proverbs. Since, in comparison to German proverbs, there are no reference works on Fon proverbs yet, field research was carried out in Fon areas with informants, so that 15 proverbs are available for this study. The processing of the corpus consists, on the one hand, of transcribing the collected proverbs to the Fon language, with the aim of preserving the original form of these proverbs. On the other hand, the aim is to translate the transcribed versions into German in order to ensure the clarity of the work. The analysis of the collected proverbs has consisted of examining the proverbs in their situational context. The choice of this methodological approach is explained by the fact that most of the collected Fon proverbs about white people refer to historical events such as slavery, colonization or start from the postcolonial context. The analysis shows to what extent the image of white people in Fon proverbs is contextual.

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Although recent crocodiles have never played a role in Europe, they are of historical importance. The following vignettes are intended to illustrate some of them. This essay is not about presenting illustrations of the first descriptions of crocodiles, but I would like to show the contemporary handling of the strange creature crocodile. The importance of the Nile Crocodiles in the history of ancient Egypt and in the Napoleonic campaigns to Egypt are expressly excluded here. On the one hand, they personified evil, the beast that had to be slain or stabbed. on the other hand, the crocodiles became souvenirs for pilgrims, adventurers and emigrants and are thus directly related to the colonization of foreign countries. In sacred buildings, dried crocodile skins or stuffed crocodiles were displayed in a visible place as a symbol of evil or hung on chains from the ceiling. In cabinets of wonder or nature [Wunderkammern], the crocodiles also had a positive influence on natural science. At fairs, stuffed or live crocodiles satisfied our ancestors' desire to see exotic creatures. With the beginning of scheduled ship traffic, an increasing number of strange, unknown reptiles started to arrive at the ports of London, Amsterdam and later Hamburg. There animal dealers started to offer their exotics to private persons, zoological gardens and menageries. This article is also intended to show, with all due respect, that the crocodiles per se are not bloodthirsty beasts that are to be destroyed by any means possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of France's Mediterranean entanglement with Algeria on shaping modern France. Topics include the role of southern regions like Marseille, the Midi, and Corsica in the colonization and decolonization of Algeria, the political and cultural conflicts during Algeria's decolonization, and the fluidity of borders and mobility between imperial centers and peripheries in the modern Mediterranean.

From colonization to postcolonialism, through the cultural encounter between Africa and Europe, immigration always comes back in literature as a social phenomenon, and thus the crossing of the border as a moment of joy, happiness, but also of pain, sorrow and sadness, during which the migrant becomes an object of negotiation, or even a political threat between the border states or countries. In this sense, migrants are bruised and humiliated in their self-esteem by seeing their rights scorned in the name of territorial sovereignty. Thus, the Mediterranean Sea as a border reveals itself to the migrant as an impassable wall at the foot of which he finds death. This aspect of the closed border, which often leads to the violation of human rights, is the focus of this literary reflection. Through the analysis of the novel Lass uns mit den Toten tanzen by the German writer Pia Klemp the narrative strategies of the immigration policy in the Mediterranean Sea will be highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Memory of Colonization in Africa and Europe: Impetus, Motivation, and Mode" by David Simo addresses the topic of memory and remembrance of colonization in Africa and Europe. The author questions the theories of historian Pierre Nora and instead proposes a typological examination of different memory cultures. He emphasizes the importance of observing and studying the subject of memory from an African perspective and raises questions about continuity after traumatic events such as colonization. The text describes the history of two colonial monuments in Namibia and Hamburg and highlights the change in their significance over time. The article also discusses the experiences of Africans in relation to colonization and migration to Europe, as well as various approaches to remembering colonization in Africa and Europe. It emphasizes the need for transnational spaces and shared perspectives to understand the globalized world and explore alternative possibilities. [Extracted from the article]

Language maps, which reflect linguistic pluralism, multilingualism and the spread of languages across countries and empires were part of an evolving human history. Historically, language came under the impact of geography, political conflicts and colonization. Due to these factors, languages penetrate borders or ended up in isolation or even in extinction. In this context, the paper investigates selected language maps of many African, Asian, European and South American countries in order to underline the connections between language, politics, immigration, war and other related elements. The paper argues that current language maps in some geographical regions are similar to the political maps of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries because colonial languages continued to exist in these countries even after the departure of the colonizers. Further, the paper explores the spread of a variety of languages and their penetration in some countries, which constituted a great part of the European Union, in order to examine the impact of geo-politics on the changing status of language maps in Europe.

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This paper argues that the Polish state's centuries-long contacts with the East are to be understood as an important instrument for the legitimization of a Polish imperialcolonial self-image in the epoch of European high imperialism. In the period between 1880 and 1914, the Polish-language commercial weekly press analyzed in this paper produced a sizeable body of historical knowledge on the East. Two focal points can be identified: the origins of Lithuanian, Ukrainian and, to a lesser extent, Ottoman history, as well as the manifold Polish-Lithuanian, -Ukrainian and -Ottoman historical relations. These two bodies of knowledge have contributed to the construction of the East as an inferior other vis-á-vis Poland, as well as a feature of Polish claims to be an imperial-colonial power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the nineteenth century, the eastern provinces of the German Empire were gradually constructed as colonial spaces that, because of their Polish character, begged for a German cultural mission. At the same time, however, they became sites of colonial agitation for further colonial projects. The ideas of internal and external colonization thus met and challenged each other. This tension, which emerged in the triangle between "colonial agitation" for the various colonization projects, "colonial subjectivation" of the Polish population, and their "colonial emancipation", is examined here in terms of what the making and remaking of "colonial" self and others looked like and how it influenced German-Polish relations, as well as how "coloniality" was determined by historical actors and what fears and hopes were reflected by these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Established in 1886, the Royal Settlement Commission sought to settle German colonists, who came from inside of the empire and abroad, in Prussia's eastern provinces in order to decrease the relative Polish share of the population. This paper focuses on the importance of subdividing the settlers regarding their different regional origins. Based on official records, the paper demonstrates that the project of "inner colonization" was not determined to evoke a specific German identity. It also shows that negative stereotypes usually thought to be exclusively anti-Slavic can also be found in debates about German remigrants fromRussia. In conclusion, Prussian settler villages were more like regional "salad bowls" than national "melting pots." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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If there is a poetry that has marked the spirits in the Luso-African space, it is that of Noémia de Sousa (Sangue negro), José Craveirinha (Xigubo, Karingana ua Karingana) and Agostinho Neto (Sagrada esperança). Indeed, these poets have made a decisive contribution to the process of awakening the consciences of the Lusophone colonies in Africa and consolidating their aspiration to freedom. In addition, they participated, through their pen, in the radical challenge to the established colonial order and paved a path for the liberation of Angola and Mozambique. The purpose of this article is to try to understand the commitment of these intellectuals who have become, through poetry, both the flag bearers of their country and freedom fighters.

The two harvestmen Dicranopalpus ramosus and Odiellus spinosus were first recorded from Denmark in 2007 and 2006, respectively. Two nation-wide surveys of the species in urban habitats were conducted in 2010 and 2017 providing information on their initial colonization and subsequent establishment and spread. By 2017, D. ramosus occurred in all parts of Denmark and was a frequent and abundant species in most of Jutland. On the Danish islands, the species was present but much less frequent. Odiellus spinosus occurred sporadically in eastern Jutland and more frequently on the islands. During the early years, new records of both species came from spaced-out locations, indicating arrival by long-distance jump dispersal possibly by independent colonisations from abroad and most probably mediated by human traffic. The range expansion of D. ramosus in northern Europe has occurred with a speed of 35–100+ km per year.

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Copyright of Libellula is the property of Gesellschaft Deutschsprachiger Odonatologen e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In an exercise of questioning the offi cial history of Mayan sexualities in the Southeast of Mexico, especially the Yucatan Peninsula, this article seeks to deepen, reclaim, and re-signify the sex-generic constructions that the Maya have been developing since the pre-Hispanic era. Mayan sex-generic constructions form part of a cosmology and religiosity that sees both the feminine and the masculine as necessary and complementary elements to archive cosmic balance. This worldview not only generated less unequal societies, as demonstrated through the outstanding role of women and non-binary people in Mayan society, but it also resisted, with its respective transformations, centuries of Spanish conquest and colonisation. From this perspective, the diversity of sexualities observed among Mayan peoples today cannot be conceived as a product of Western modernity, but instead as a remnant with roots embedded in more ancient times. The article argues that, to start from Mayan sex-generic constructions for the study of contemporary sexualities requires generating radical dialogues and alliances on equal terms with peoples on whom the colonial hetero-patriarchal binary was imposed, as well as with Western emancipatory processes like Queer Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe has been described as an allegory of colonization. Using Edward Said’s contrapuntal reading strategy, the present article analyzes Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. This study attempts to shed light on the dark spots of the novel, give voice to the unheard characters of the original story,anduncover new meanings and new aspects of the story.In doing so, J. M. Coetzee’s Foe, which is a counter-canonical text revealing unheard voices and dark spots of the original story, is analyzed first. It becomes clear that novels which are manifestations of culture have been a critical first step for imperial powers to subjugate other nations, an ongoing process that hast not ceased to function in the contemporary world.

Network data consisting of recorded historical events can be represented as hyper-graphs where the ties or events can connect any number of nodes or event related attributes. In this paper, we perform a centrality analysis of a directed hypergraph representing attacks by indigenous peoples from the Lesser Antilles on European colonial settlements, 1509–1700. The results of central attacks with respect to at- tacked colonial force, member of attack alliances, and year and location of attack are discussed and compared to a non-relational exploratory analysis of the data. This comparison points to the importance of a mixed methods approach to enhance the analysis and to obtain a complementary understanding of a network study.

Review

The establishment of the South Seas Development Company in 1921 quickly transformed the Northern Mariana Islands, ruled by a Japanese League of Nations mandate after World War I, into the Japanese empire's next 'sugar islands' (following on from the colonization of Taiwan). In previous research, connections between the Company and various Japanese colonial authorities, including the South Seas Government and the government-sponsored Oriental Development Company, have been the focus of analyses of the development of the sugar industry under Japanese rule. However, little attention has been paid to the indigenous Chamorro people who were forced out from their homes, or to the Okinawan people who constituted the primary labour force of the sugar plantations and who resisted the Company. Instead of seeing the Company-led development of the sugar industry as an example of Japan's expanding colonial powers, this article argues that the tensions and conflicts between the Company and the Chamorro and Okinawan peoples were part of the process by which the industry developed. By providing the perspective of 'the excluded', this paper aims for a more impartial and comprehensive description of the history of the sugar industry in Japan's Northern Mariana Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the reasons why the adoption of a sugar plantation system failed in Taiwan under Japanese rule (1895–1945). It does so by focusing on two key factors: land ownership and Japanese migrants. The Governor-General of Taiwan permitted land ownership by local Taiwanese to gain their support, and also aimed to secure farmland for agricultural settlers coming from mainland Japan (excluding those from Okinawa). Hence, a plantation system necessitating large fields for sugar production was rejected. In addition, the Japanese colonizers demanded the homogeneity of Japanese immigrants in order to stabilize their rule in Taiwan. For this reason, a large-scale plantation system was not ideal in that it would create class divisions between the Japanese settlers—that is, plantation owners versus field workers—which, it was feared, would eventually undermine colonial rule. Therefore, along with the issue of land ownership, the desire for the homogeneity of Japanese settlers in Taiwan prevented the establishment of large-scale sugar plantations similar to those found in Hawai'i. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Taiwan under Japanese rule (1894–1945), sugar manufacturing was considered an essential industry for two reasons: one was to prevent the outflow of Japanese yen caused by the purchase of imported sugar, and the other was to lay the foundation for the colony's self-sufficient economy. However, a lack of experience in designing and operating new-style sugar factories with cutting-edge technologies and machinery for refining sugarcane required the Governor-General of Taiwan and Japan-based sugar companies to seek help from another archipelago which had transformed into a great sugar-manufacturing enterprise in the Pacific, namely Hawai'i. The reasons why Hawai'i became a significant point of reference for the Taiwanese sugar industry were not only its advanced technology, but also its history of accepting large numbers of Japanese migrants who had worked in the sugar industry since 1885. By tracing the process of how the Hawai'i-Taiwan networks and connections were created through mobilities that involved sugar and Japanese migrants, this article delineates an early stage of the formation of the Japanese sugar empire in the Pacific at the turn of the twentieth century. In so doing, it highlights the significance of the Asia- Pacific region in the global history of sugar, and the power dynamics constructed within sugar-producing islands in the Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the 1930s, the Hawaiian archipelago had become a touchstone for a Japan-centric history of transplanted peoples, meanings and memories across the northwestern Pacific world. This article sketches one aspect of this transpacific history through reconstructing for the first time the commission, composition and reception of an iconic painting from 1885. 'Japanese laborers on Spreckelsville, Maui', by Joseph D. Strong (1853–1899), frames one story of Japanese sugar production in the Pacific world. My article first examines the contemporary political significance of the faces of 'Japan' and 'Hawai'i' on display in the painting, and then extends this analysis to consider the painting's later reframing as part of the story of Japan's colonization of Taiwan after 1895. In these ways, I highlight, first, the need for new research on Native Hawaiian support for Japanese immigration in the late-nineteenth century; and, second, the importance of the recent trend in the historiography of the Japanese empire to consider 'emigration' and 'colonization' as two sides of the same coin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early stages of European colonisation, the indigenous peoples of the Americas have been stigmatized as consumers of human flesh. Both settler-invader cultures and academic research have been fascinated by a giant cannibal called Wetiko, originating in the Cree culture of the First Nations. This essay explores the »western« interpretation of cannibalism as a culturally bound psychosis, and consequently examines the responses of Native scholars who, on the one hand, stress that the stories of the cannibal monster contain underlying legal principles that form part of their laws and customs, and on the other, use the concept of the Wetiko to criticize »western« imperialism, seeing cannibalism as a form of greed in a pathological way. Finally, the paper discusses how healthy and unhealthy states of mind are connected to a specific indigenous worldview and its system of values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a contribution to the research of the initial stages in the evolution of the thematic system. It focuses on the role of Emperor Justinian II in the formation of the new imperial military and territorial organization. Byzantine scholars have determined a long time ago that it is Justinian II who should be credited with the founding of new military districts (themes) in Hellas and Sicily. This paper, however, suggests that the formation of the themes in Thrace and Kibyrrhaiotai could also be considered a part of Justinian’s policy. In addition, the paper aims to highlight Justinian’s role in the formation of the frontier military and administrative system (the kleisourai of Strymon and Cappadocia), as well as in the reform of military and territorial organization in the Aegean basin. By creating new army units which were not based on the Late Roman heritage, Justinian essentially abandoned the principles that the Byzantine army had previously functioned on. Finally, the paper highlights the fact that the establishment of new thematic units under Emperor Justinian II was coupled with his extensive colonization measures. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177032: Tradicija, inovacija i identitet u vizantijskom svetu]

Introduction: Patient transport employees frequently come into contact with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and therefore are at a greater risk of infection than the general population. These pathogens pose a significant challenge for employees of patient transport services since they can spread over long distances through patient transfers. To date, little is known about the occupational risk of MRSA infection in patient transport settings.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of MRSA in patient transport personnel, including taxi drivers, as well as the potential risk factors for MRSA colonization. For screening, nasal swabs were taken. When an individual was tested positive, a control swab was taken; if this confirmed a positive result, decolonization measures were offered. A molecular biological examination of the MRSA samples was performed. Results: A total of 222 patient transport employees were screened and 7 employees tested positive, putting the MRSA prevalence at 3.2% (95% CI 1.4–6.5). Significant risk factors among patient transport staff (PTS) for testing positive were the use of antibiotics (OR 11.9; 95% CI 1.8–78.4) and hospital admission (OR 6.9; 95% CI 1.1–45.9). MRSA swabs were also performed on a total of 102 taxi drivers who provide patient transport services. The MRSA prevalence was 0.98 (95% CI

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Background: Only a few antibiotics are available for treatment of infections with multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). The management of patients with MRGN colonization or infection is therefore of great importance with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Objective: This article presents a description of the management pathway for patients with MRGN colonization. Results: The prevalence of MRGN colonization is increasing, particularly for persons with contact to the healthcare system in endemic regions. The Robert Koch Institute demands an obligatory MRGN screening and isolation of patients with geographic or contact-related exposure risk for colonization with 4MRGN (carbapenemase producers). For patients with elective visceral interventions a prompt sensitive screening before inpatient admission is wise. Strict basic hygiene measures are essential to prevent transmission. Isolation is indicated for patients with 4MRGN and also for patients with 3MRGN in risk areas. Risk patients with unknown status are preemptively isolated. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered as a single dose and in cases of MRGN colonization substances effective against MRGN should be given if necessary. For treatment of secondary/tertiary peritonitis with a risk of MRGN involvement and in hemodynamically instable patients, effective extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) substances should primarily be used (e.g. tigecycline, carbapenems, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidim/avibactam). Ceftazidim/avibactam is also a novel therapy option for infections with carbapenamase-producing enterobacteria. Conclusion: The structured implementation of MRGN screening in patients at risk, stringent basic hygiene, targeted isolation and adequate calculated antibiotic therapy are essential measures in the management of the problem of MRGN in visceral surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origins of the modern concept of human rights are most frequently linked with the Enlightenment. However, one of the first discussions concerning the “rights of human beings” can be found at the outset of the modern period, in the context of the so-called Spanish Late Scholastic period, and in connection with ethical reflection on the colonization of the New World. The most notable participants in this discussion were Francisco de Vitoria, OP (1483–1546) and Bartolomé de Las Casas, OP (1484–1566). This essay will examine their views on human rights, which are of significance to the history of ideas. It will conclude by pointing to the manner in which this human rights debate, which emerged from the occupation of territories in the New World, came to influence the human rights debate in the Enlightenment.

While preparing to restart the exploration of the ancient Greek city of Istros, interrupted by the First World War, Vasile Pârvan wrote an inaugural lecture for his course about Attic Drama in 1920 imitating a Platonic dialogue, Anaxandros, between three noble citizens of Istros. Following in a way his example, the paper tries to imagine more than it is usually allowed, aiming to restore a possible cultic and cultural dimension in the life of the archaic polis. The first part identifies a possible foundation story, illustrated both at Sinope and at Istros by the early silver coins with a sea-eagle capturing a dolphin ; the second develops the implications of four spectacular tumuli of the VIth c. BCE which contain evidence of human sacrifices reminding the Homeric description of Patroclus’ funeral

The legacy of white supremacy remains a reality Africans must deal with in their daily lives. Nonetheless, the academic inquiry of race in African contexts remains marginal. This article analyses how racial hierarchies structure contemporary Dakar's society. Departing from an empirical analysis of Black perspectives, the article explores the usage of the term “tubaab” which belongs to the Senegalese common vocabulary and addresses “the coloniser” in its multiple manifestations. Tubaab designates whiteness and/or westernness. Furthermore, it is attributed to Blacks and other People of Color to describe issues of cultural assimilation and of the participation in processes of (re-)colonisation. Thus, tubaabité reveals to be a fruitful means by which to discuss racial hierarchies within Dakar in all of their intersectional complexities. The analysis highlights the necessity to embed explorations of the articulations of racial domination in the context of specific power constellations, whilst being sensitive to the fact that our concepts of race in changing times and spaces need to be readapted to new postcolonial realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]