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Copyright of Best Practice Onkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Onkologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wiener Klinisches Magazin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Best Practice Onkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Best Practice Onkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Pneumologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Best Practice Onkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: CD8 + cells are key players in the identification and elimination of cancer cells. Cancers can escape an effective T cell response by inducing an exhausted cell state, which limits the cytotoxic capacity of the effector cells. Among other mechanisms, new checkpoint inhibitors reactivate exhausted, dysfunctional T cells. CD8 + T cells can eliminate tumor cells after presentation of tumor-specific antigens via antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APC-mediated tumor recognition is mainly stimulated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs)., Objective: This study investigates the effect of TLR agonists on APCs as well as stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways of the T cell-APC interaction., Materials and Methods: Gene expression of interleukin (IL)12 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after 0, 8, 24, and 48 h of CD14 + cell stimulation with CpG. Protein expression of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκBα) after CpG stimulation was investigated by western blot. CD8 + T cells were stimulated for 72 h with or without programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) checkpoint blockade and analyzed for expression of PD‑1, Tim‑3, CTLA4, and Lag3 by flow cytometry., Results: TLR stimulation (by unmethylated CpG DNA) of APCs upregulates immunostimulatory signals such as IL12 expression but also activates immunoinhibitory signaling pathways such as PD-L1 expression. This signaling is NF-κB dependent. After blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, overexpression of other immune checkpoint inhibitory receptors was observed-a potential explanation for lacking therapeutic responses after TLR stimulation with PD‑1 checkpoint blockade., Conclusion: TLR stimulation causes APCs in the tumor microenvironment to upregulate PD-L1 in an NF-κB-mediated fashion, thereby contributing to CD8 + T cell exhaustion. The effect of PD‑1 blockade after TLR stimulation might be impaired due to upregulation of other checkpoint inhibitors.

Background: Radiotherapy is an important treatment option in patients with head and neck. At this year's annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in Chicago, results of several studies on radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer were presented., Materials and Methods: All abstracts and presentations from this year's ASCO Annual Meeting on radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer were screened and the most interesting results selected for further review., Results: The ORATOR trial compared primary surgery in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPSCC) with primary radiochemotherapy (RCT), particularly in terms of swallowing, for which superiority of RCT was demonstrated. Furthermore, results were presented on the question of optimal cisplatin dosage in patients receiving adjuvant RCT. Higher cisplatin doses showed better outcome. In patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), neoadjuvant chemotherapy before RCT is a comparable alternative to RCT followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, results of studies were presented that examined the tolerability of combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy in the first-line setting., Conclusion: The data presented show promising approaches for the further development of radiotherapy, particularly in terms of combined RCT as well as the optimal sequencing and dosing of systemic therapies.

Background: Due to their comparatively low incidence, salivary gland carcinomas have only been the subject of isolated clinical studies in recent years. In addition, surgery with/without adjuvant radiotherapy is considered standard treatment. Systemic therapies have received little attention and are only used for advanced and distantly metastasized salivary gland malignancies., Objective: The contributions with the highest relevance for this year's meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were to be reviewed., Materials and Methods: A total of 12 contributions pertaining to clinical studies on salivary gland malignancies were identified, eight of which were classified as relevant for future changes to the therapeutic landscape., Results: Three studies dealt with different combinations of a checkpoint blockade, and each showed a low response rate. In addition, studies on targeted therapies depending on the results of a mutation analysis and expression of HER2 or the androgen receptor were presented., Conclusion: A favorable response of HER2-positive salivary gland carcinomas to an antibody-drug conjugate could be shown. Furthermore, no convincing data regarding response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in advanced salivary gland cancer were presented. Further studies and ideas for new treatment approaches will be needed to improve the therapeutic options for patients with salivary gland carcinoma.