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The article deals with the instantiation of variables in schemas within the Relational Morphology theory. On the basis of an approach to word-formation from concept to form, the article argues that for the question of what lexemes are retrieved from the lexicon to instantiate the variables in schemas in order to achieve the required meaning of the resulting word within the generative role of schemas, it is important to distinguish different functions of word-formation, namely those that provide mere variations on existing lexemes in contrast to the function of word-formation that provides names for concepts in the extra-linguistic world. In the first case, the variables in schemas are instantiated with lexemes on which we perform the variation, whereas, in the second case, the lexemes result from prior mental processing of the concept to be named. The paper thus also provides the description of the process of conceptualization within the naming function of word-formation and demonstrates the principles of conceptualization on various examples.

The main subject of this paper is the lexical-semantic classification of water-related lexicon in the novel Most (Bridge) by Jasmina Musabegović. We will explain the stylistic expressiveness of selected water-related lexemes, as well as the way the author constructs her identity and the identities of her characters through the conceptualization of the experience of water. The water lexics are analysed as dominant in relation to other types of words and classified into eleven lexical-semantic fields. Total of 79 water nouns have been registered. As expected, the most common water-related lexemes are ‘voda’ and ‘most’. Three water nouns are described: voda, most and tihanj, and it is concluded that lexeme ‘water’ has an associative and symbolic role; lexeme ‘most’, as a strong position of the text, since it is also a title of the novel, represents change, a path and growing up. The nonce word tihanj has a specific cultural and linguistic meaning in the context of the novel.

Risk Society, by Beck, provided various tools that warned about the “bleak picture” that was looming. Today the future predicted by Beck is our own present. However, far from it closing the notions of the future for the sake of some hopeless melancholy, it returns to the table the dispute over the future time. The purpose of this article is to analyze some conceptual elements that allow us to relocate the coordinates of the future within social research. I will propose an itinerary that has its roots in The Imperative of Responsibility by Jonas, in discussion with Bloch’s work (The Principle of Hope). In a second moment, the hope-risk-responsibility triad is capable of posing the problem of the time to come from a perspective that no longer assumes "the risk that comes", but the risk that configures and enables various modes of social existence and against which, the task of rethinking around the social and cultural political disputes about it appears as an urgent task.

Amir Karic's The Dictionary of Politics ambitiously contains around 300 wide range of terms, from the basic categories of political science, law, and other related scientific disciplines, to the terms used in colloquial speech. The terms have been arranged in alphabetical order, which indicates that the author has already presented the world of politics through political concepts defined as separate units, and not through relations between terms and conceptual clusters. The author's approach in defining most of the terms in The Dictionary of Politics is by defining them as separate entities/units, without consideration of their relation to other terms, and even less so, their consideration from the aspect of certain conceptual clusters and ideological doctrines. Therefore, the conception of the world of politics in The Dictionary of Politics by Prof. Karic, often looks blurred and unclear. It is a world of extracted separate particularities whose understanding is just guessed, without an internal connection between them that would form a more complete depiction of the world of politics. The main reason for deficiencies in definitions of fundamental concepts of politics by Prof. Amir Karic is that he overlooked the complex relations between the concepts of politics and political, or political, as the ontological assumption of politics. But it is necessary to say that the author did not even have such ambitions. The dictionary is exclusively the function of training students of political science, and other related scientific disciplines, for whom it is known that they do not yet possess the knowledge of the meanings of basic political, sociological, and legal terms, which would allow them to follow and comprehend lectures held by professor Karić. In this way, we have received a dictionary of an informative nature for the needs of elemental understanding of basic terms in lectures of political, and related sciences. As such, it can serve its planned purpose (elemental literacy of students to understand the world of politics), but it cannot represent the basis for understanding the foundations of political science.

This research article examines overpromising in scientific discourse that may raise unrealistic expectations in order to gain trust and funding. Drawing on signaling theory, philosophy of promising, and science communication research, a conceptualization of overpromising is presented. This conceptualization facilitates the evaluation of promises in science and technology and highlights the importance of the knowledge context. Further research is needed to explore the broader dimensions and motivations for overpromising.

The role of the body in human perception of the surroundings has been continually investigated in the recent past. It has been influenced by the embodiment hypothesis which holds that the human body provides the very first experience that humans have about their environments. This article brings evidence from Dholuo that the head is conceptualized in various ways like metonymic head for hair, head for person, head for character traits, unit of measurement. Metaphorically, the head is extended to mean reason, emotion, container, tool, memory, among others. These findings show that the head is highly polysemous in Dholuo.

Symbolic interactionism (SI), a perspective used to understand human conduct, is commonly said to underpin grounded theory methodology (GTM). However, the purpose of GTM is to produce substantive explanatory social theory from data without reliance on prior assumptions. Therefore, some argue that SI is an unnecessary theoretical constraint on the principal aim of GTM—the free conceptualization of data. In this article we use examples from an ongoing constructionist grounded theory study into the negotiation of nurses' roles in general practice in New Zealand, to demonstrate how SI can inform GTM regarding conceptual development and context. We argue that by asking three questions from a symbolic interactionist perspective, at each stage of the research process, freedom of conceptualization may be enhanced and awareness of contextual matters promoted to better bridge world views.

This study aims to reconstruct the linguistic-cultural image of TRUTH and LIE encoded in Lithuanian and English paremia by presenting their semantic and axiological content. The research is a part of the linguistic-cultural reconstruction of the concepts of TRUTH and LIE in both languages. It was carried out through the analysis of paremia, in the framework of the S-Q-T methodology proposed by the Ethnolinguistic School of Lublin. More precisely, proverbs and sayings were analysed by distinguishing their semantic aspects, viewed from certain interpretational perspectives, and grouping them into the semantic profiles. The data was selected from the main national sources of proverbs and sayings: the systemic catalogue of Lithuanian proverbs and sayings, collected by the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs and A Dictionary of American Proverbs. It has also been attempted to compare the Lithuanian and English ethno-conceptualization of TRUTH an LIE by distinguishing their common and culturally specific features.

The Ambiguity of the “Formal Indication” with Regard to Being and Time - This interpretation of the problem of the formal indication in its various methodological and thematic directions, which predominantly addresses Heidegger research and understanding, is carried out on the basis of a precise differentiation of seven main shapes that try to clearly present their rich ambiguity without exhausting it. Since the formal indication plays a prominent role in the horizon of conceptual and theoretical formation of hermeneutic phenomenology, although it is not the subject of detailed elaboration and, therefore, not at the center of attention in Being and Time, it is advisable to unveil formal indications in the earlier texts, in order to throw a revealing glance at their subtle, but decisive significance in Being and Time, and the inter-connection with primary phenomena discussed therein.

«Other condition» is a utopia of opposites of rational and irrational. The idea of «otherness», which is the basis of the whole creation of Musil took shape in a holistic concept of knowledge and search. The way of the formation of the concept in early diaries, the first novel and the novel of the early creation are described in this article. The general field of the concept of semantic, which extends to early works of Musil, formalizes differently and gets additional meanings inside of the separate creation. In early creation of R. Musil we can distinguish three phases of the formation of the concept. In diaries it’s the formulation of the idea of the otherness: the possibility of an irrational experience; in novel «The confusions of young Torless» it is the statement and the solving of the problem of word search and linguistic expression of the concept; and finally it’s the conceptualization of the idea in the novel « The Perfecting of a Love». In novel «The confusions of young Torless» semantic aspects of the concept are actual: 1) exceptionality of the hero, who is different in relation to other; 2) the evolution of the character that is «different» in relation to yourself; 3) «different», that is contraposed. In the novel « The Perfecting of a Love» «difference» becomes an utopia of a non-rational state in love, the meaning, which is actual also in late creation. The early creation reflects the way of the formation of the concept from semantics to search of forms of the expression. Language formalization of «difference» includes context synonymy, metaphorization, euphemization, non-verbal expression.

Emotionen sind, als abstrakte Phänomene, nicht einfach zu verbalisieren. Auf der lexikalischen Ebene werden sie häufig mithilfe von bildlichen Ausdrücken, den Phrasemen, thematisiert oder angezeigt. Der Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, das relativ wenig diskutierte Problem der Versprachlichung von Emotionen mit-tels Klang-Phrasemen1 zu beleuchten. Im Fokus der kognitiv ausgerichteten Untersuchung stehen Klänge und Geräusche sowohl der belebten als auch der unbelebten Natur, die metaphorisch auf den abstrakten, schwer zugänglichen Zielbereich der Emotionen projiziert werden. Die Analysen werden an deutschen und polnischen Phrasemen durchgeführt. // Emotions as abstract phenomena are not easy to verbalize. On the lexical level, they are most frequently thematized or expressed through imagery. The article aims at elucidating a rarely discussed problem of making emotions lingual employing sound phrasemes. Sounds and noises of animate as well as inanimate nature are in the centre of the cognitive explorations. The sounds and noises are metaphorically mapped on the abstract, hard-to-reach target domain of emotions. The analyses will be conducted on German and Polish phrasemes.

Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist ein allgemeines Bild von Ironie sowie ihre Funktionen im öffentlichen Raum darzustellen. Es wird auch angestrebt zu schildern, wie Ironie aus soziologischer und (pragma-)linguistischer Perspektive aufgefasst werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck wird u. a. die Beschaffenheit von ihren Indikatoren kurz besprochen. Im empirischen Teil des Beitrags werden Konzeptualisierungsmög-lichkeiten von Ironie in ausgewählten Aphorismen und anderen humoristischen Kurztexten präsentiert, was verschiedene (subjektive) Möglichkeiten ihrer Interpretation offenlegt. The aim of the article is to present a general image of Irony functioning in the public sphere and pos-sibilities of conceptualization of Irony from a sociological and linguistic perspective. Next, attention is turned to the specificity of its indicators and functions. The empirical part depicts the image of Irony conceptualization in selected aphorisms, proverbs and other short humorous texts and illustrates various (subjective) interpretive models of this category.

Conceptualization of Hope in Conceptual Metaphors in the Statements of Patients with Malignant Tumor and Healthy People The article presents the results of analyses of language structures obtained from blog texts, divided into two parts: research group and control group. The analyses aimed at checking which metaphors are used to conceptualize hope among people with cancer and healthy people, and to identify differences in the conceptualization of this feeling. The difference is in the attitude of the conceptualising people: patients describe themselves more often as passive participants in events, and they usually borrow hope from others, while healthy people are more active. The issue of the influence of individual contextual factors on the formation of metaphors is also very interesting.

This article aims to disambiguate the French verb baisser, which describes the downward movement of an entity, and to present its conceptual structure. Our approach is strongly based on the belief that the meaning of the word is conceptual, and that it reflects the world being looked at, not the real world (Honeste 1999, 2005). Our interest will focus on the locative and abstract meanings of the chosen verb, the uses of which we will study. Each use is a set formed by a predicate, defined by its arguments whose field is delimited by the predicate itself (Gross 2015). Arguments are defined using object classes. Each use is illustrated by a single sentence and a translation into Polish, the translation being a synonym of a word in another language. The type of event described by the verb will be studied, taking into account: the situation described by the verb (kinematic, dynamic, according to Desclés 2003, 2005); belonging to one of the four groups of verbs of movement, distinguished by Aurnague (2012) according to two parameters: change of location and change of elementary locative relwation; polarity (initial, median and final, according to Borillo 1998). Baisser has twelve uses (locative and abstract). Their invariant meaning is downwards movement, which is conceptualized in different ways: displacement of an entity downwards in physical space, but also as a decrease along a scale: of quantifiable value, of sound, of luminosity, intensity or quality, and finally of physical strength and of quality.

This article studies the specific processes of the worldview representation by dint of phraseological units based on mythonyms. It considers questions of relevance or irrelevance of the mythological component in various spheres of life in modern society, the validity of archaic forms of worldview as an inalienable part of culture in the aspects of regulatory and prognostic functions of contemporary communication, which mostly explicate scientific worldview’s structural peculiarities. The focus of our research is devoted to the phraseological borrowings that had been modified during the process of penetration into the English language, and that are originally based on lore of Celtic mythology. Continuous sampling technique was used to find adjuvant means of speech, that subsequently led to component and concept and conceptual analyses, the sustainable speech figures are identified by structural-semantic classification; there is a research on linguacultural peculiarities that conduce the occurrence, establishment and actualization of naive and mythopoetic overtones of meaning in phraseological units of English with a Celtic mythonym as one of the essential components. The phraseological units, containing a component of Celtic mythonym as the core, molding generalized meaning, are mostly presented as substantive, adjectival and verb derivatives, that are based on referential-denotative metaphorical transfer. Mythonymical overtones are actualized in speech carrying the same imagery and its implication of significance that were laid intentionally into mental imagery in naive and mythological worldview. Within the implementation of prototypical opposition of «my/other’s» in the perceived mythologeme the negative meaning is found as dominant.

This paper deals with Russian verbs, word combinations and phraseological units (khmurit’sya, nasupit’sya /to frown/, vzmetnut’ brovi /raise eyebrows/, pripodnyat’ odnu brov’ / raise an eyebrow/, morshchit’ lob /wrinkle forehead/, etc.) representing the concept of upper area expression (forehead, eyebrows). The concept of upper area expression (forehead, eyebrows) is considered as a component of the facial expression matrix that also includes the concepts of middle area expression (eyes, nose), lower area expression (mouth chin). The authors analyze the meaning of words and phraseological units through dictionary articles, the lexical combinatory of verbs and nouns that refer to the forehead and eyebrows, with other words to determine the characteristics of the investigated concept. The authors reveal the characteristics of the upper area expression concept, which mentally represent the information about the perceptual acquisition of the upper area expression, and interpretive characteristics. The characteristics of the upper area expression concept, which mentally represent the information about the perceptual acquisition of the upper area expression, are ‘forehead muscle movement’ and ‘wrinkle formation’, ‘eyebrow (near-brow zone) movement’, ‘forehead and eyebrow movement’ and ‘wrinkle formation’. The interpretive characteristics of the upper area expression concept are ‘emotional state’, ‘physiological state’ and ‘sign of communicative intention’. It is shown that some analyzed linguistic units can represent only one interpretative characteristic, which can be considered as dominant, other linguistic units are able to represent several interpretative characteristics. All analyzed linguistic units are able to represent the interpretative characteristics in a particular linguistic context.

The article attempts to analyse the conceptualisation of the scientist-physicist based on the examples of selected reportages by Hanna Krall and Jacek Hugo-Bader. The analysis was conducted in an axiolinguistic key and its aim was to confirm the thesis about the important role of physicists in the Soviet axiosphere. It can be observed that in the axiological profile of a physicist, obtained on the basis of an empirical analysis, instrumental values dominate and these are closely connected with the fact that physicists are associated with political interests. Physicists, who function as objects of evaluation in the analysed reportages, are also a means of an indirect evaluation in relation to the political system in the USSR and reflect ways in which the country treats its citizens. The empirical material analysed allows us to conclude that within the Russian linguistic-cultural area, the physicist does not refer us only to a scientist dealing with a specific research discipline, but deserves to be called a concept that reflects a characteristic stage of the social and political life of the USSR, permanently inscribed into the axiosphere of that period.

The subject matter of the article is the conceptualization of cyberspace in the Polish parliamentary discourse. It was recognised as important to identify how representatives of legislature perceived cyberspace in 2001–2018. The source of analyses were texts excerpted from the Polish Parliamentary Corpus. In the research ethnolinguistic and cognitive linguistics approach (linguistic and discursive worldview) and diachronic linguistics approach were applied to establish fixed and variable elements of cyberspace conceptualization. The following components were identified as fixed: the perception of cyberspace in threat terms (legal and military contexts) and its definitional elusiveness. In turn, the transition from treating the studied phenomenon as a novelty to its empowerment may be seen as the main change here.

The article provides a glimpse at wider research on the conceptualization of shame, fear and anger in Lithuanian. In the paper an attempt has been made to present the semantic and axiological substance of GĖDA1 (Eng. shame, embarrassment) encoded in the consciousness of the Lithuanian linguistic-cultural community. The cognitive portrait2 of Lithuanian GĖDA has been construed by applying SAT methodology, proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński. The data have been drawn from dictionaries and proverbs collected from the compendium of Lithuanian proverbs by searching for the conceptual and lexical keys3 of GĖDA. The conceptual key sketches the semantic core of GĖDA, and the lexical key reflects its textual potential, giving an insight into its ethno-conceptualization. Thus, the construal of the mental image of GĖDA illustrated in the Lithuanian proverbs under study draws on the dictionary definitions of the GĖDA lexemes, and on a semantic analysis of the proverbs containing those lexemes. The study focuses on the presentation of the cognitive portrait of Lithuanian GĖDA.

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Phainomena is the property of Phenomenological Society of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study analyzes discrepancies in the conceptualization of selected linguistic terms, namely 'word' and the associated terms 'lexeme' and 'lexical unit' in English and the terms 'slovo','lexéma' and 'lexia' in Slovak. The study is aimed at finding out the degree of discrepancies in the conceptualization of analyzed terms in English and Slovak. In order to achieve this goal, the following research question is posed: What is the degree of discrepancy between conceptualization of the term 'word' and its associated lexicological terms 'lexeme' and 'lexical unit' in English and their Slovak equivalents 'slovo', 'lexéma' and 'lexia'? Discrepancies between terms in both linguistic traditions can be identified as differences in content, scope and function. The hermeneutical-conceptualization-configuration method is used to explain the degree of discrepancies (for the method see Bilá - Kačmárová - Vaňková, 2017; Kačmárová - Bilá - Vaňková, 2018), comprising the levels and elements consistent with the socio-cognitive approach to the conceptualization of meaning through language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social reality is semiotically constructed through a sign and sign relations as the mechanism of mediation and creation of “being together”. Social reality is in a constant creative process of dynamic change. It is provided by an intellectual interpretation of the mechanism itself, the real world, the being of other, signs and sign relations, through which a person finds the meaning of his/her being and is included in the overall construction of social reality. Therefore, the dynamic movement of thought to knowledge, to sense, to the joy of everyday life is made through an interpretation as a communicative and semiotic process of searching and involving the general community to another being. Historically, the most important models of signs and sign mediation is the sign model by F. de Saussure and Ch.S. Peirce. These models have long been criticized, but remained fundamental in the socio-semiotic mechanism of mediation between subject and object of knowledge and the construction of social reality. Following the publication of Ch. Taylor’s book “Sources of the self”, the concept of F. de Saussure and Ch.S. Peirce clearly gained social significance, in light of which many hidden mechanisms of semiotic construction of social reality become clear. Open-mindedness, which is the core process of semiosis, has a great importance for the construction of social reality. Basically, thinking is directed at the construction of a new body, the interpretant is directed at constructing a new interpreter. Of course, the construction of the body and physicality is not core one, but a peripheral process. However, it is not devoid of social value and also has potential in the construction of social community “being together”. Intelligent processes are rooted in the daily functioning of the body as their carrier, and the interpretant therefore provides an essential concrete interpreter. If the interpretant aimed against the interpreter as its carrier, then the question arises about “mechanism of truth” of the interpretant.

The paper refers to one of the types of diagrammatic iconicity singled out on the basis of the similarity of the form of the sign in a sequential order to the content. The text discusses coordinate and subordinate phrases which embody the principle. The paper emphasizes the differences existing between them in terms of the freedom of order of structural components. Further, it compares the source text and the target text applying the sequential order principle as tertium comparationis.

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two seemingly controversial processes, identification and conceptualisation, are portrayed in their interaction. The work of the psychoanalytic process that Meltzer likens -- in a useful metaphor -- to the playing of a musician who in the depth of his mind falls back on his artistic virtuosity, can face challenges under the pressure of projective identification. Detailed clinical material is used to trace the dynamics in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the »Nordic race« has become especially prominent through its appearance in racial theory and practice in Nazi Germany. However, the concept of the »Nordic race« as an identity-establishing category has a much longer history. This article discusses the conceptualization of the »Nordic« in the context of racial-theoretical research in Germany and the Nordic countries in the 1920s. It argues that, although the research about race started from common grounds, the aspect of »Nordicness« constituted as the element which divided research traditions and made the »Nordic race« a component of identity making within different national contexts and political developments in Nordic countries and Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s.

Buyak B.B., Tsidilo I.M., Repskiy V.Í. and Lyalyuk V.P. Stages of Conceptualization and Formalization in the Design of the Model of the Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System of Professional Selection of Pupils. The article describes the problem of designing a neuro-fuzzy expert system of professional selection at the stages of conceptualization and formalization, which involves the definition of concepts, relationships and management mechanisms necessary to describe the solution of problems in the chosen subject field. The structural model of the decision making system for determining the professional selection of students for training in IT specialties is substantiated. Three subsystems are proposed as structural components for studying: psychological peculiarities, personal qualities, factual knowledge, abilities and skills of students. The quality of the system’s operation is determined by the use of various techniques for acquiring knowledge on the basis of which the knowledge base of the neuro-fuzzy system and the combination of the use of fuzzy and stochastic data will be formed.

Fericire (happiness) – conceptualization and lexicalization in Early Modern Romanian. The paper deals with the conceptualization and lexicalization of the prototypical affect / fericire /[/ happiness /] during the Early Modern Romanian period ; based on a case study (Dinicu Golescu‘s text, Însemnarea călătoriii mele / Notes on my travel, 1824 - 1826, representative for the period in discussion), we shall analyse, from a contextual - semantic perspective, the words corresponding to the concept of happiness. These terms put forward a new conceptual - semantic dimension of happiness [Rom. fericire], culturally and historically justified (the orientation toward the Western values of the Enlightenment): happiness as moral ideal, as goal value. The concept is thus refined and the words (fericire, fericit) acquire new meanings that can be contextually decoded. The case of happiness is exponential for the general cultural, historical and linguistic mutations that emerge in the Romanian Principalities within the process of transition to modernity

Copyright of Zeitschrift für sportpädagogische Forschung (ZsF) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Philosophy has until present time a stable usage of the term and concept of the ‘sphere’ as a part of the representation of the world around us. We trace this pat h of the ‘sphere’ in the Western philosophy and the status the concepts of ‘world’, ‘universe’, and ‘sphere’ had for the worldview of philosophers in the history of the Western culture. We will show that recently European philosophers have joint this conce pt of the ‘sphere’ with the idea of ‘globalization’. But before the emergence of ‘globalization’ the previous conceptualizations of the ‘world’ in philosophy have had a different function than in contemporary political and economic thinking of the discours e of ‘globalization’. For the philosopher it established the reality, which surrounds the human, while the economic and political proponents of ‘globalization’ describe and use ‘globalization’ as a process they are performing. Even the contemporary philoso phers using ‘globalization’ refer to this complex discourse

The aim of the paper is an analysis of German and Polish phraseologisms with the focus on processual aspects of their meaning. The central issue of interest is the individual subjective and emotional shaping of conceptualizations and meanings. The conclusions are concerning the mental phenomenon of processual meaning variability, mental spaces and cognitive domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological Demand Avoidance: Current State of Research and Critical Discussion Abstract: Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) describes children who obsessively avoid any demand to a clinically relevant extent and is presently the subject of controversial discussion. Their behavior may be interpreted as an attempt to reduce anxiety by establishing security and predictability through rigid control of the environment as well as the demands and expectations of others. The symptoms are described in the context of autism spectrum disorder. This article reviews the current state of research and discusses the questionable validity of pathological demand avoidance as an independent diagnostic entity. It also addresses the impact of the behavior profile on development and treatment. This paper concludes that PDA is not a diagnostic entity nor a subtype of autism; rather, it is a behavior profile that can be associated with adverse illness progression and unfavorable outcomes. PDA is one feature in a complex model. We must consider not only the patient's characteristics but also those of the caregiver and their psychopathology. The reactions of the interaction partners as well as the treatment decisions play a key role play for the affected individuals. Substantial research is needed concerning the occurrence of the behavior profile PDA in diverse disorders, treatment options, and treatment responses.

The critical approach to metaphysics has usually two dimensions: methodological dimension on the one hand, and semantic one on the other. From the methodological point of view a main problem of metaphysics can be defined in terms of lack of proper procedures that may lead to the verification of metaphysical theses. The semanticcriticism is based on the assumption that all conceptual schemata of a scientific domain should be characterized as having two semantic properties: meaning and reference. Critics argue that metaphysical concepts have the real problem both with reference and meaning.In this paper I argue for a different approach to the aforementioned problems. My claim is that metaphysics is in trouble because of the metaphysical experience that essentially goes beyond the descriptive power of conceptual schemata. I analyze that thesis in two perspectives: nature and function of experience in general aswell as limits of conceptualization as a main cognitive activity. In the third part of the paper the idea of fundamental concepts of metaphysics will be introduced as an illustration of the main thesis of my paper.

The article outlines the basic notions connected with cognitive metaphor which has lately undergone a thorough examination. The contribution made by linguists resulted in the rise of cognitive linguistics. This science regards metaphor not as a linguistic phenomenon but as a mental one that establishes connection between language and mind in the form of understanding new notions in terms of notions and categories known due to the previously gained experience. The interaction of new and previous experience can generate three main types of metaphors: structural metaphors which imply the structuring of target domain in terms of source domain, ontological metaphors which view abstract notions as concrete objects with clear outlines and orientational metaphors which represent the ways to fix the experience of spatial orientation. The classification of metaphors complemented with examples is presented below along with some controversial cases of determining the type of metaphor.

Copyright of Annales Neophilologiarum is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to show how the dimensions of imagery, one of the most important human cognitive abilities, can be expressed, that is to consider the impact this ability can have on the process of text production and its understanding in translation. It is presented on the example of the novella by Thomas Mann A Man and His Dog and its translation into Polish by Leopold Staff how the cognitve translation theory based on the cognitive grammar of Langacker (1987, 1991) can be applied to translation analysis. First, the terms conceptualization and imagery are introduced and explained from the cognitive perspective and the dimensions of imagery: selection, abstraction and perspective are desribed. Based on this, the results of the analysis of examples selected from the novella by Thomas Mann and its Polish translation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In German-speaking countries it was Carl Westphal who in 1877 offered the first precise definition of obsessive ideas and distinguished obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as an independent disorder in its own right. The criteria mentioned by him for establishing OCD gave rise to a debate on the character and classification of OCD but were not fully acknowledged by his colleagues at the time. In 1895 Westphal's student Robert Thomsen tried to substantiate all points in his teacher's theory that had raised criticism. Thus the works by Westphal and Thomsen are most relevant for the current conceptualization and definition of OCD, for they laid the basis for the present phenomenology, definition and classification of OCD according to ICD-10 and DSM-5. Apart from phenomenologically differentiating between obsessions (i.e. obsessive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (i.e. compulsive actions and inhibitions), Westphal and Thomsen also laid the basis for most of the current diagnostic criteria. Thomsen led the way to current classifications by subdifferentiating OCD as an illness on its own on the one hand and obsessions and compulsions as symptoms accompanying other conditions on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]