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Foreign body ingestion by young children has been increasing for years. Ingestions of batteries and magnets are particularly problematic.[1] Before and during diagnosis, there are some important steps that should be followed to allow for proper patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the complex legal challenges faced by parents of children with birth defects, exploring the difficulties in distinguishing between indirect, non-compensable damages, and the parents' own claims for damages arising from the child's condition. It addresses the inherent struggles parents endure, including potential economic burdens, often leading to the abandonment of careers for caregiving.

Respiratory complications are the most frequent incidents in pediatric anesthesia after cardiac events. The pediatric respiratory physiology and airway anatomy are responsible for the particular respiratory vulnerability in this stage of life. This article explains the aspects of pulmonary embryogenesis relevant for anesthesia and their impact on the respiration of preterm infants and neonates. The respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are highlighted as well as the predisposition to apnea of preterm infants and neonates. Due to the anatomical characteristics, the low size ratios and the significantly shorter apnea tolerance, airway management in children frequently represents a challenge. This article gives useful assistance and provides an overview of formulas for calculating the appropriate tube size and depth of insertion. Finally, the pathophysiology and adequate treatment of laryngospasm are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neurofeedback is increasingly used in occupational therapy practice but is discussed controversially. Up to now, there are no studies in Germany on the effect of neurofeedback under practical conditions, as a basis for expanding the range of activities of occupational therapists with neurofeedback in a targeted and well-founded way. Accordingly, the research question of the study was: Is neurofeedback significantly effective in the context of occupational therapy practice with children with ADHD? Method: A retrospective, monocentric longitudinal study was conducted on the influence of neurofeedback in children with ADHD in an occupational setting. The ten symptoms distractibility, concentration, listening, finishing tasks, maintaining concentration, short-term memory, following instructions, organizing time and space, impulsivity, and hyperactivity were evaluated by the children or parents (n = 96) in the course of the therapy at two times of measurement. Results: The most relevant symptoms at the beginning of therapy were found for distractibility, concentration and maintaining concentration. From the beginning to the end of therapy, symptoms improved significantly individually and in the total sum score. A worsening of symptoms by at least one unit occurred at 7.29% (concentration) to 19.79% (short-term memory). Conclusions: The analysis confirms neurofeedback therapy as a promising intervention for children with ADHD and shows that boys and girls benefit comparably, with less effect in children with additional mental and behavioural disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elbow fractures are one of the most common types of skeletal trauma in childhood and carry the greatest risk of post-traumatic complications. As only a small portion of arm growth originates from the growth plates of the elbow joint, their capacity for remodeling is limited, making the spontaneous correction of deformity or misalignment challenging. Post-traumatic deformity of the distal humerus is not just an anatomical or cosmetic problem. Non-physiological deviation of the geometry often causes functional elbow joint deficits, which can lead to additional secondary instability in the long term. The goal of supracondylar correctional osteotomy is the restoration of the anatomical geometry of the distal humerus. The optimal surgical technique is always decided on a case-by-case basis. The decision is based on both anatomical norms and the specific needs of the individual patient. With patients > 10 years old, we favor the supracondylar dome osteotomy with a posterior triceps-splitting approach. This method has substantial capacity for simultaneous multiplanar correction, allows comfortable cast-free postoperative movement, and leaves a more cosmetically appearing surgical scar than the lateral approach. For successful treatment, both the correction itself and the timing of the correction are crucial considerations. The optimal timing of the correction depends on both the dimension of the deformity and the age of the patient. After the age of 7 years, no relevant remodeling can be expected. The correction of massive functionally effective deformities can be performed after 6 months post-trauma. Post-traumatic deformities of the distal humerus may manifest as functional deficits, and there is a risk of subsequent secondary instabilities of the elbow joint. Due to the limited potential of spontaneous correction, a wait-and-see approach is inappropriate. We recommend timely surgical correction to avoid secondary manifestations becoming irreversible even after the resolution of the primary deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Airway management in children, especially in patients with a difficult airway, remains a major challenge for anesthesiologists, pediatricians, and emergency medicine physicians. In recent years new tools have been introduced into the clinical practice. Objective: The aim was to present the current strategies for securing the airway in neonates in perinatal centers levels II and III in Germany, and to collect data on the rare event of coniotomy. Material and methods: From 5 April 2021 to 15 June 2021, physicians practicing intensive care in pediatrics and neonatology at perinatal centers levels II and III in Germany were surveyed by means of an anonymized online questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed by the authors and verified by pretesting with the help of five pediatric specialists. Contact was made digitally via the e‑mail addresses provided on the websites of the respective centers. The survey was administered through the fee for service provider LimeSurvey©. The collected data were transferred to the IBM© statistical package for the social scientists (SPSS, version 28, IBM© Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and statistically analyzed. Pearsonʼs χ2-test was used to perform significance testing (significance level p = < 0.05). Only completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. Results: A total of 219 participants completed the questionnaire. Available airway devices: 94.5% (n = 207) nasopharyngeal tubes, 79.9% (n = 175) video laryngoscope/fiber optic, 73.1% (n = 160) laryngeal masks, 64.8% (n = 142) oropharyngeal tube (Guedel). Of the participants 6 (2.7%) performed coniotomy (⌀ 1.6 children). Out of six cases five (83.3%) were resuscitation situations caused by complex anatomical malformations. Training of coniotomy was not provided in 98.6% (n = 216). A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for difficult airway in neonates was possessed by 20.1% (n = 44). Conclusion: The comparison with international studies showed that the equipment of German perinatal centers is above average. The trend towards acquisition of a video laryngoscope and its importance in clinical routine could be confirmed by our data; however, the fact that 20% of the respondents did not have access to video laryngoscopy suggests that further acquisitions will have to be made here in the future. Front of neck access (FONA) methods remain a critically questioned component of neonatal difficult airway algorithms due to their rarity and the resulting lack of data. In summary of the recommendations of the British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM) and the collected data on the theoretical and practical education of the FONA methods in Germany, the implementation of the FONA methods by pediatricians and neonatologists cannot be recommended. As most resuscitation situations were caused by complex anatomical malformations, the early detection of such malformations by means of high-resolution ultrasound seems to be of particular importance. With improvement of early detection, neonates with potentially unmanageable airway problems can be left on uteroplacental circulation for a prolonged period in order to perform necessary interventions, such as tracheostomy, bronchoscopy, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) device known as the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. It is noted that the frequency of mental illnesses and the severity of symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults continue to be elevated due to the pandemic and the measures taken to contain it. Particularly in children and adolescents, depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders have significantly increased during the pandemic. There are also shortages in child and adolescent psychiatry, as well as a lack of specialized doctors and therapists. Psychosocial healthcare remains scarce, and the end of the pandemic does not mean the end of the crisis. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Traditional fasting rules for children prior to elective operations ("6‑4‑2 rule") often lead to prolonged fasting times with possible adverse events (discomfort, hypoglycemia, metabolic disorders, agitation/delirium). A new liberal fasting policy allowing children to drink clear fluids until being called to the operating room ("6‑4‑0") was established in our university hospital. This article describes our experiences and retrospectively examines the effects. Objective: Evaluation of real fasting times before and up to 6 months after the intervention (success and durability of changing fasting policy). Evaluation of impact on outcome parameters, such as patients' resp. parents' satisfaction as well as perioperative agitation, arterial hypotension after induction and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Material and methods: Retrospective evaluation of methods and interventions from 1 month before to 6 months after changing the fasting policy (June–December 2020). Statistical analysis using descriptive statistics, odds ratio and χ2-test. Results: Of 216 analyzed patients 44 were in the pre-change group and 172 in the post-change group. We could significantly reduce clear fluids fasting times over the 6 months after the intervention (median fasting time: from 6.1 h to 4.5 h; p = 0.034) and achieve our aim (fasting time for clear fluids less than or equal to 2h) in 47% of the patients. Fasting times became longer again reaching pre-change intervals in the 4th and 5th month, so reminder measures turned out to be necessary. By reminding the staff we could reduce fasting times again in the 6th month and restore patients' resp. parents' satisfaction. Satisfaction was improved by shorter fasting times (median school grade from 2.8 to 2.2; p = 0.004; odds ratio for better satisfaction 5.24, 2.1–13.2), and preoperative agitation was reduced (agitation modified PAED scale 1–2 in only 34.5% instead of 50%, p = 0.032). In the liberal fasting group, we observed a nonsignificant smaller incidence of hypotension after induction (7% vs. 14%, p = 0.26) while PONV was too rare in both groups for statistical purposes. Conclusion: With multiple interventions we could significantly reduce fasting times for clear fluids and improve patients' resp. parents' satisfaction as well as preoperative agitation. These interventions included regular presence in all staff meetings, a handout for both parents and staff, as well as a remark on the anesthesia protocol. Children who were operated on later in the day, benefited most from the new liberal fasting policy as they were allowed to drink until being called to the operating room. Following our experience, we consider simple and safe fasting rules for the whole staff as most important for change management. Nevertheless, we could not reduce the fasting intervals in all cases and had to remind the staff after 5 months to preserve this success. For enduring success, we suggest regular staff updates during the change process instead of one single kick-off information event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research over the last thirty years has provided empirical evidence of similarities between language and music in terms of structure, sound, and neural processing. In addition, the positive effects of musical experience and training on working memory, reading and writing skills, and various parameters of language acquisition in children and adults have been demonstrated. However, the extent to which children can benefit from these transfer effects with regard to language development remains largely unexplored. This article compares the development of musical and linguistic parameters in early childhood and derives opportunities that may result from the transfer effects of the two domains for unimpaired language acquisition. Based on a differentiated analysis of relevant research, opportunities are formulated to show how an early encounter with music can be used profitably in children's language acquisition. It is shown that the presentation of musical input in a high-frequency and specific form has the most effective effect on undisturbed language acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the legal distinction between private health insurance and nursing care insurance when dealing with intensive treatment care for children with severe medical conditions, particularly in cases involving structural brain damage. It examines German legal sections GVG § 13 and SGG § 51, while analyzing a specific case where courts decided the appropriate legal route for a dispute over health insurance coverage for a child with complex medical requirements.

The article focuses on the Mathelabor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany, where children and teenagers can engage in various math-related activities and workshops. The Mathelabor offers opportunities for school visits, workshops, and continuous math education beyond the standard curriculum. It emphasizes the idea that math is not just about calculations but also about exploration, research, and teamwork.

Background: Airway management with supraglottic airway devices (SGA) in life-threatening emergencies in children is increasingly being used. Different specifications of laryngeal masks (LM) and the laryngeal tube (LT) are commonly used devices for this purpose. We present a literature review and interdisciplinary consensus statement of different societies on the use of SGA in pediatric emergency medicine. Material and methods: Literature review in the PubMed database and classification of studies according to the criteria of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Levels and consensus finding within the group of authors. Results: The evidence for successful applications of the various types of LM is significantly higher than for LT application. Reported smaller series of successful applications of LT are currently limited to selected research groups and centers. Especially for children below 10 kg body weight there currently exists insufficient evidence for the successful application of the LT and therefore its routine use cannot be recommended. SGAs used for emergencies should have a gastric drainage possibility. Discussion: Considering the scientific data and the large clinical experience with the LM in medical routine and emergency situations in children currently only the LM can be recommended for alternative (i.e., non-intubation) emergency airway management in children. If alternative airway management is part of a local emergency strategy, the LM should be provided in all pediatric sizes (1, 1½, 2, 2½, 3) for out of hospital use and in hospital emergency use and all users should regularly be trained in its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often limited in social participation. Peer interventions to support children with ASD in interactions are widely described. However, their implementation in everyday life is rarely integrated into occupational therapy practice in German-speaking countries. The article delineates how to include peers to enhance the social participation of children between 3 and 12 years of age and how occupational therapists can enhance the cooperation between children, teachers, and parents. Methods: By performing a literature review, six studies were systematically selected and critically appraised. Relevant results were compared and embedded in the Partnering for Change model, which stands for a universal design approach in inclusive school settings. Results: Peer interventions in children with ASD are diverse. Eligibility criteria for peers are various, as are the training of peers and the implementation of peer interventions into daily practice. Common to all evaluated programs is the close collaboration of different stakeholders. Outside of the school setting, this collaboration rarely happens. Conclusion: The presented study delineates in detail how peer interventions can be planned and implemented. Occupational therapists can take an essential role in coordination, training and implementation, specifically when they work school based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are growing up in a mediatized and digitally shapeable world. The digital condition changes all areas of life and introduces new challenges for everyday life and consumption. To be able to participate in society and (co-)design culture within the digital condition, children need appropriate consumer literacy. Opportunities and challenges for teaching food and consumer literacy within science education in primary schools will be pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anglo-American research points to the fact that children with developmental language disorders also show reduced mathematical skills. Their difficulties not only refer to language-based demands such as acquisition of specific terminology or solving mathematical word problems but also relate to specific arithmetical processing. Aims: (1) Which specific relationships can be established between different verbal skills and arithmetical processing in German children? (2) Which components in arithmetical processing raise the most serious difficulties for children with developmental language disorders? Methods: A sample of n=76 children with developmental language disorders and a control-group of n=26 children were assessed regarding specific language skills (i.e. comprehension, vocabulary, grammar) as well as arithmetical processing skills (i.e. number processing, calculation). Data analysis included correlational and regression analysis and t-tests on independent samples. Results: The strongest correlations were found between lexical skills and listening comprehension and calculational skills. Children with developmental language disorders show distinct difficulties acquiring automatic mathematical fact knowledge. Conclusion: Children with developmental language disorders require specific adjustments in their mathematical education. Notably, their difficulties acquiring mathematical fact knowledge have to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For children aged 6-11 years with uncontrolled severe atopic dermatitis (AD), 16 weeks of treatment with dupilumab resulted in substantial clinical benefit compared with placebo with an acceptable safety profile. However, longer-term safety and efficacy data are important to inform longitudinal AD management. Objectives: This analysis of data from an open-label extension study (LIBERTY AD PED-OLE, NCT02612454) reports the long-term safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of dupilumab in children with severe AD who had participated in the pivotal dupilumab LIBERTY AD PEDS study (NCT03345914). Methods: Enrolled patients initially received subcutaneous dupilumab 300 mg every 4 weeks (q4w). The q4w regimen could be uptitrated to dupilumab dose regimens of 200 or 300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w; for body weight < 60 or ≥ 60 kg, respectively) for patients who did not achieve an Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score of 0/1 (clear/almost clear skin) at week 16, or prior to week 16 as rescue treatment. Additional patients were uptitrated to a weight-tiered q2w regimen following a protocol amendment. Patients who maintained an IGA score of 0/1 continuously for a 12-week period after week 40 discontinued dupilumab. They were monitored for relapse and were reinitiated on dupilumab if required. Results: Data for 321 patients (mean age 8.6 years) were analyzed, 254 (79%) of whom had completed the scheduled 52-week visit at the database lock. Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild/moderate. By week 52, 41% of patients achieved an IGA score of 0/1, and 97%, 82%, and 50%, respectively, had at least a 50%, 75%, and 90% improvement from the parent study baseline in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). By week 52, 29% of patients in the overall population had clear/almost clear skin sustained for 12 weeks and had stopped medication; of these, 40% relapsed and were subsequently reinitiated on treatment, with a mean time to reinitiation of 13.5 (standard deviation 5.2) weeks. Following reinitiation of dupilumab, 41% of the patients with evaluable data at the time of database lock had regained an IGA 0/1 clinical response. Conclusions: Consistent with results seen in adults and adolescents, long-term treatment with dupilumab in children aged 6-11 years with severe AD showed an acceptable safety profile and incremental clinical benefit. A substantial proportion of children who stopped dupilumab treatment after achieving clear/almost clear skin subsequently experienced disease recurrence, and required reinitiation of dupilumab, suggesting that continuous treatment may be necessary for maintenance of clinical benefit. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02612454. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM T1) is one of the most common endocrine-metabolic disorders in childhood and represents not only a significant medical problem, but a social and economic issue as well. Young people with diabetes, their families, and physicians continue to be faced with the challenge of striving to maintain blood glucose levels in the near-normal range. In addition to the usual stressors encountered in childhood and adolescence, youths with DMТ1 encounter physical and social limitations and issues associated with the management of their condition. Therefore, there is a crucial need for understanding how DM T1 and its treatment affect the overall quality of life of a child with this disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Health-Related Quality of life (HRQoL) among children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1 in Bulgaria. Material and methods: A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient practices in Sofia and Plovdiv with PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales and PedsQL™ 3.2 Diabetes Module. Results: The results indicated that later age of onset of diabetes, less hyperglycemic episodes, lower glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and male gender were associated with better HRQoL. Conclusion: Disease duration and poor metabolic control are the most important predictors of lower HRQoL in children and adolescents with T1DM. Monitoring health related quality of life of adolescents with chronic diseases in clinical practice is increasingly advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of language development of bilingual children, especially with little exposure to German as their second language, has been difficult until today. Standardized test procedures, which have been normed on monolingual samples, can only be used to a limited extent for the diagnosis of multilingual children. In addition to the combination of different standardized assessments and the diagnosis of the children's first, the construction of so-called Dynamic Assessment has increased recently. The present study describes the design of a Dynamic Assessment of early language competencies in multilingual children with little exposure to German as their second language (N = 15). The main question examines the extent children to with children with little exposure to German use fast-mapping competencies and word acquisition strategies and the extent to which these can be influenced by an intervention. Results show no significant changes in either domain after intervention. Still, the previously neglected static assessment of word acquisition strategies proved promising for further research projects with larger samples and control group designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating injured children is part of everyday life at a pediatrician's office or in an emergency department. Among the most common injuries are lacerations, mainly of the head, but the tongue can also be affected. Lacerations of the tongue mostly occur in early childhood due to fall when the child bites its tongue. No evidence-based treatment recommendations exist, even though such injuries are common. It makes a huge difference to the parents and children affected whether the treatment consists of a primary wound closure in general anesthesia or spontaneous healing can be awaited. In this article, the development and implementation of the Zurich Tongue Scheme will be discussed, the first evidence-based treatment recommendations for uncomplicated tongue lacerations in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Simultaneous Growing Up in Different Contexts" examines childhood and school time in the regions of Graubünden and South Tyrol between 1930 and 1960. The study interviewed individuals who attended primary school in one of the regions during this period and focused on the areas of family, school, school route, and leisure time. The results show that the upbringing contexts in both regions were characterized by economic challenges and traditional educational approaches. Despite different civil society conditions, the experiences of children in the Alpine regions of South Tyrol and Graubünden were very similar. The stability of the education system played an important role in the content development of teaching. [Extracted from the article]

The St. Oswald Elementary School in Kastelruth is closely connected to the village community and values values such as community, creativity, environment, and health. The school is located in a scattered settlement and has a close relationship with the village. The students learn in mixed age groups and are supported in their personal development. The school emphasizes holistic and interdisciplinary learning and also integrates digital media into the lessons. Regular extracurricular activities and excursions are organized to provide students with diverse experiences. The St. Oswald Small School places great importance on positive relationships within the school community and creates a friendly atmosphere and a good learning environment. Together with the students and parents, they shape school life and organize various festivals and projects. The village community supports the school and advocates for its preservation. The school is part of a small school network in South Tyrol that promotes the exchange of experiences between small schools. The school also has a school sponsor, the well-known singer Norbert Rier from the "Kastelruther Spatzen". In the St. Oswald Small School, person-centered work is done and emphasis is placed on community and individual support. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Forms of Childhood: Mobility as a Parameter of Reflection" emphasizes the complexity of childhood and the necessity of differentiated research. Childhood is not a fixed domain, but develops through actions, interactions, and references. The shaping of childhood has implications for society and requires reflection on power relations and adults' control over children. Various approaches to shaping childhood are discussed, and the importance of educational spaces is emphasized, where children can act as self-responsible agents. The authors call for a democratic and deliberative design of educational spaces, in which all children can negotiate their conditions of coexistence and challenge traditional Western-centric assumptions. [Extracted from the article]

Die prognostische Bedeutung von NT-proBNP bei Kindern mit angeborenen Herzfehlern konnte wegen der vor allem im ersten Lebensjahr ausgeprägten Altersdynamik bislang nur unzureichend untersucht werden. Abhilfe schafft die altersangepasste Standardisierung der Absolutwerte mithilfe des kürzlich eingeführten NT-proBNP-spezifischen zlog-Wertes, der analog zu einem Z-Score interpretiert wird. Wir zeigen, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit schwerer kardialer Ereignisse bei Kindern mit angeborenen Herzfehlern stark zunimmt, je höher dieser Wert liegt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany’s information society, it is possible to access information at any time and in abundance. The decisive factor is evaluating and classifying the wealth of information. Media trust is a highly relevant topic. In everyday life, older people favor linear television as a source of information and thus mostly journalistically prepared information, while younger people use the internet and social media and increasingly have to evaluate the information themselves. In uncertain information situations, it is evident that younger people increasingly resort to established media. Familiarity and knowing a service from childhood create trust in both groups of age. Other psychological characteristics, such as life satisfaction, do not seem to be important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inclusive playgrounds aim to enable play participation and social interaction for every child. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the play experience on inclusive playgrounds from the perspective of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study investigated the play experience, participation and social interaction of children with CP on an inclusive playground. Methods: Semi-structured interviews from the research project „Playground: a meeting place for all?“ have been analysed in a secondary analysis. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyse five interviews with children with CP (9-12 years), which had been conducted on an inclusive playground in Switzerland. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories with the following contents: The personal meaning of the playground for the children, friendships and their relevance as the most important social interaction on the playground, the multi-layered play experience of the children on the playground and their design ideas. Conclusion: The playground is a meaningful place for children with CP and friendships positively shape their play experience. The children experience themselves as competent in play and do not experience any physical barriers, which can be attributed to the inclusive playground design. Through their expertise, children with CP can make an important contribution to inclusive playground design. However, the lack of interaction between children with and without disabilities needs further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the reference interview with the target group of primary school children as well as their characteristics in respect to the language development and the reading competence. Besides the inventory and the endowment various competences of librarians are needed to successfully perform a reference interview. These were identified with the KODE® KompetenzAtlas2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system have recently come into the the focus of attention. Important advances have been made in the field of children with multiple sclerosis (MS), which led to a better understanding of the clinical characteristics and treatment options. Furthermore, new autoantibodies against target antigens of neurons, peripheral nerves and the myelin sheath have been detected. Objective: This article summarizes new advances in children with MS and addresses the differences to their adult counterparts. In addition, the most important forms of autoimmune encephalitis, such as N‑methyl D‑aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) encephalitis in children are described together with the diagnostic algorithm and therapeutic approach in the event of a suspected autoimmune encephalitis. Lastly, the clinical spectrum of MOG antibody-associated diseases (MOGAD) is detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) can occur in an isolated form or in the context of a genetic syndrome. Because of the typical orofacial malformations, speech- and language therapy is indicated from infancy. The present article displays an overview of existing literature concerning possible orofacial dysfunctions and speech impairments in children with isolated and syndromatic PRS. Using a case study of an eleven-year-old boy with syndromatic PRS, a possible treatment process in combination with therapeutic riding is demonstrated. Possible challenges of speech- and language therapy in the context of behavioral exceptionalities are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the perception of the "Childhood Gospel of Thomas" that has changed fundamentally in recent decades. Topics include examines that this applies to both the history of the text and many aspects of content and considered the translation of the text including the introduction for the 7th edition of the "New Testament Apocrypha", the first, completely revised double volume of which only appeared a good decade later under the changed title "Ancient Christian Apocrypha".

The article offers information on several evidence of storytelling for children in ancient times as there are although little has been written about it and more research is needed. Topics include considered that numerous Greek and Latin sources address storytelling, from Aristophanes and Plato to John Chrysostom and Augustine.

The article examine show children in selected and rabbinical parables are presented as actors and ask what this representation of children as acting subjects means theologically. Topics include considered that it is based on the social-scientific concept of agency, which can be described using terms such as agency, influence, and self-efficacy in interdependence.

In this article author talks about research on children and childhood. Topics include examines that children have been important at all times in human history and examines that children are incapable of doing research on themselve and adults carry childhood around with all lives and because can learn a lot about values and beliefs by examining adults' attitudes toward children.

The inclusive education of children with and without special educational needs is increasingly established in each of the German federal states, including Saxony, due to the development of inclusion (Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen, 2019). This relates to the objective of enabling equal participation for all and aims to establish social coexistence without exclusion already starting in childhood (Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für die Belange behinderter Menschen, 2017). As a result, the question of the most promotional conditions for fulfilling these ideas in inclusive education is becoming more and more important. Based on that, this article provides an overview of previous work from different federal states on promotional implementation factors, including current recommendations for the implementation of inclusive education, and the results are going to be classified into the ecosystem level model (Bronfenbrenner et al., 1981). At the same time, and especially when it comes to addressing the need for support for (future) teachers, it is necessary to take a look into practice, also considering promotional or even inhibiting conditions. Since 2016, the multi-methodological research project called GemU has been implemented by the Chair of "Speech-Language-Communication Pathology, Therapy and Support in Education" at Leipzig University, whose results, also against the background of promotional implementation conditions, will be presented later in this article. The aim was to identify content- methodological, organizational as well as cooperative aspects of the current integrative practice in primary schools in Saxony in order to generate tailor-made offers for teacher training and further education. The mixed-methods design includes a teacher survey (N = 191) with special education and primary school teachers, a parent survey (N = 41) and interviews with both special education teachers (N = 8) and primary school teachers (N = 7). The results show a largely unified picture despite the diverging perspectives: the implementation of integration in primary schools largely takes place in the form of individual support beyond classes, which happens to be an external differentiation action, and mutually consulting by the teachers. The parties are mostly satisfied with this implementation of cooperation. Though, the interviewed teachers and parents expressed dissatisfaction and a desire for change in terms of human and material resources (increase the number of hours for special education, the amount of double staffing and co-teaching; reduction of class sizes and equipping the rooms with materials) as well as establishing joint training courses with content-methodological priorities e.g. on integrated speech-language support during classes. With regard to the recommendations for the implementation of the inclusive education and the experience of the other German Federal States, it can be estimated that the resources made available should be increased in Saxony, as these have a far-reaching influence on the associated development of cooperation (as a condition for success for inclusive education). Moreover, individual support beyond classes should take place occasionally (and in the form of specific linguistic individual support) rather than in principle. Therefore, it is important to strive for co-operation with speech language therapists. To ensure inclusive education both methods of internal differentiation and the adaptation of regular teaching should be implemented generally. Furthermore this should also be considered in teacher training courses to focus more on content-related rather than organizational interventions. Parental work should be continued intensively as an equally important cornerstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a prevalent chronic condition with major impact on the child's daily life. According to the DCD guideline the goal of therapy is to improve participation in daily activities. The present study evaluated the impact of the CO-OP Approach, particularly the generalization and transfer of intervention gains into daily life. Methods: Four children with DCD received ten sessions of CO-OP intervention. Before and after the intervention the children and their mothers completed the COPM rating, as well, independent raters completed the PQRS scores. After finishing the therapy the mothers and three teachers were interviewed. Results: All children showed clinical relevant gains in the targeted skills. New learned skills were generalized to daily life and mothers and teachers reported a transfer of both the global and task specific strategies. Additional positive outcomes reported included increased confidence, motivation, independence, persistence, patience and changes in self-efficacy. Conclusion: Using strategies and experiencing success in the targeted skills lead to improvement in self-report and observed performance scores and anecdotal reports of numerous other positive changes in the child that had not been explicitly addressed in therapy. The study results provide further evidence that children with DCD benefit even from the CO-OP Approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diseases and a high lifetime risk of diet-related chronic diseases are current challenges in the public health (nutrition) sector in the context of child health. The school as a setting for health promotion and prevention plays a key role. A look at current data reveals needs for action and potentials for action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 30 years, significant advances were made in the research of trauma outcomes and treatment in childhood and adolescence. This article introduces latest developments in the international research on diagnostics and treatment of trauma outcomes in children and adolescents. In the new diagnostic systems (DSM-5 and ICD-11) and in trauma guidelines, there is increasing recognition of the fact that trauma symptoms and recovery depend on developmental variables. Current clinical guidelines for trauma treatment, which are based on systematic analysis of evaluation studies, recommend trauma-focused treatments, particularly Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, as effective. It is important to develop effective treatments for settings beyond ambulant and stationary psychotherapy, e. g., for child welfare and juvenile detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the therapeutic involvement of adult caregivers in the trauma therapeutic treatment of children and adolescents using the Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Tf-CBT) method is explained from the point of view of a practitioner using case studies. In the introduction, the basics of trauma therapy for children and adolescents and the current study situation are outlined. This is followed by a brief presentation of the Tf-CBT and a summary of the current state of research on the question of why the involvement of parents in the trauma treatment of children is important. The article then focuses on the practical challenges in parental work, which are made clear by means of case studies. Special topics for parents, which frequently occur in therapy, are taken into focus and finally the approach when there is no available parent is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: About one to two of 1.000 children and adolescents in Germany, Austria and Switzerland are diagnosed of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Though the disease appears only to have physical impacts, it affects children and adolescents in various ways. Methods: The effects of juvenile idiopathic arthritis on health related quality of life and especially on social life were investigated by means of a pilot cross-sectional study. Participants were interviewed using the standardized assessment KIDscreen- 52 before and a semi-structured interview during a holiday and therapy stay for children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases. Results: A total of 15 children and adolescents at the age of 8 to 17 were included in the study. The analysis of the data of the KIDscreen-52 showed a significantly reduced health related quality of life in the areas of physical well-being, school, mood and feelings as well as friendship. In the course of the semi-structured interview it was possible to gain a deeper insight in the area of social life. It was found that 67% of the participants had experienced bullying, mostly in primary school, at least once in their life. Furthermore various problems in school and family life could be detected. Conclusion: Occupational therapy treatments need to be adapted individually to various effects of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. An exclusively functional and manual treatment and instruction in joint protection guidelines is sufficient. The desire to be "normal" was clearly expressed in the survey, which is also shown in the choice of hobbies. For those affected, participation is more important than joint protection. Concludingly focus should be put on enablement rather than prohibition of activities. The results regarding school demand a more comprehensive enlightenment for teachers as well as class mates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Motor skills and motor abilities in children are often assessed using pen-paper tests such as tracing and dotting. Therapists also require additional information regarding the quality of movement. Digitisation of these tests may contribute to the accuracy and reliability of the data obtained and its evaluation. But are paper and digital tabletbased versions comparable? Methodology: In this comparative study, data was collected by means of a paper and pen version using the Handednessprofile, a standardised assessment of hand preference and skill. The same assessment was digitized by means of a tablet with a tablet pen. The two data sets were compared using 20 clearly left- or right-handed children aged 4 to 10 years. Eight of the children had motor deficiencies. In addition, the test instructors and the children were asked about perceived deficiencies between the two versions. Results: Although the digitized version achieved significantly more, and thus potentially more accurate data, the non-dominant hand unexpectedly performed better in a few younger and/or children with motor problems. This was not the case with the paper version. Conclusion: The results indicate that the physical characteristics of a tablet appear to distort the data in some younger children and those with motor deficiencies. Motor-related compensatory patterns may not work as well for these children on a tablet, compared to paper. The results indicate that the digitization of a tracing test using a tablet may not be suitable for this target group. Further studies are needed to support these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Play is the most important occupation during childhood. Different studies show a discrepancy between the therapists' theoretical knowledge and their practical application into pediatric occupational therapy. On one hand, therapists acknowledge the importance of play, on the other hand they hardly define play focused goals but use play primarily as a means to achieve other goals. Objective: Data collection on the topic in Austria and Germany to allow an insight of the use of play in pediatric Occupational Therapy to plan possible strategies. Method: An online survey was made accessible by the professional associations of each country via their newsletter. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as inductive data analysis. Results: Results show several causes explaining the discrepancy between theory and practice. In both countries there is no further education on the occupation of play. Moreover there are only a few assessments available in German. In both countries Occupational Therapy is a statutory service and therefore needs a medical diagnosis. Conclusion: There is an urgent need in both countries for further education on the topic of play as well as specific assessments in German. Becoming experts on the occupation of play could help to broaden the professional field of Occupational Therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]