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Copyright of Medizinische Klinik: Intensivmedizin & Notfallmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines depictions of sorrow and mourning for deceased children in the literature of 16th- and 17th-century China. Cultural and social influences on representations of sorrow are explored, regional differences in the perception and function of bereavement emotions are described, and Chinese definitions and periodizations of children and childhood are presented. The competing Chinese religious ideologies regarding heaven and hell from Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are investigated and information is provided on the historical child mortality rate in the Chinese imperial court.

In Germany, despite the enormous progress in pediatric medicine approximately 3,000 diseased children and adolescents under 20 years of age die each year -- 60% of them already during their first year. Often the most adequate palliative treatment agreed upon -- also in pediatrics -- is the loving refraining from treatment during the patients' final phase. Against the background of the development of general palliative treatment and since the 1980s pediatric palliative treatment, the present report describes clinical case studies from a university hospital. The mechanisms of decision making by doctors, patients and their families during the final phase are evaluated, whereas at the same time the necessary limits of pediatric palliative care become clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High infant mortality rates were traditionally considered as a matter of fate and the death of an infant was accompanied by paternal indifference. Declining birth rates at the beginning of the twentieth century and continuing high infant mortality rates, particularly when assessed from an international perspective, led to the emergence of an increasing infant welfare movement in Imperial Germany. This paper assesses the scope and the broad impact of the movement focussing on three selected subject areas: (1.) the commencement of the infant welfare movement as "Volksbelehrung", (2.) the 1911 heat wave with increased infant mortality and its medial representation, and (3.) the level and trend of infant mortality in the course of the First World War, or the issue whether war is good for infants and babies. In this context, the extend and duration of breastfeeding functioned as key variable determining the health of the infant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author studies child mortality in Nepal in this section of a large comparative project involving 15 developing countries. "Employing a method suggested by Trussell and Preston (1982) a child mortality index is computed for every woman by relating actual number of child deaths to the expected number of child deaths implied by marital duration, fertility, and the national mortality level. Based on the Nepal Fertility Survey of 1976 bi-, tri-, and multivariate analysis showed significant child mortality differentials according to mothers' and fathers' education, religion, and ecological region. The population of Nepal is still extremely homogeneous in that 96% of all ever-married women aged 15-49 can neither read or write, 95% live in rural areas, and 90% are Hindus. For women deviating from this pattern child mortality is in most cases substantially lower." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)