24 results on '"C-H ACTIVATION"'
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2. Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp2)–H Silylation via a Native-Amine-Directed Strategy.
- Author
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Yan, Yintao, Wang, Xuan, Li, Jianhua, and Jiang, Chao
- Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed C(sp2)–H silylation of morpholinones to afford silyl morpholinones is reported. The native secondary amine, which is tolerated in the reaction, is able to promote the C–H activation and silylation of the aryl group. The substrates are monosilylated selectively and tolerate various functional groups. The resulting silyl morpholinone derivatives are potentially useful in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. A Personal Account on Industrial Collaborations in the Field of C–H Activation
- Author
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Olivier Baudoin
- Subjects
bioactive molecules ,catalysis ,c-h activation ,palladium ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In recent years, transition-metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization has emerged as a potentially greener alternative to classic cross-couplings and as a powerful tool to access complex functional molecules with improved step-economy. This short account relates our experience of industrial collaborations in C(sp3)–H bond activation, which were key to the development of this topic in our group. The synthesis of the antianginal drug Ivabradine led us to develop a general approach to benzocyclobutenes, which were further employed in peri cyclic reactions. A follow-up study led us to discover a new method to construct arylcyclopropanes via double C–H activation and the coupling of two alkyl groups. Finally, targeting the herbicide Indaziflam contributed to develop C(sp3)–H activation as a powerful tool to access a variety of relevant indane motifs. We hope that these successful stories will help to stimulate further fruitful Industry-Academia collaborations in the field of synthetic chemistry.
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- 2021
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4. Direct C–H Arylation
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Jyoti Dhankhar and Ilija Čorić
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C–H activation ,C–H arylation ,spatial anion control ,palladium ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Bonds between hydrogen and carbon atoms are the most frequent type of bonds in organic molecules. The ability to replace hydrogen atoms by making other types of bonds to carbon atoms can enable simpler access to complex organic molecules by substituting multistep synthetic sequences. The use of transition metal catalysts to activate C–H bonds is particularly attractive as it offers control over the reactivity and selectivity through catalyst design. However, such functionalization includes the difficult breaking of strong C–H bonds that are not activated by the presence of other groups. Additionally, the common presence of a number of C–H bonds in a molecule raises the issue of site-selectivity because differentiation of C–H bonds that are in sterically and electronically similar environments is a challenge. We discuss selected recent developments that are a part of the long-term research interest in mild and selective C–H activation reactions with a focus on the replacement of C–H bonds with C–aryl groups and an emphasis on the work of our group.
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- 2022
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5. Pushing the Frontiers of Accessible Chemical Space to Unleash Design Creativity and Accelerate Drug Discovery
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Thomas C. Fessard, Kristina Goncharenko, Quentin Lefebvre, and Christophe Salomé
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c-h activation ,late-stage functionalization ,synthetic efficiency ,sp3 scaffolds ,startups ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In highly competitive research environments, the ability to access more complex structural spaces efficiently is a predictor of a company's ability to generate novel IP-protected small molecule candidates with adequate properties, hence filling their development pipelines. SpiroChem is consistently developing new synthetic methodologies and strategies to access complex molecular structure, thereby facilitating and accelerating small molecule drug discovery. Pushing the limits of what are perceived as complex molecular structures allows SpiroChem and its clients to unleash creativity and explore meaningful chemical spaces, which are under-exploited sources of novel active molecules. In this article, we explain how we differentiated ourselves in a globalized R&D environment and we provide several snapshots of how efficient methodologies can generate complex structures, rapidly.
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- 2020
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6. Peri -Selective Direct Acylmethylation and Amidation of Naphthalene Derivatives Using Iridium and Rhodium Catalysts.
- Author
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Kona, Chandrababu Naidu, Oku, Rikuto, Nishii, Yuji, and Miura, Masahiro
- Abstract
An iridium-catalyzed acylmethylation and a rhodium-catalyzed amidation of naphthalene derivatives are reported, adopting sulfoxonium ylides and dioxazolones as carbene and nitrene transfer agents, respectively. The use of SMe group as a directing group was key to ensure the peri -selective functionalization, and it can be easily removed or diversely transformed to other synthetically useful functionalities after the catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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7. Transition-Metal-Free Strategies for the Synthesis of C-1 Aryl-Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines.
- Author
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Singh, Pushpinder, Batra, Aanchal, Singh, Kamal Nain, and Mritunjay, Mritunjay
- Abstract
1-Aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines are important structural motifs and are widely found in bioactive molecules, pharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs. In view of increasing environmental awareness, the development of transition-metal-free strategies for the synthesis of these compounds is highly desirable. Metal-free oxidative coupling and lithiation methodologies have emerged as effective tools in this area as they exclude the use of transition-metal catalysts and help in reducing unwanted and toxic-metal-based chemical waste in the environment. This review highlights recent advances on the direct arylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines for the synthesis of the title compounds in the absence of a metal salt. Also, the emphasis has been placed on mechanistic considerations of these reactions. 1 Introduction 2 Arylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Oxidative Coupling 2.1 Arylation Using Grignard Reagents 2.2 Arylation Using Other Organometallic Reagents 2.3 Arylation Using Aryl Organoboranes or Arenes 3 Arylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Lithiation 3.1 Intermolecular Arylation 3.2 Intramolecular Arylation 4 Conclusion and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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8. Mechanistic investigations on C–H activated dealkylating cyclo-amination reactions of substituted triazenes, formamidines and amidines.
- Author
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Preusser, Silvio, Kalden, Diana, Wendler, Felix, Schönherr, Paul R. W., Görls, Helmar, Westerhausen, Matthias, and Imhof, Wolfgang
- Abstract
Catalytic dealkylating cycloamination reactions of N1-methylated-N1,N3-diarylated triazenes proceed via two subsequent oxidative addition reactions, regioselectivity producing benzotriazoles by C–H and C–Br activation steps. Whereas palladium-based catalysis in the presence of dealkylating reagents and directing phosphane ligands leads to high yields, the homologous metals nickel and platinum as well as other 3d transition metals show only poor catalytic activity in similar procedures. Starting compounds have been widely varied to introduce potentially competing reaction sites and to investigate the reaction mechanism of the catalytic cyclization reactions. Yields of the benzotriazole synthesis strongly depend on the electronic and steric properties of the directing phosphane ligands, the nature of the dealkylating bases and the substitution pattern in 2- and 4-position of the aryl groups of the starting triazenes. In order to clarify the role of the catalyst, palladium-based intermediates were identified. Finally, formamidines and bulky amidines were tested in related C–H activated dealkylating cycloamination reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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9. Palladium-Catalyzed ortho -Monoacylation of Arenes with Aldehydes- via 1,2,4-Benzotriazine-Directed C–H Bond Activation.
- Author
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Liu, Jin, Jin, Shaofen, Zhou, Yingxing, Ni, Dongmei, Liu, Tingting, Cui, Bingcun, Hu, Gang, Yu, Xin, and Huang, Guosheng
- Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization/ ortho -monoacylation reaction of 3-aryl-1,2,4-benzotriazines with (hetero)aryl or alkyl aldehydes has been developed, which offers a facile and alternative strategy for direct modification and further diversification of 3-aryl-1,2,4-benzotriazines. Bioactive 1,2,4-benzotriazine has been employed as a novel directing group for the palladium-catalyzed regioselective monoacylation of sp2 C–H bond protocol with broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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10. Chromium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings and Related Reactions.
- Subjects
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PALLADIUM , *HOMOGENEOUS catalysis , *NICKEL , *CATALYSIS , *CHLORIDES , *CHROMIUM , *HEXAVALENT chromium - Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings have been recognized as a powerful tool for sustainable syntheses. Despite the fact that remarkable progress was achieved by palladium and nickel catalysis, the high price and toxicity still remained a drawback. Recently, naturally more abundant and less toxic low-valent chromium salts, such as Cr(II) and Cr(III) chlorides, displayed notable unique catalytic reactivity. Thus, recent progress in the field of chromium-catalyzed cross-couplings and related reactions are highlighted in the present short review until December- 2018. 1 Introduction and Early Chromium-Mediated Reactions 2 Chromium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings and Related Reactions 3 Conclusion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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11. Mechanistic Investigations of C–H Activations on Silica-Supported Co(ii) Sites in Catalytic Propane Dehydrogenation
- Author
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Deven P. Estes
- Subjects
C–h activation ,Surface organometallic chemistry (somc) ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Catalytic reactions involving C–H bond activations are central to the chemical industry. One such example, alkane dehydrogenation, has recently become very important due to shortfalls in propene production and a large supply of cheap propane. However, current technologies are inefficient and have only moderate selectivity. In order to understand how to improve currently used catalysts, we must know more about the mechanism by which propane is dehydrogenated. We show here that Co(ii) sites on silica are good catalysts for the dehydrogenation of propane, having high activity and selectivity that is reasonably stable over the course of 10 h. Mechanistic investigations of this catalyst show that the main activation mechanism is most likely C–H activation by 1,2 addition.
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- 2017
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12. The Effect of the Electronic Nature of Spectator Ligands in the C–H Bond Activation of Ethylene by Cr(III) Silicates: An ab initio Study
- Author
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Francisco Núñez-Zarur and Aleix Comas-Vives
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C–h activation ,Charge decomposition analysis ,Density functional theory ,Ethylene polymerization ,Phillips catalyst ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The Phillips catalyst, chromium oxides supported on silica, is one of the most widely used catalysts for the industrial production of polyethylene (PE). We recently synthesized a well-defined mononuclear Cr(III) silicate as active site model of the Phillips catalyst. The catalytic activity of this well-defined catalyst was similar to the industrial Phillips catalyst. We proposed that C–H bond activation of ethylene over a Cr–O bond initiates polymerization in this Cr(III) catalyst. Our results also showed that the presence of a second ethylene olefin in the coordination sphere of Cr decreases the intrinsic energy barrier of the C–H activation of ethylene. In order to understand the effect of this additional ligand in the C–H activation of ethylene by the Cr(III) catalyst, we evaluated the energetics of this step with different spectator ligands (C2H4, C2F4, N2 and CO) coordinated to the Cr center. The Charge Decomposition Analysis (CDA) of the bonding interactions between the Cr(III) catalyst and the ligands showed that the intrinsic energy barrier for the C–H activation of ethylene decreases with the increasing electron-donor properties of the spectator ligand.
- Published
- 2015
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13. Evolving P450pyr Monooxygenase for Regio- and Stereoselective Hydroxylations
- Author
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Yi Yang and Zhi Li
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,C-h activation ,Directed evolution ,Hydroxylation ,P450 monooxygenase ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
P450pyr monooxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 catalysed the regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation at a non-activated carbon atom, a useful but challenging reaction in classic chemistry, with unique substrate specificity for a number of alicyclic compounds. New P450pyr mutants were developed by directed evolution with improved catalytic performance, thus significantly extending the application of the P450pyr monooxygenase family in biohydroxylation to prepare useful and valuable chiral alcohols. Directed evolution of P450pyr created new enzymes with improved S-enantioselectivity or R-enantioselectivity for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl pyrrolidine, enhanced regioselectivity for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl pyrrolidinone, and increased enantioselectivity for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl piperidinone, respectively. Directed evolution of P450pyr generated also mutants with fully altered regioselectivity (from terminal to subterminal) and newly created excellent S-enantioselectivity for the biohydroxylation of n-octane and propylbenzene, respectively, providing new opportunities for the regio- and enantioselective alkane functionalization. New P450pyr mutants were engineered as the first catalyst for highly selective terminal hydroxylation of n-butanol to 1,4-butanediol. Several novel, accurate, sensitive, simple, and HTS assays based on colorimetric or MS detection for measuring the enantio- and/or regioselectivity of hydroxylation were developed and proven to be practical in directed evolution. The P450pyr X-ray structure was obtained and used to guide the evolution. In silico modelling and substrate docking provided some insight into the influence of several important amino acid mutations of the engineered P450pyr mutants on the altered or enhanced regio- and enantioselectivity as well as new substrate acceptance. The obtained information and knowledge is useful for further engineering of P450pyr for other hydroxylations and oxidations.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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14. Teaching Enantioselectivity to C–H Bond Functionalizations: Initial Steps of a Rather Long Shot
- Author
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Nicolai Cramer
- Subjects
Asymmetric catalysis ,C–h activation ,Ligands ,Palladium ,Rhodium ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The direct functionalization of non-activated C–H bonds, especially in an enantioselective manner, requires metal catalysts equipped with ligands with specifically designed properties. Examples for asymmetric C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H functionalizations using palladium- and rhodium catalysts are shown. This work was rewarded by the 2012 Werner Prize of the Swiss Chemical Society.
- Published
- 2012
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15. Palladium-NHC Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Fused Indolines via Inert C(sp3)-H Activation
- Author
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Masafumi Nakanishi, Dmitry Katayev, Céline Besnard, and E. Peter Kündig
- Subjects
Asymmetric catalysis ,C–h activation ,Chiral nhc ,Indoline ,Palladium ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
New sterically hindered chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were used in palladium catalysis to bring about a highly enantioselective C(sp3)-H activation on the methylene site of a cycloalkane moiety. The intramolecular coupling reaction of a prochiral N-aryl-N-cycloalkyl methyl carbamate required high temperatures (140–160 °C) and afforded highly enantioenriched trans-2,3-fused indolines.
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- 2012
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16. Catalytic Asymmetric Functionalization of Inert Bonds and Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products
- Author
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Nicolai Cramer
- Subjects
Asymmetric catalysis ,C-c activation ,C-h activation ,Natural products ,Transition metals ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The direct and enantioselective functionalization of inert bonds such as carbon–hydrogen and carbon–carbon is an emerging tool towards more sustainable and efficient synthetic methods. The individual activation pathways like concerted deprotonation metalations, directed activations, ?-carbon eliminations or retro-allylations proceed by completely different mechanisms and therefore have complementary requirements and different associated challenges. A careful fine-tuning of the transition-metal complex is critical for each mechanism, but a very broad structural space can be covered as well. These methods enhance the synthetic chemist's toolbox allowing more concise, efficient synthetic routes to be executed in target-oriented synthesis. This is illustrated by the examples of a synthesis of largazole and the core of stachyflin from our group.
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- 2011
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17. Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed C–C Bond Activations
- Author
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Tobias Seiser and Nicolai Cramer
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Asymmetric catalysis ,C-c activation ,C-h activation ,Rhodium ,Ring expansion ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The catalytic activation of carbon–carbon single bonds represents a major challenge in organometallic chemistry. Strained ring substrates occupy in this respect a privileged role as their inherent ring strain facilitates the desired metal insertion. Employing symmetrically substituted tert-cyclobutanols, an enantioselective rhodium(i)-catalyzed ?-carbon elimination creates alkyl-rhodium species bearing all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers. Downstream reactions enable access to a wide range of synthetically versatile products such as substituted cyclohexenones, lactones and indanols with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee.
- Published
- 2010
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18. Stereoselective Radical Translocations
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Philippe Renaud, Florent Beaufils, Fabrice Dénès, Laurence Feray, Christoph Imboden, and Nikolai Kuznetsov
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H-abstraction ,C-h activation ,Asymmetric synthesis ,Radicals ,Stereochemistry ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The stereochemical outcome of intramolecular radical mediated hydrogen transfer (= radical translocation) is discussed. Low to excellent levels of stereocontrol are observed making such processes attractive for applications in target-oriented synthesis.
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- 2008
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19. Cobalt- und Eisen-katalysierte C-H-Aktivierung zur Herstellung planar-chiraler Ferrocen-Derivate
- Author
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Schmiel, David Christoph, Butenschön, H., and Kirschning, A.
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Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::540 | Chemie ,Eisen-Katalyse ,ddc:540 ,planare Chiralität ,C-H-Aktivierung ,Cobalt-Katalyse ,iron-catalysis ,ferrocene deriatives ,Ferrocen-Derivate ,C-H activation ,planar chirality - Abstract
[no abstract]
- Published
- 2017
20. Synthese und Reaktivität von Rhodium(I)-Boryl-Komplexen und ihre Verwendung als Katalysatoren in Borylierungsreaktionen
- Author
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Kalläne, Sabrina, Braun, Thomas, and Limberg, Christian
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30 Chemie ,homogenous catalysis ,borylation ,540 Chemie ,ddc:540 ,Rhodium(I)-Boryl-Komplexe ,C-H-Aktivierung ,Borylierung ,homogene Katalyse ,C-H activation ,rhodium(I) boryl complexes ,VH 7907 ,VH 9707 - Abstract
Da Boryl-Komplexe als Schlüsselintermediate in Borylierungsreaktionen betrachtet werden, gilt Ihnen ein großes experimentelles und theoretisches Interesse. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist daher die Darstellung hoch reaktiver 16 VE-Rhodium(I)-Boryl-Komplexe. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt auf der Untersuchung ihres Reaktionsverhaltens sowie ihrer katalytischen Aktivität in Reaktionen, die die Bildung neuer Bor-Element-Bindungen zur Folge haben und somit z. B. die Darstellung von Boronsäureestern als wertvolle Synthesebausteine ermöglichen. In dieser Arbeit wird neben der erfolgreichen Darstellung mehrerer Rhodium(I)-Boryl-Komplexe exemplarisch das Reaktionsverhalten des Pinacolatoboryl-Komplexes gegenüber substituierten (Hetero-)Aromaten, Aminen sowie ungesättigten Verbindungen beschrieben. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Boryl-Komplex mit Aromaten wie Phenyltrifluormethylsulfid oder fluorierten Benzolderivaten chemo- und regioselektiv unter Aktivierung von C-H-Bindungen reagiert und dass mit Aminen wie Anilin hingegen gezielt die N-H-Bindung aktiviert wird. Darüber hinaus erwies sich der Boryl-Komplex als effizienter Katalysator für C-H- und N-H-Borylierungsreaktionen und ist somit zur katalytischen Darstellung borylierter Verbindungen geeignet. Weitere Studien mit Verbindungen, die eine C=X-Bindung (X = O, N, C, S) besitzen, wie Ketone und Imine sowie Stilben und Thioharnstoff zeigen die ausgeprägte Neigung des Rhodium(I)-Boryl-Komplexes, initial unter Insertion der ungesättigten Verbindung in die Rhodium-Bor-Bindung zu reagieren. Diese Beobachtungen können wichtige Informationen über die Teilschritte eines Katalyseprozesses geben. Besonders bemerkenswert ist die Reaktivität des Boryl-Komplexes gegenüber Kohlenstoffdioxid und Schwefelkohlenstoff, die in der Spaltung der stabilen C=X-Bindung (X = O, S) resultiert. Insgesamt verdeutlicht das hier beschriebene breite Reaktivitätsspektrum der Rhodium(I)-Boryl-Komplexe die Relevanz dieses Forschungsgebiets. Since boryl complexes are regarded as key intermediates in borylation reactions, there is a high experimental and theoretical interest. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is the synthesis of highly reactive 16 VE rhodium(I) boryl complexes. Moreover, the thesis focuses on their reactivity as well as their catalytic activity in reactions, which afford new boron-element bonds and, thus, enable for example the synthesis of boronic esters as useful building blocks. Herein, in addition to the successful synthesis and characterization of several rhodium(I) boryl complexes, the reactivity of the pinacolato boryl complex towards substituted (hetero)arenes, amines and unsaturated substrates is described. The studies reveal that the treatment of the boryl complex with aromatics like phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfid or fluorinated benzene derivatives leads chemo- and regioselectively to C-H bond activation reactions and that in contrast, with amines like aniline the N-H bond is exclusively activated. Furthermore, the boryl complex turned out to be an efficient catalyst for C-H and N-H borylation reactions and yields borylated compounds in a catalytic way. Further investigations with reagents containing a C=X bond (X = O, N, C, S) like ketones and imines as well as stilbene and thiourea show the pronounced tendency of the rhodium(I) boryl complex to react initially via insertion of the unsaturated unit into the rhodium-boron bond. These results might give a deeper insight into the mechanism of catalytic processes. The remarkable reactivity of the boryl complex towards carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide is reported, too, which result in the cleavage of the thermodynamic stable C=X double bonds (X = O, S). Overall, the here shown wide range of reactivity of rhodium(I) boryl complexes demonstrates the relevance of this research topic.
- Published
- 2015
21. Eine Frage der Verzerrung
- Author
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Schmidt, Marc
- Subjects
Iron-oxo species ,540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften ,Verzerrung ,Eisenkomplexe ,Tripyridyldiaminliganden ,Tripyridyldiamine ligands ,C–H Aktivierung ,Oxoferrylspezies ,C–H activation ,Distortion ,Iron complex - Abstract
Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in drei Themenbereiche unterteilt und beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss der Ligandgeometrie von Tripyridyldiaminliganden auf die Reaktivität von Oxoferrylspezies (abgekürzt FeIV=O). Im ersten Abschnitt werden die Synthesen von vier Tripyridyldiaminliganden vorgestellt. Die Darstellungen der Liganden gehen entweder vom Iminoditosylat 2 oder Diaminoimin 3 aus. In drei der vier N5-Chelatliganden wird die Flexibilität des Donorsatzes durch aliphatische Ringsysteme, wie 1,3 Hexahydropyrimidin (5; TPHP; 5-Methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-bis(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-hexahydropyrimidin) oder 1,4-Diazepan (8; TPD-C2; 6-Methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-bis(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-1,4-diazepan, 9; TPD-C1; 6-Methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan), im Ligandrückgrat verringert. Der vierte Ligand (15; TPPD; N1,N3,2-Trimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-N1,N3-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)propan-1,3-diamin) ist offenkettig und dient als Vergleichssystem. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird das Koordinationsverhalten aller vier Liganden gegenüber den zweiwertigen Übergangsmetallen Nickel (18–21), Kupfer (22–25) und Eisen (26–36) vorgestellt. Mit Hilfe der Kristallstrukturen der Nickel(II)- und Eisen(II)-Komplexverbindungen wird der Einfluss des jeweiligen Liganden auf die oktaedrisch koordinierten Übergangsmetallzentren aufgezeigt. Anhand der Verzerrungsparameter Σ und S(Oh) wird hierbei die Abweichung der Koordinationsgeometrien vom idealen Oktaeder bestimmt, wobei der Ligand TPD-C1 die Koordinationsgeometrie am Metallzentrum am stärksten verzerrt. In diesem Zusammenhang werden im dritten Abschnitt die Oxidationseigenschaften der Triflato-Eisen(II)-Komplexe (34–36) gegenüber Oxidationsmitteln wie meta-Chlorperbenzoesäure (mCPBA), Disauerstoff oder H2O2 untersucht. Im Einklang mit dem Konzept des entatischen Zustands unterscheiden sich die Oxidationseigenschaften von 34 und 35 mit rigidem Ligandrückgrat (TPD-C2 und TPD-C1) drastisch von denen des Eisen(II)-Komplexes 36 mit offenkettigen Tripyridyldiaminliganden (TPPD). Der Ligand TPPD (5) ist selbst ohne koordiniertes Eisen oxidationsempfindlich. Nach Oxidation von 34 mit mCPBA in MeCN bei –40 °C wird im UV/Vis-Spektrum die Bildung einer Oxoferrylspezies nachgewiesen, wobei eine intramolekulare Hydroxylierung folgt. Die Oxidation von 35 mit mCPBA in MeCN wird unter Annahme der Bildung dreier reaktiver Eisenspezies gedeutet (35a, 35b und 35c). 35a besitzt bei Raumtemperatur eine Halbwertszeit von 80 s und kann mit PPh3, TBP und 9,10-DHA abreagieren. 35b ist zusätzlich in der Lage, eine C–H-Bindung in MeCN zu aktivieren. Die dritte Oxoferrylspezies hydroxyliert intramolekular den Liganden TPD-C1 in benzylischer Position. Zur Erklärung des überraschenden und nicht trivialen Ergebnisses, dass aus nur einer Komplexverbindung [Fe(OTf)(tpd-C1)](OTf) drei reaktive Eisenspezies hervorgehen, wird eine These aufgestellt. Dagegen zeigt die Oxidation von 36 mit mCPBA die Bildung einer Oxoferrylspezies 36a, welche mit 800 s eine sehr viel längere Halbwertszeit als 35a aufweist. Zudem reagiert 36a viel langsamer mit TBP als 35a. In Abwesenheit eines Substrates wird ein lichtabhängiger Reaktionszyklus beschrieben, wobei 36 reversibel oxidiert werden kann. Desweiteren wird gezeigt, dass 34 und 35 in der Lage sind, Disauerstoff zu aktivieren und dagegen 36 über mehrere Tage an Luft stabil ist. Die Oxidation von 35 in MeCN mit H2O2 zeigt, dass der Ligand TPD-C1 in der Lage ist, bei Raumtemperatur eine Eisen(III)-Hydroperoxid-Spezies 35k zu stabilisieren., This thesis is divided into three subject areas and deals with the influence of the geometry of tripyridyldiamine ligands on the reactivity of iron(IV) oxido species. In the first section, the syntheses of four tripyridyldiamine ligands are presented. The syntheses of the ligands start either from the iminoditosylate 2 or from diaminoimine 3. In three of the four N5 chelators, donor set flexibility is reduced owing to aliphatic ring systems present in the ligand backbones, such as 1,3 hexahydropyrimidine (5; TPHP; 5-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-bis(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-hexahydropyrimidine) or 1,4-diazepane (8; TPD-C2; 6-Methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-bis(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-1,4-diazepane, 9; TPD-C1; 6-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4-diazepane). The fourth ligand (15; TPPD; N1,N3,2-trimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-N1,N3-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)propane-1,3-diamine) is an open chain chelate ligand, which is used for comparison. The second section describes the coordination behavior of all four N5 chelators toward divalent transition metals, such as nickel (18–21), copper (22–25), and iron (26–36). The crystal structures of the nickel(II) and iron(II) complex compounds show the influence of the respective ligands on the octahedrally coordinated transition metal centers. The difference between the coordination geometries adopted by the complexes and an ideal octahedron is quantified by means of the distortion parameters Σ und S(Oh); the ligand TPD-C1 distorts the coordination geometry the most. The third section presents the reactivity of the triflato iron complexes (34–36) toward oxidants such as meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), dioxygen or H2O2. In accord with the concept of the entatic state, the oxidizing properties of 34 and 35, which contain a rigid ligand backbone, differ drastically from that of 36. Ligand TPPD (5) is sensitive to oxidation even without coordinated iron. The oxidation of 34 with mCPBA in MeCN at –40 °C gives a highly reactive iron oxido species 34a, as detected by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Subsequently, 34a hydroxylates the ligand TPD-C2 intramolecularly. In contrast, the oxidation of 35 with mCPBA in MeCN at r. t. results in the formation of three highly reactive iron species (35a, 35b und 35c). At r. t., 35a has a half-life of 80 s and can oxidize/dehydrogenate PPh3, TBP and 9,10-DHA. 35b also induces C–H bond fission in MeCN. The third reactive iron species (35c) hydroxylates the ligand TPD-C1 in a benzylic position. To explain the surprising and non-trivial result, namely the formation of three reactive iron species from one complex compound [Fe(OTf)(tpd C1)](OTf), a sequence of reactions is suggested. In contrast, the oxidation of 36 with mCPBA in MeCN at r. t. gives one iron(IV) oxido species (36a). The half-life of 36a is 800 s and thus much longer than that of 35a. In addition, 36a reacts much more slowly with TBP than 35a. In absence of a substrate, 36 can be reversibly oxidized within a light-dependent reaction cycle. Finally, it is shown that, whereas 34 and 35 activate dioxygen, 36 is air-stable for several days. The oxidation of 35 with H2O2 in MeCN at r. t. shows that the ligand TPD-C1 is able to stabilize an iron(III) hydroperoxido-species 35k.
- Published
- 2013
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22. Palladium-NHC Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Fused Indolines via Inert C(sp3)-H Activation
- Author
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Dmitry Katayev, Ernst Peter Kundig, Céline Besnard, and Masafumi Nakanishi
- Subjects
Chiral nhc ,Stereochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,ddc:500.2 ,Indoline ,Medicinal chemistry ,C-H Activation ,Coupling reaction ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,C–h activation ,Asymmetric catalysis ,Moiety ,Methylene ,QD1-999 ,Asymmetric Catalysis ,Chiral NHC ,Chemistry ,Enantioselective synthesis ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Methyl carbamate ,ddc:540 ,Carbene ,Palladium - Abstract
New sterically hindered chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were used in palladium catalysis to bring about a highly enantioselective C(sp3)-H activation on the methylene site of a cycloalkane moiety. The intramolecular coupling reaction of a prochiral N-aryl-N-cycloalkyl methyl carbamate required high temperatures (140–160 °C) and afforded highly enantioenriched trans-2,3-fused indolines.
- Published
- 2012
23. Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed C–C Bond Activations
- Author
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Nicolai Cramer and Tobias Seiser
- Subjects
Stereochemistry ,Enantioselective synthesis ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Ring expansion ,Ring (chemistry) ,Ring strain ,Stereocenter ,Rhodium ,Catalysis ,Metal ,Chemistry ,chemistry ,C-h activation ,visual_art ,Asymmetric catalysis ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Single bond ,QD1-999 ,C-c activation - Abstract
The catalytic activation of carbon–carbon single bonds represents a major challenge in organometallic chemistry. Strained ring substrates occupy in this respect a privileged role as their inherent ring strain facilitates the desired metal insertion. Employing symmetrically substituted tert-cyclobutanols, an enantioselective rhodium(i)-catalyzed ?-carbon elimination creates alkyl-rhodium species bearing all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers. Downstream reactions enable access to a wide range of synthetically versatile products such as substituted cyclohexenones, lactones and indanols with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee.
- Published
- 2010
24. Heterodinukleare Molybdän/Bismut-Organyle
- Author
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Roggan, Jens Stefan, Limberg, Christian, Braun, Thomas, and Wesemann, Lars
- Subjects
heterometallic oxides ,SOHIO Prozess ,bent bonds ,Molybdän ,heterometallic compounds ,Heterdimetallkomplexe ,Oxide ,C-H-Aktivierung ,gebogene Bindungen ,Heterometallische Oxide ,30 Chemie ,molybdenum ,540 Chemie ,ddc:540 ,oxides ,SOHIO process ,C-H activation ,Bismut ,Bismuth - Abstract
Diese Arbeit handelt von der Synthese und Charakterisierung verschiedener molekularer heterobimetallischer Komplexe der Elemente Molybdän und Bismut. Solche Verbindungen können als Modelle für die bei der SOHIO-Oxidation von Propen zu Acrolein zum Einsatz kommenden heterogenen Bismutmolybdat-Katalysatoren angesehen werden, sie sind aber auch als Einkomponentenvorstufen für die Herstellung funktionaler Materialien von Interesse. In Reaktionen zwischen Molybdocendihydriden und Bismutalkoxiden entstehen Komplexe, in denen Molybdän- und Bismutatome Über Metallbindungen verbunden sind. In einigen dieser Komplexe wurden intramolekulare C-H Aktivierungsprozesse beobachtet, die zur Ausbildung gebogener Bindungen zwischen Bismut- und Cyclopentadienyl-Kohlenstoffatomen führen. Die betreffenden Komplexe wurden unter anderem auch mit quantenchemischen Methoden untersucht. Die Synthese und erstmalige strukturelle Charakterisierung von Verbindungen, in denen Molybdän- und Bismutatome Über Sauerstoffatome verbrückt werden, erfolgte mittels Reaktionen zwischen (NBu4)[Cp*MoO3] (Cp* = Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) und geeigneten Bismut(V) oder Bismut(III)-Ausgangsstoffen. Einer dieser Komplexe konnte als Einkomponentenvorstufe für die Herstellung von Bismutmolybdat-Nanopartikeln eingesetzt werden, wobei sich das dabei gebildete Material zudem als selektiver Ethanolsensor erwies. Weiterhin werden in der Arbeit die Synthese und Charakterisierung der Bismut(III)-Verbindungen (o-Tolyl)2BiOR (R = H, Me, Bi(o-Tolyl)2) und ihre wechselseitige Umwandlung beschrieben. The unique property of nMoO3/Bi2O3 phases to act as catalysts for the allylic oxidation of propene remains a subject of intense discussion. This as well as the fact that Mo/Bi oxide materials also show other interesting properties e.g. as gas sensors, stimulates research with respect to this element combination also on the molecular level, as described in this thesis. By reactions between molybdocenedihydrides and bismuth alkoxides a series of complexes was synthesised which contain molybdenum-bismuth bonds in a carbonyl-free ligand sphere. Intramolecular C-H activation processes, facilitated by complex induced proximity effects, lead to the formation of bent bonds in some of these complexes. DFT-calculations were performed in order to obtain insight into the bonding situation of these complexes, too. The first complexes with oxygen bridged molybdenum and bismuth atoms were prepared by reactions between (NBu4)[Cp*MoO3] (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienide) and suited bismuth(III) and bismuth(V) reagents. One of these compounds was used as single source precursor for the preparation of bismuthmolybdate nanoparticles in a procedure based on the polyol method. This material proved to be capable of sensing ethanol selectively at elevated temperatures. Additionally, the synthesis and reactions of some bismuth(III) compounds (o-Tolyl)2BiOR (R = H, Me, Bi(o-Tolyl)2) are described in this thesis.
- Published
- 2007
Catalog
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