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Bulgarian Lexical Stock in a Multifactorial Macrocomparativistic Context While scientific development is advancing with increasing speed, we are gaining access to fast-growing global databases and being presented with new opportunities for scientific cooperation. Applying this new information allows for a broadened view on word-stock in Europe and in the adjacent regions in general, and at the same time enables conclusions to be drawn in relation to the lexical stock of individual languages, such as the Bulgarian language. Illustrating this with some examples, we will attempt to highlight the potential of a multifactorial macrocomparativistic perspective in terms of the prehistory and history of the Bulgarian language. We have chosen the following examples for this purpose: Bulg. mùga, bàra, lòkva, nirèja, vъrbà, òrex, mòrkov, tìkva, rjàpa, kos, cik/čik. In this way, we aim to demonstrate, that Bulgarian lexical stock (the words of which, in many cases, have also been loaned to the Romanian language) is an important element of a large, global, archaic network which has expanded itself over space and a long period of time, illustrating important milestones in the development of humanity over several millennia and pre-dating the Slavic or even Indo-European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of Transnistria is a true ethnic mosaic. The largest group consists of Moldovans (Romanians) - 31.9% according to the 2004 census. They are followed by Russians (30.3%) and Ukrainians (28.8%). The rest of the population is made up of Bulgarians (2%), as well as representatives of other nationalities, including Poles. Most of all Bulgarians live in the village of Parcani, located 5 km west of Tiraspol. The population of the village is more than 10 thousand inhabitants (10.2 thousand), of which 80% are Bulgarians. The village of Parcani was founded around 1740, but the Bulgarians settled here at the beginning of the 19th century (possibly in 1803 or 1811, or even in 1806). Bulgarians also live in Tiraspol and in Rîbniţa. Beginning with the 90ies of the 20th century, two schools from Parcani began to teach the Bulgarian language and the government of Bulgaria is giving great help in this. Also, the Bulgarian population of Transnistria has the opportunity to study Bulgarian language in universities.

The article deals with tip effects between evidential and epistemic components in the meaning potential of evidential markers in Bulgarian, the focus being on sentential adverbs with inferential functions. We justify (and start with) the following assumptions: (i) for any unit we should distinguish its stable semantic meaning from its pragmatic potential which can be favored (or disfavored) by appropriate discourse conditions; (ii) there is a trade off between evidential and epistemic meaning components that are related to each other on the basis of mutual or one-sided implicatures; (iii) one-sided implicatures occur with certain hearsay markers whose epistemic implicatures can be captured as Generalized Conversational Implicatures (GCIs). On this basis, we show that (iv) GCIs work also with inferential markers; they can be classified depending on which component (the inferential or the epistemic one) can be downgraded more easily. A crucial factor favoring the inferential meaning is a perceptual basis of the inference. In general, (v) the more complicated the reconstruction of the cognitive (or communicative) basis leading to an inference, the clearer the epistemic function emerges while the evidential function remains in the background, and vice versa. The study is corpus-driven and also includes an attempt at classifying micro- and macro-contextual conditions that (dis)favor a highlighting of the evidential function. ____________________ Статья посвящена условиям, при которых происходит попеременная актуализация то эвиденциального, то эпистемического компонента в семантическом потенциале эвиденциальных показателей болгарского языка. Сосредоточиваясь на сентенциальных наречиях с инферентивными функциями, мы опираемся на следующие предпосылки: (i) для каждой единицы следует отличать её устойчивое семантическое значение от прагматического потенциала, выявлению которого способствуют (или препятствуют) те или иные коммуникативные условия; (ii) эвиденциальные и эпистемические компоненты значения довольно легко вытесняют друг друга из позиции доминанты, причём процесс подавления то одного, то другого компонента обусловлен действием обоюдных или однонаправленных импликатур; (iii) однонаправленные импликатуры происходят с определёнными показателями репортивных значений, эпистемические импликатуры которых могут быть подведены под категорию обобщённой коммуникативной импликатуры (Generalized Conversational Implicatures, GCIs). На этом основании мы показываем, что (iv) GCIs срабатывают также в значении инферентивных показателей; они могут быть классифицированы в соответствии с тем, какой из компонентов (инферентивный или эпистемический) больше подвержен по давлению. Существенным фактором, способствующим выдвижению на передний план инферентивного компонента, является перцептивная основа инференции. В общем и целом, (v) чем сложнее реконструкция когнитивной (или коммуникативной) основы, ведущей к инференции, тем ярче на переднем плане укрепляется эпистемическая функция, тогда как эвиденциальная (инферентивная) функция остаётся в тени, и наоборот. Наше исследование можно признать экспериментально-эвристическим, и оно содержит попытку классификации условий микро- и макроконтекста, которые способствуют или препятствуют высвечиванию эвиденциальной функции.

This article presents some of the main characteristic features of the Bulgarian Malomirovo dialect (from South-Eastern Bulgaria). The village of Malomirovo, where it is spoken, is situated near the town of Elhovo, in the so-called Zagorian enclave - a territory inhabited by Bulgarians who came there from North-Eastern Bulgaria (Moesia) about 150200 years ago, and mixed with Thracian Bulgarians. The dialect in question is a mixed one, and incorporates elements of at least three other Bulgarian dialects: the Moesian, the Balkan, and the Thracian ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents an analysis of verbal complexes in Bulgarian. The author argues that both "šte" and "da" are modal markers between morphology and syntax. Also discussed is the verb cluster formation, which is more independent than syntactical morphology but more dependent than normal word forms, object clitics, and the characteristics of matrix verbs. The article also includes examples of the conceptual structure of the particle šte and da, that can never be in the same sentence, and a description of da versus ce.

The article discusses South Slavic languages and their forms of address or other lexical elements used to identify a person as a leader. A comparison is given of leadership terms in the languages Serbian, Croatian, and Bulgarian, and it is noted that these languages contain terms that involve ideas of leading or being first. Further terms are described which relate to French terms for military leaders, to the notion of power, and to descriptions of size. The author analyzes both Slavic words and loan words from other languages and cultures in her presentation of research.

The article presents information about the scholarly contributions of 19th century German philologist Gustav Weigand to the department of language studies at the University of Leipzig in Leipzig, Germany. Weigand's specialization in Balkan language studies is described, and note is taken of his broad academic activities as ethnographer, historian, and cultural scientist. Details about Weigand's education are given, such as his training under German philologist August Leskien in Romanian, Albanian, and Bulgarian languages. Comments about Weigand's scholarly publications are also included.

The article presents information about the relations between the development of a school of philology in 19th century Leipzig, Germany, and Slavic language studies completed by German philologist August Leskien. Statistics are given regarding subjects Bulgarian university students pursued between 1879 and 1899 at the University of Leipzig. Descriptions of August Leskien's role as professor of Bulgarian language studies are provided, and it is noted that the university's philology faculty influenced other European language studies departments. Notable students who worked with Leskien are listed, including Baudouin de Courtenay, Alexander Brückner, and Olaf Broch.

The article discusses the publication of Bulgarian language books in Hungary. Some Catholic Bulgarians immigrated to Bánát, Hungary following a rebellion against Turkish forces in 1688. In Hungary, Bulgarians established schools and published books utilizing the Latin alphabet and Croatian and Hungarian orthography and spelling. The author comments on how the books established Bulgarian dialects in literature and marked a transition from Cyrillic forms of Slavonic and vernacular language forms.

Slavic languages show differences in the syntactic realization of arguments of ditransitive verbs as, e.g., 'give'. While Czech and Russian use dative indirect objects (IOs) which precede the direct object (DO), IOs of ditransitives in Bulgarian are marked by a preposition-like element na and follow the DO. The question arises what is the basic linearization of arguments of ditransitives in Russian, Czech, and Bulgarian. We argue that the two structures attested in the languages under investigation do not correspond to what has become known as Dative Alternation in English and that there is no need for specific semantic representations for Bulgarian ditransitives. The hierarchy of argument variables is changed through application of a semantic template.

This article presents the topic of the derivations of the names for the Lemon Balm plant, based on its common name and Latin name "Melissa officinalis." The plant's Latin name is borrowed from the Greek for honey bee, and the common name is due to the lemon scent the leaves give off. The author discusses the history of medical applications for lemon balm. The name "Melissa" is in Bulgarian is compared to other Slavic languages and related back to the Greek meaning and the plant uses and aromas.