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The study examines the microbiome of the scalp and its effects on hair health. The "Scalp-Biome" inhibits harmful bacteria and promotes beneficial bacteria. Clinical studies have shown that the "Scalp-Biome" improves scalp elasticity, reduces redness, reduces dandruff, and reduces itching. It is expected that the "Scalp-Biome" is an excellent solution for restoring scalp health and has a positive impact on hair health. The product has been classified as safe and can be applied in various formulations. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases are often associated with changes in the (gut) microbiome. Objective: Based on studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), an overview of the current evidence of microbial changes and their possible role in the development of these diseases is given. Methods: Analysis, summary, and evaluation of the current literature on (gut) microbiome and neurodegeneration. Results: Numerous studies have shown dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiome of PD and AD patients compared to healthy individuals, some of which might occur even in the prodromal phase. Specifically, these patients show a reduction in bacteria involved in the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids. These microbial alterations have been associated with systemic inflammation and a compromised integrity of the intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier. Bacterial molecules such as lipopolysaccharides may play an important role in these changes. Additionally, the bacterial protein curli, found on the surface of e.g., Escherichia coli, has been shown in vitro and in animal models to promote the misfolding of α-synuclein, thus suggesting a crucial pathomechanism. Moreover, certain oral bacteria appear to be more prevalent in AD patients and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Conclusion: Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with dysbiosis of the (gut) microbiome, which can have diverse systemic effects; however, it remains unclear whether this dysbiosis is a cause or a consequence of the diseases. Further investigation of this (prodromal) microbial imbalance could reveal new approaches for targeted therapeutic manipulation of the microbiome to modify and prevent these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite natural protective barriers, many human pathogens can penetrate the nervous system. The pathogens have developed sophisticated mechanisms to overturn the privileged immune status of the nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) has natural barriers and immunological protective mechanisms, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), that prevent the invasion of pathogens. Bacteria enter the CNS, for example, through transcellular penetration, paracellular entry or via infected leucocytes from the peripheral circulation. Viruses can enter the CNS by hematogenous routes, by direct infection of endothelial cells or by paracellular passage between disrupted endothelial cells (cribriform plate). Also, a few "enhanced barriers", such as the cribriform plate and circumventricular organs (CVO) can serve as entry points for viruses. Viruses can also gain access to the CNS by infection of peripheral nerves. Importantly, most successful neurotropic pathogens are not necessarily restricted to a CNS entry portal. The majority of viral pathogens are of animal origin. Through sometimes sophisticated immune mechanisms for example in bats, highly pathogenic pathogens arose through cross-species transmission. In the last 50 years, various viruses, such as West Nile, Ebola, Marburg, Zika, Nipah and Hendra viruses have also been transmitted from animals to humans. Knowledge of these biological strategies is crucial to hinder, contain or prevent CNS infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers from the Ruhr-University Bochum have found that bacteria that overproduce the heat shock protein Hsp33 can withstand plasma treatment better than other bacteria. The heat shock protein prevents the clumping of proteins, which can be toxic to cells. The researchers were also able to demonstrate that certain plasma species can activate the heat shock protein. The study was published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers insight into the life and works of German physician, Helmut Rische. It mentions his career, his research into the typing of bacteria as well as his success in elucidating infection chains, and his efforts to prevent the development of resistance. It also mentions that he established the lysotype systems.

The article offers information on a study according to which designed primer pair and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are effective in detecting Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi which is a fish pathogen responsible for high mortalities in farmed Atlantic salmon. Topics include use of Insta Gene Matrix for extracting Chromosomal DNA from bacteria; conduction of triplicate reactions in independent DNA extracts; and mentions that PCRs were performed on gill, kidney, skin and lesion samples.

Unter den nekrotisierenden Haut- und Weichteilinfekten („necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections“ [NSSTIs]) wird eine Entität seltener Infektionserkrankungen zusammengefasst, die ein breites Spektrum an klinischen Erscheinungsbildern bieten. Diese reichen von oberflächlichen Hautnekrosen ohne systemische Infektzeichen bis zur klassischen nekrotisierenden Fasziitis mit begleitender fulminanter Sepsis und einer Dynamik, die innerhalb von Stunden zum Tode führen kann. Eine international einheitliche Klassifikation gibt es nicht. Charakteristisch sind die Infektion und das klinische und histologische Bild der Nekrosen der beteiligten Weichteilschichten, ausgelöst durch unterschiedliche Bakterien als mono- oder polymikrobielle Infektion. Das klinische Erscheinungsbild reicht von subakuten bis fulminanten Verläufen. Entscheidend für die Prognose bei den fulminant verlaufenden NSSTIs sind daher die richtige Einschätzung und Diagnosestellung. Diese erfolgt initial ohne Kenntnis des Keimspektrums, ohne genaue Kenntnis der betroffenen Weichteilschichten und ohne histologische Sicherung der Diagnose. Daher kommt der ersten klinischen Diagnosestellung eine wichtige Bedeutung zu, da diese auch für die Therapieentscheidungen Weichen stellt. Im Folgenden sollen die klinische Diagnose, Differenzialdiagnose, Therapieoptionen und Prognosefaktoren der NSSTIs praxisnah dargestellt werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of bacteria as a mode of communication between small signal molecules. Topics discussed include how it is controlled by using the infection-relevant processes, suppression of the communication process, treatment of infections b using a promising approach and formation of biofilms in these processes.

Mediastinitis occurs as a severe complication of thoracic and cardiac surgical interventions and is the result of traumatic esophageal perforation, conducted infections or as a result of lymphogenic and hematogenic spread of specific infective pathogens. Treatment must as a rule be accompanied by antibiotics, whereby knowledge of the spectrum of pathogens depending on the pathogenesis is indispensable for successful antibiotic therapy. Polymicrobial infections with a high proportion of anaerobes are found in conducted infections of the mediastinum and after esophageal perforation. After cardiac surgery Staphylococci are the dominant pathogens and a nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus seems to be a predisposing risk factor. Fungi are the predominant pathogens in immunocompromised patients with consumptive underlying illnesses and can cause acute or chronic forms with granulomatous inflammation. Resistant pathogens are increasingly being found in high-risk patient cohorts, which must be considered for a calculated therapy. For calculated antibiotic therapy the administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, mostly beta-lactams alone or combined with metronidazole is the therapy of choice for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria inclusive of anaerobes. For patients at risk, additional antibiotic classes with a spectrum against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) can be administered. Increasing rates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. Enterobacteriaceae) and non-fermenting bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter) in individual cases necessitates the use of polymyxins (e.g. colistin), new tetracyclines (e.g. glycylglycines) and newly developed combinations of beta-lactams and beta-lactam inhibitors. For treatment of fungal infections (e.g. Candida, Aspergillus and Histoplasma) established and novel azoles, amphotericin B and echinocandins seem to be successful; however, detection of Candida, particularly in mixed infections does not always necessitate treatment. Mediastinitis is still a severe infectious disease with a high mortality, which necessitates an early and broad spectrum antibiotic therapy; however, with respect to optimal duration of therapy and selection of antibiotics, data from good quality comparative studies are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One week after weaning the rabbit's intestines are almost functionally mature, although the bacterial diversity can still change. Microorganisms populate the whole gastrointestinal tract, but the highest concentrations can be found in the caecum and colon of rabbits. Besides smaller amounts of archaea, yeasts and protozoa, bacteria account for the majority of microorganisms in the intestines of rabbits. In the first two weeks of the rabbit's life the ratio between facultative and obligatory anaerobes is constant. Then Bacteroides dominate the intestinal microbiome followed by Clostridium, Endosporus and Acuformis. Hard and soft faeces generally differ in bacterial composition, particularly in rabbits with less weight. The occurrence of specific bacteria in hard faeces shows a correlation with the weight of rabbits. Obviously feeding has an effect on intestinal microbes. Restricted feeding for a short-time improved intestinal health. Especially dietary fibre seemed to be suitable to prevent gastrointestinal disturbances in young rabbits. Fibre provides the main energy source for bacteria in the intestine of rabbits. The bacteria, which are able to ferment cellulose, xylane and pectin, established themselves with solid feed intake. An early maturation and thus stabilisation of the microbiome seems to be worthwhile in this early stage of life. High neutral detergent soluble fibre with simultaneously low neutral detergent fibre contents in the diet increase the quantity of bacteria. However, other than the known fibre degrading bacteria like Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, are involved in this fibre decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of growing bacterial resistance against antimicrobiotic drugs the broad prescription of antibiotics in human medicine must be carefully considered. The perioperative antibiotic treatment is in the center of that conflict. On the one hand an efficient pathogen reduction for the preemptive treatment of infectious complications is desired but on the other hand it is suspected that this promotes the selection of multiresistant pathogens which could lead to an increase of more complicated nosocomial infections. The aim of this article is a critical appraisal of this subject on the basis of the 2012 guidelines of the German working group of Hygiene in Hospital and Practice (AWMF) and the 2010 recommendations of the Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measures for infection control in The Netherlands and Germany are regulated differently and substantial optimization is necessary particularly in Germany but in The Netherlands there are also some areas which could be improved. The situation is presented with respect to dealing with patients infected with superbacteria or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), hygiene measures and measures for infection prophylaxis in both countries. The cooperation of the two countries in the field of infection prophylaxis will be discussed and current and future problems will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections of an implanted hernia mesh are a major challenge. The incidence of mesh infections after incisional hernia repair is about 1% for endoscopic techniques and can be more than 15% in open techniques. Intraoperative mesh contamination is considered to be the primary cause. All woven or knitted hernia meshes have recesses where bacteria may adhere and establish colonies. The bacterial spectrum for mesh infection includes skin pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus spp., as well as E. coli, Enterococcus and Mycobacteria. The therapy approach needs to be tailored to the morphological findings and the treatment for uncomplicated phlegmon is broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. If there is encapsulated fluid accumulation, CT-controlled drainage and daily infusion of antiseptics via the drain is a good option. For dermal necrosis, mesh fistula, exposed mesh or enterocutaneous fistula, a precise CT evaluation is necessary to tailor the operation. Vacuum systems are gaining increased acceptance in conditioning the local findings. For most patients the therapeutic concept will be based on individual decisions. If parts of a formerly infected mesh remain in the patient, a lifelong follow-up is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the influence of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria on the growth of crops at moderate climates. Connectivity between crop growth and nitrogenase activity of the bacteria; Role of bacteria in crop growth.

1-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glycerol was shown in a previous publication [1] to be an abnormal inducer. It has a maximal activity even at 10-7 M [2] whereby no autocatalytic phase can be observed. On addition of galactose the quoted abnormal behaviour of the inducer galactosyl glycerol is normalized. From these data it was concluded that for this particular case galactose competes with galactosyl glycerol for a lac-operon independent permease. We could now show that the abnormal behaviour of the inducer galactosyl glycerol also disappears when a bacterial strain is used which lacks the gen MGP for the methyl galactoside permease. This gen maps outside the lac operon of the Escherichia coli chromosome [4] and his expression is constitutive under the conditions of the experiment. In order to prove the responsibility of the methyl galactoside permease for the abnormal behaviour of galactosyl glycerol as inducer we measured the accumulation of galactosyl glycerol in uninduced clls of E. coli K 12 W 3100 and W 3092i, MGP+-and MGP--strains respectively. It could be shown that in fact the strain W 3100 accumulates galactosyl glycerol whereas the strain W 3092i does not. Since derivatives of galactosyl glycerol are probably the most, abundant galactosides in nature it seems likely that galactosyl glycerol is the main natural galactoside substrate during the evolution of the ‘Lac’ operon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Do bacterial infections cause osteoarthritis of the knee? Methods: PubMed literature search Results: No longitudinal studies could be found, but some evidence of severe progression. Conclusion: The expert opinion is that severe infections can lead to osteoarthritis of the knee, despite the lack of studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]