62 results on '"BIOCATALYSIS"'
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2. Towards Greener and More Cost-efficient Biosynthesis of Pharmaceuticals and Fragrance Molecules
- Author
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Ana I. Benítez Mateos
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Enzyme immobilization ,Flow chemistry ,Sustainability ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Enzymes are natural catalysts which are gaining momentum in chemical synthesis due to their exquisiteselectivity and their biodegradability. However, the cost-efficiency and the sustainability of the overall biocatalytic process must be enhanced to unlock completely the potential of enzymes for industrial applications. To reach this goal, enzyme immobilization and the integration into continuous flow reactors have been the cornerstone of our research. We showed key examples of the advantages of those tools for the biosynthesis of antivirals, anticancer drugs, and valuable fragrance molecules. By combining new strategies to immobilize biocatalysts, innovative bioengineering approaches, and process development, the performance of the reactions could be boosted up to 100-fold.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Excelzyme: A Swiss University-Industry Collaboration for Accelerated Biocatalyst Development
- Author
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Sumire Honda Malca, Peter Stockinger, Nadine Duss, Daniela Milbredt, Hans Iding, and Rebecca Buller
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Automation ,Biocatalysis ,Bioinformatics ,Enzyme engineering ,Machine learning ,Pharmaceutical industry ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Excelzyme, an enzyme engineering platform located at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences, is dedicated to accelerating the development of tailored biocatalysts for large-scale industrial applications. Leveraging automation and advanced computational techniques, including machine learning, efficient biocatalysts can be generated in short timeframes. Toward this goal, Excelzyme systematically selects suitable protein scaffolds as the foundation for constructing complex enzyme libraries, thereby enhancing sequence and structural biocatalyst diversity. Here, we describe applied workflows and technologies as well as an industrial case study that exemplifies the successful application of the workflow.
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
4. Electron-Transferring Metalloenzymes and their Potential Biotechnological Applications
- Author
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Ross D. Milton
- Subjects
Ammonia ,Biocatalysis ,Hydrogenase ,Metalloenzyme ,Nitrogen fixation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Modern societies rely heavily on centralized industrial processes to generate a multitude of products ranging from electrical energy to synthetic chemical building blocks to construction materials. To date, these processes have relied extensively on energy produced from fossil fuels, which has led to dramatically increased quantities of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide) being released into the atmosphere; the effects of the ensuing change to our climate are easily observed in day-to-day life. Some of the reactions catalyzed by these industrial processes can be catalyzed in nature by metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) that have evolved over the course of up to 3.8 billion years to do so under mild physiological conditions using Earth-abundant metals. While such metalloenzymes could in principle facilitate the implementation of carbon-neutral processes around the globe, either in “bio-inspired” catalyst design or even by direct exploitation, many remaining questions surrounding their mechanisms often preclude both options. Here, our recent efforts in understanding and applying metalloenzymes that catalyze reactions such as dinitrogen reduction to ammonia or proton reduction to molecular hydrogen are discussed. In closing, an opinion on the question: “Can these types of enzymes really be used in new biotechnologies?” is offered.
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- 2024
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5. Microbial Biocatalysis within Us: The Underexplored Xenobiotic Biotransformation Potential of the Urinary Tract Microbiota
- Author
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Thierry D. Marti, Milo R. Schärer, and Serina L. Robinson
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Artificial sweeteners ,Biocatalysis ,Genome mining ,Gut microbiota ,Pharmaceuticals ,Urinary tract ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Enzymatic biotransformation of xenobiotics by the human microbiota mediates diet-drug-microbe-host interactions and affects human health. Most research on xenobiotics has focused on the gut microbiota while neglecting other body sites, yet over two-thirds of pharmaceuticals are primarily excreted in urine. As a result, the urinary microbiota is exposed to many xenobiotics in much higher concentrations than in the gut. Microbial xenobiotic biocatalysis in the bladder has implications for urinary tract infections and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. However, we have limited knowledge of biotransformations catalyzed by the urinary microbiota. In this perspective, we investigated differences in physicochemical conditions and microbial community composition between the gut and urinary tract. We used a comparative enzyme class mining approach to profile the distribution of xenobiotic-transforming enzyme homologs in genomes of urinary bacteria. Our analysis revealed a discontinuous distribution of enzyme classes even among closely related organisms. We detected diverse amidase homologs involved in pharmaceutical and dietary additive biotransformation pathways, pinpointing microbial candidates to validate for their involvement in xenobiotic transformations in urine. Overall, we highlight the biocatalytic potential of urinary tract bacteria as a lens to study how the human microbiota may respond and adapt to xenobiotic inputs.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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6. Enanatioselective Switch and Potential Applications in Biocatalysis
- Author
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Lucia Robustini and Francesca Paradisi
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Enantiopreference ,Enzymes ,Transaminase ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Enantioselectivity has always been a key feature of enzymatic synthesis. In some cases, when enzymes are not strictly enantioselective, by tuning the reaction conditions it is possible to induce an enantioselective switch. A transaminase from Halomonas elongata (ω-HeWT), while generally S-selective, could be shifted towards generating the R-enantiomer at higher concentrations of amino acceptor or ionic strength, for example. Other enzymes are reported to have a similar behavior, and here we discuss some of them and their potential applications.
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- 2023
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7. Biotechnology – A Tool to Transform Givaudan’s Fragrance Ingredients Palette
- Author
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Eric Eichhorn, Corinne Baumgartner, and Marc Biermann
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Alcohol dehydrogenase ,Biocatalysis ,Ene reductase ,Fragrances ,Squalene-hopene cyclase ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
To support perfumers in their creation of olfactive signatures resulting in unique and instantly recognizable perfumes, there is a constant demand for the development of new odorant molecules and of novel processes for their production. Increasing the sustainability of both the molecules and the processes is a crucial activity at Givaudan. Biocatalysis has the potential to positively influence metrics applied at Givaudan that drive and measure our ambition to innovate responsibly, which is summarized in the FiveCarbon Path™. It targets an increased use of renewable carbon, carbon efficiency in synthesis, and the production of powerful and biodegradable odorant molecules while maximizing the use of upcycled carbon available from waste and side streams. This review illustrates with some examples how enzymes selected from the oxidoreductase and isomerase enzyme classes are applied at Givaudan for the preparation of odorant molecules both at laboratory and industrial scale.
- Published
- 2023
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8. Evolution of Biocatalysis at Novartis over the last 40 Years
- Author
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Elina Siirola, Fabian Eggimann, Charles Moore, Kirsten Schroer, Alexandra Vargas, Theo Peschke, Thierry Schlama, and Radka Snajdrova
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Bioinformatics ,Enzyme evolution ,Late-stage functionalization ,Metabolite synthesis ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The fortieth anniversary of biocatalysis started at Ciba-Geigy and later at Novartis is a great time to pause and reflect on development of science and technology in this field. Enzyme-based synthesis became a highly valued enabling tool for pharmaceutical research and development over the last decades. In this perspective we aim to discuss how the scientific approaches and trends evolved over the time and present future challenges and opportunities.
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- 2023
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9. Late Microaerobic Growth for Efficient Production of Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 in E. coli
- Author
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Luca Marchetti, Matteo Planchestainer, Sven Panke, and Martin Held
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Cytochrome P450 ,Drug development ,Fermentation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Detailed preclinical characterization of metabolites formed in vivo from candidate drug substances is mandatory prior to the initiation of clinical trials. Therefore, inexpensive and efficient methods for drug metabolite synthesis are of high importance for rapid advancement of the drug development process. A large fraction of small molecule drugs is modified by monooxygenase cytochrome P450 3A4 produced in the human liver and intestine. Therefore, this enzyme is frequently employed to catalyze metabolite synthesis in vitro, making 3A4 availability a critical requirement in early drug development. Unfortunately, the recombinant production of this enzyme in microbial hosts is notoriously difficult. Maintaining low oxygen transfer rates and the use of rich media for host cultivation are required for P450 3A4 production. However, detailed studies on the relationship between oxygen supply and P450 3A4 space-time yields are missing. We describe an improved biotechnological process for the heterologous expression of P450 3A4 together with its redox partner, cytochrome P450 reductase, in Escherichia coli. Enzyme production was most efficient under so-called “late microaerobic” growth conditions, in which the cells have just not yet made the switch to anaerobic metabolism, characterized by a limited oxygen supply leading to oxygen concentrations in the liquid phase that are far below the detection limit of standard oxygen electrodes. Furthermore, feeding the carbon source glycerol as well as controlling cellular acetate formation improved process productivity. The presented protocol resulted in the formation of functional recombinant 3A4 at concentrations up to 680 nmol L-1.
- Published
- 2023
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10. Polymer Chemistry: A primer to enzymatic polymer degradation.
- Author
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Xu, Chengzhang, Agarwal, Seema, Möglich, Andreas, and Greiner, Andreas
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CHEMICAL recycling ,POLYESTER films ,HYDROLASES ,POLYOLEFINS ,CHEMICAL potential ,POLYMERS ,BIOCATALYSIS ,POLYMER degradation - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
11. Flow chemistry Set-up Enables Integration of Chemo- and Biocatalysis
- Author
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Pablo Díaz-Kruik, Stefania Gianolio, and Francesca Paradisi
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Enzymes ,Flow chemistry ,Sustainability ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The move towards sustainable syntheses is a widespread effort which sees academia and industry developing new strategies and solutions. Flow chemistry, and in general the flow set up, with the compartmentalization of different steps in dedicated reactors, offers new possibility to integrate biocatalytic steps within a chemical cascade, often without the need to redesign the whole pathway. Here we report key examples in the field over the past few years.
- Published
- 2023
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12. Kurz notiert: Was der Industrie weiterhilft.
- Author
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Bulmahn, Maren
- Subjects
OFFSHORE structures ,MANUFACTURING processes ,HYDROGEN production ,LITHIUM-ion batteries ,WIND turbines ,BIOCATALYSIS ,ELECTROLYTIC cells - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
13. Trendbericht Biochemie 2022: Späte Funktionalisierung mit Biokatalysatoren aus Naturstoffsynthesen.
- Author
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Haslinger, Kristina and Schmidt, Sandy
- Subjects
CHEMICAL libraries ,BIOCATALYSIS ,PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry ,NATURAL products ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,ENZYMES ,PHOTOCATALYSIS - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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14. Trendbericht Biochemie 2022: Enzyme in neuem Licht.
- Subjects
SYNTHETIC proteins ,CYTOSKELETAL proteins ,ENZYMES ,STEREOSELECTIVE reactions ,PHOTOCATALYSTS ,BIOCATALYSIS ,PROTEIN analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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15. Development of the Commercial Manufacturing Process for Ipatasertib
- Author
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Stephan Bachmann, Hans Iding, Christian Lautz, Isabelle Thomé-Pfeiffer, Caroline Maierhofer, Régis Mondière, Christoph Strasser, Thomas Bär, André Aebi, Andre Schuster, and Philipp Schmidt
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,catalysis ,drug development ,enzyme ,metal catalysis ,green chemistry ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Ipatasertib is a potent small molecule Akt kinase inhibitor currently being tested in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple negative metastatic breast cancer. In this paper an overview of the development achievements towards the commercial manufacturing process is given. The convergent synthesis consists of ten steps with eight isolated intermediates and utilizes a wide range of chemical techniques and technologies to build-up this complex drug. All three stereocenters are introduced using enzyme or metal catalysis.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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16. Der richtige Dreh mit Licht.
- Author
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Pospech, Jola and Mayer, Thea S.
- Subjects
RADICALS (Chemistry) ,VISIBLE spectra ,BIOCATALYSIS ,BIOCHEMICAL substrates ,RHODIUM ,CATALYSIS - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Implementation of Biocatalysis in Continuous Flow for the Synthesis of Small Cyclic Amines
- Author
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Elmear Hegarty and Francesca Paradisi
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,continuous flow synthesis ,immobilization ,small cyclic amines ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Significant progress has been made in establishing transaminases as robust biocatalysts for the green and scalable synthesis of a diverse range of chiral amines. However, very few examples on the amination of small cyclic ketones have been reported. Cyclic ketones are particularly challenging for transaminase enzymes because they do not display the well-defined small and large substituent areas that are characteristic for the bio- catalytic mechanism. In this work, we exploited the broad substrate scope of the (S)-selective transaminase from Halomonas elongata (HeWT) to develop an efficient biocatalytic system in continuous flow to generate a range of small cyclic amines which feature very often in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. [3] Tetrahydrofuran-3-one and other challenging prochiral ketones were rapidly (5–45 min) transformed to their corresponding amines with excellent molar conversion (94–99%) and moderate to excellent ee.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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18. Biocatalysis and Flow Chemistry: Artificial Cell Factories
- Author
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Francesca Paradisi
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,biotransformations ,continuous flow synthesis ,green chemistry ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Our research focusses on highly sustainable enzymatic methods for the preparation of valuable molecules, spanning from pharmaceuticals, to small chiral intermediates, to flavours and perfumes. Specifically, we aim at developing strategies which will rapidly bridge the gap between academic discovery and industrial implementation. The use of enzymes in industrial processes is becoming more prominent and there is a need to combine the advantages of biocatalysis with high productivity to make it truly attractive. We have been among the pioneers of a new wave of research in the field of flow biocatalysis: whole cells expressing biocatalysts and cell-free systems have been developed by us and others in continuous systems for the preparation of valuable products. Continuous flow biocatalysis is the state of the art in continuous processing and is showing new exceptional properties of enzymes specially for what concerns their efficiency and long-lasting reusability. Here we report on the recent progress in the field by our research group.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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19. The Development of Biocatalysis as a Tool for Drug Discovery
- Author
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Jenny Schwarz, Katrin Rosenthal, Radka Snajdrova, Matthias Kittelmann, and Stephan Lütz
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,chiral building blocks ,drug metabolites ,natural product modifications ,pharmacological activity ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Enzymes are versatile biocatalysts capable of performing selective reactions. The advantages of enzymes in comparison to classical chemistry including chemical catalysts are the generally milder process conditions and avoidance of harmful reactants. Their high selectivity and specificity are especially beneficial for the enzymatic synthesis of new products with potential applications in drug research. Therefore, in the past decades, the utilization of isolated enzymes or whole-cell biocatalysts has spread through a growing number of biotechnological industries. The applications comprise the production of chiral building blocks for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry, the enzymatic synthesis of drug metabolites for testing of toxicity, function, biological activity, degradation and the production of biocatalytically modified natural products, which all play a role in drug discovery. Especially Oreste Ghisalba's contributions, which paved the way for the industrial use of enzymes, will be considered in this review.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A Bio-logical Approach to Catalysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry
- Author
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Greg Mann and Frédéric V. Stanger
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biocatalysis ,enzymes ,green ,sustainable ,synthesis ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Enzymes have the potential to catalyse complex chemical reactions with unprecedented selectivity, under mild conditions in aqueous media. Accordingly, there is serious interest from the pharmaceutical industry to utilize enzymes as biocatalysts to produce medicines in an environmentally sustainable and economic manner. Prominent advances in the field of biotechnology have transformed this potential into a reality. Using modern protein engineering techniques, in a matter of months it is possible to evolve an enzyme, which fits the demands of a chemical process, or even to catalyse entirely novel chemistry. Consequently, biocatalysis is routinely applied throughout the pharmaceutical industry for a variety of applications, ranging from the manufacture of large volumes of high value blockbuster drugs to expanding the chemical space available for drug discovery.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC): Past, Present and Future
- Author
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Steven Hanlon
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,swiss industrial biocatalysis consortium (sibc) ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Since its inception in 2004, the Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC) has brought together scientists from the Pharma, Fine Chemicals, Agrochemicals and Flavor and Fragrance Industries with the goal of promoting biocatalysis inside and outside of Switzerland as well as providing mutual benefits in the form of pre-competitive knowledge sharing. One of the 'founding fathers' of the SIBC was of course Oreste Ghisalba, whom we are honoring here in this special edition. The history of the SIBC as well as current activities and future challenges will be presented.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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22. Photo-Biocatalytic Cascades for the Synthesis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks.
- Author
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Lauder, Kate and Castagnolo, Daniele
- Abstract
Biocatalysis is a branch of catalysis that exploits enzymes to perform highly stereoselective chemical transformations under mild and sustainable conditions. This Synpact highlights how biocatalysis can be used in the synthesis of chiral 1,3-mercaptoalkanols, an important class of compounds responsible for the flavours and aromas of many foods and beverages. The identification of two ketoreductase (KRED) enzymes able to reduce prochiral ketone precursors enantioselectively to 1,3-mercaptoalkanols bearing a C–O stereocentre is presented. In addition, the combination of a photocatalytic thia-Michael reaction to access prochiral ketones with subsequent KRED-biocatalysed reduction in a one-pot cascade is presented. Photo-biocatalysed cascades represent one of the new and most intriguing challenges in synthetic chemistry, because the combination of different catalytic methodologies in domino processes offers unique opportunities to outperform sequential reactions with a high degree of selectivity and the avoidance of the need to isolate reaction intermediates. 1 Introduction 2 Biocatalytic Synthesis of 1,3-Mercaptoalkanols 3 Photo-Biocatalytic Synthesis of 1,3-Mercaptoalkanols 4 Photo-Biocatalysed Cascade Reactions 5 Conclusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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23. Enzymatic PET Degradation
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Athena Papadopoulou, Katrin Hecht, and Rebecca Buller
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Biodegradation ,Enzyme engineering ,Plastic recycling ,Pet ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Plastic, in the form of packaging material, disposables, clothing and other articles with a short lifespan, has become an indispensable part of our everyday life. The increased production and use of plastic, however, accelerates the accumulation of plastic waste and poses an increasing burden on the environment with negative effects on biodiversity and human health. PET, a common thermoplastic, is recycled in many countries via thermal, mechanical and chemical means. Recently, several enzymes have been identified capable of degrading this recalcitrant plastic, opening possibilities for the biological recycling of the omnipresent material. In this review, we analyze the current knowledge of enzymatic PET degradation and discuss advances in improving the involved enzymes via protein engineering. Looking forward, the use of plastic degrading enzymes may facilitate sustainable plastic waste management and become an important tool for the realization of a circular plastic economy.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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24. Bio-Inspired Polymersome Nanoreactors
- Author
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Omar Rifaie-Graham, Edward A. Apebende, and Nico Bruns
- Subjects
Amphiphilic block copolymers ,Biocatalysis ,Nanoreactors ,Transient out-of-equilibrium systems ,Vesicles ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Abstract: Two key concepts in living organisms are that biochemical reactions are sequestered into reaction compartments such as cells and organelles, and that many of the complex biological reaction cascades involve transient activation of reactions in response to external triggers. Here we review our efforts to implement these concepts into artificial nanoreactors. Block copolymer vesicles (polymersomes) for laccase-catalyzed oxidations as well as a generally applicable permeabilization method for polymersome membranes are highlighted. Moreover, polymersome nanoreactors that can be switched on by visible light and that immediately return to their off state in the dark are reviewed. These systems have the potential to create bio-inspired catalytic systems, e.g. to orchestrate reaction cascades.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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25. Innovation in Biocatalysis – A Swiss Network Project Coordinated by the Competence Center for Biocatalysis (CCBIO)
- Author
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Katrin Hecht
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Enzymes ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Biocatalysis – the application of enzymes or microbes in chemistry – has developed into one of the key technologies of the 21st century. Enzymes in isolated form, as a cell extract or whole cell biocatalysts can be used to replace or supplement purely chemical process routes with the goal to make chemical synthesis more efficient, environmentally friendly, sustainable and potentially more cost-effective.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Evolution im Reagenzglas.
- Subjects
METALLOENZYMES ,PROTEIN engineering ,BIOCATALYSIS ,METHODS engineering ,ENZYMES - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Start me up: Neue Unternehmen.
- Author
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Bengs, Holger
- Subjects
LITHIUM-ion battery manufacturing ,DRUG delivery systems ,BIOCATALYSIS ,ENZYMES ,INDUSTRIAL costs - Abstract
Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The Development of Biocatalysis as a Tool for Drug Discovery
- Author
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Radka Snajdrova, Matthias Kittelmann, Stephan Lütz, Katrin Rosenthal, and Jenny Schwarz
- Subjects
Drug ,biocatalysis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,High selectivity ,010402 general chemistry ,natural product modifications ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Chemistry ,drug metabolites ,chiral building blocks ,Drug Discovery ,media_common ,Biological Products ,Chemistry ,Drug discovery ,Biological activity ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Enzymatic synthesis ,0104 chemical sciences ,Process conditions ,Enzymes ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Biocatalysis ,Fine chemical ,pharmacological activity ,Biochemical engineering ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Enzymes are versatile biocatalysts capable of performing selective reactions. The advantages of enzymes in comparison to classical chemistry including chemical catalysts are the generally milder process conditions and avoidance of harmful reactants. Their high selectivity and specificity are especially beneficial for the enzymatic synthesis of new products with potential applications in drug research. Therefore, in the past decades, the utilization of isolated enzymes or whole-cell biocatalysts has spread through a growing number of biotechnological industries. The applications comprise the production of chiral building blocks for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry, the enzymatic synthesis of drug metabolites for testing of toxicity, function, biological activity, degradation and the production of biocatalytically modified natural products, which all play a role in drug discovery. Especially Oreste Ghisalba's contributions, which paved the way for the industrial use of enzymes, will be considered in this review.
- Published
- 2020
29. Enzymatische Synthese von chiralen, mehrfach substituierten Heterozyklen durch Verwendung einer neuartigen Gruppe von Zyklasen
- Author
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Wagner, Lisa
- Subjects
heterocycles ,IMOMA ,biocatalysis ,Heterozyklen ,intramolecular oxa-Michael addition ,Zyklasen ,PKS ,Intramolekulare Oxa-Michael-Addition ,Polyketide ,Biokatalyse ,cyclases - Abstract
Im Rahmen dieser Promotionsarbeit wurde die Grundlage für die Etablierung einer neuartigen Gruppe von Zyklasen in der chemoenzymatischen Synthese geschaffen mit dem Fernziel eine „biokatalytischen Werkzeugkiste“ zu entwickeln, mit der sich gezielt Heterozyklen mit bestimmten Eigenschaften herstellen lassen. Hierfür wurde eine kürzlich charakterisierte Gruppe von IMOMA-Zyklasen, die in unterschiedlichen Naturstoffbiosynthesen Sauerstoffheterozyklen über eine intramolekulare oxa-MICHAEL-Addition bilden, eingehender untersucht und ihr Potential für eine synthetische Nutzung evaluiert. Die durchgeführten Arbeiten erweiterten die Auswahl an charakterisierten IMOMA-Zyklasen und schaffen am Beispiel der detaillierten Studie zu AmbDH3 eine Blaupause für entsprechende Untersuchungen verwandter Zyklasen in der Zukunft. Hiermit rückt eine Verwendung dieses neuen Enzymtyps in der chemoenzymatischen Synthese näher. Die bisher gewonnenen Erkenntnisse legen nahe, dass die Verwendung dieser Zyklasen gegenüber der verfügbaren chemischen Synthesemethodologie für die IMOMA bedeutende Vorteile, wie eine hochkonservierte Stereoselektivität und die Möglichkeit zur kinetischen Racematspaltung, bietet.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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30. Copper-induced Production of Laccases for Lignin Depolymerisation and Micropollutant Degradation by Laccase-mediator Systems
- Author
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Lauriane, Pillet, Remy, Dufresne, and Simon, Crelier
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Laccase mediators ,Laccase ,Biocatalysis ,Fungi ,Lignin depolymerisation ,Micropollutant degradation ,Lignin ,QD1-999 ,Copper - Abstract
Contaminants deriving from human activities represent a constantly growing threat to our environment and have a direct impact on plant and animal health. To alleviate this ecological imbalance, biocatalysis offers a green and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical processes. Due to their broad specificity, laccases are enzymes possessing excellent potential for synthetic biotransformations in various fields as well as for the degradation of organic contaminants. Herein, we produced laccases in submerged cultures of P. ostreatus and T. versicolor in three different media. The fungi/medium combination leading to the highest enzymatic activity was malt extract (2%) + yeast extract (3%) + glucose (0.8%). Laccase production was further increased by supplementing this medium with different concentrations of Cu2+, which also provided a better understanding of the induction effect. Additionally, we disclose preliminary results on the interaction of laccases with mediators (ABTS and violuric acid - VA) for two main applications: lignin depolymerisation with guaiacylglycerol-?-guaiacyl ether (GBG) as lignin model and micropollutant degradation with Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBB) as enzymatic bioremediation model. Promising results were achieved using VA to increase depolymerization of GBG dimer and to enhance RBB decolorisation.
- Published
- 2021
31. Evolving P450pyr Monooxygenase for Regio- and Stereoselective Hydroxylations
- Author
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Yi Yang and Zhi Li
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,C-h activation ,Directed evolution ,Hydroxylation ,P450 monooxygenase ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
P450pyr monooxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 catalysed the regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation at a non-activated carbon atom, a useful but challenging reaction in classic chemistry, with unique substrate specificity for a number of alicyclic compounds. New P450pyr mutants were developed by directed evolution with improved catalytic performance, thus significantly extending the application of the P450pyr monooxygenase family in biohydroxylation to prepare useful and valuable chiral alcohols. Directed evolution of P450pyr created new enzymes with improved S-enantioselectivity or R-enantioselectivity for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl pyrrolidine, enhanced regioselectivity for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl pyrrolidinone, and increased enantioselectivity for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl piperidinone, respectively. Directed evolution of P450pyr generated also mutants with fully altered regioselectivity (from terminal to subterminal) and newly created excellent S-enantioselectivity for the biohydroxylation of n-octane and propylbenzene, respectively, providing new opportunities for the regio- and enantioselective alkane functionalization. New P450pyr mutants were engineered as the first catalyst for highly selective terminal hydroxylation of n-butanol to 1,4-butanediol. Several novel, accurate, sensitive, simple, and HTS assays based on colorimetric or MS detection for measuring the enantio- and/or regioselectivity of hydroxylation were developed and proven to be practical in directed evolution. The P450pyr X-ray structure was obtained and used to guide the evolution. In silico modelling and substrate docking provided some insight into the influence of several important amino acid mutations of the engineered P450pyr mutants on the altered or enhanced regio- and enantioselectivity as well as new substrate acceptance. The obtained information and knowledge is useful for further engineering of P450pyr for other hydroxylations and oxidations.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Biotransformationen natürlicher und unnatürlicher Substrate zur Bildung von Terpenoiden mit olfaktorischen Eigenschaften
- Author
-
Harms, Vanessa
- Subjects
Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::540 | Chemie ,biocatalysis ,terpene synthases ,Terpene ,ddc:540 ,Lipoxygenase ,lipase ,Terpensynthasen ,essential oils ,terpenes ,etherische Öle ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
Terpene bilden mit mehr als 80000 bekannten Verbindungen die größte Klasse sekundärer Naturstoffe. Terpene sind strukturell komplexe Verbindungen, die definierte Stereozentren aufweisen und in allen Bereichen des Lebens vorkommen. Die Terpene werden dabei ausgehend von azyklischen Prenyldiphosphaten durch Terpensynthasen gebildet. Infolge ihrer vielfältigen Eigenschaften und strukturellen Besonderheiten werden sie als Pharmazeutika und Bausteine vor allem für die „ex-chiral-pool“ Synthese neuer Verbindungen verwendet. Das größte Einsatzgebiet haben Terpene allerdings in der Duft- und Aromaindustrie, wo sie aufgrund ihrer ansprechenden Olfaktorik sowohl in Form von Reinstoffen als auch etherischen Ölen Anwendung finden. Durch ihre besonderen pharmazeutischen und olfaktorischen Eigenschaften erfahren die Terpene eine steigende kommerzielle Aufmerksamkeit, weshalb insbesondere die Suche nach neuen Terpenoiden und die Funktionalisierung vorhandener Terpene in den Blickpunkt gerückt sind. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit wurden zwei verschiedene biotechnologische Ansätze für die Bildung neuer Terpenoide gewählt. Zum einen wurden unnatürliche Farnesyldiphosphate mit heterolog exprimierten Sesquiterpensynthasen zu neuen komplexen Terpenoiden umgesetzt. Die unnatürlichen Derivate wurden zunächst auf die Substratakzeptanz überprüft und entstehende Produkte anschließend durch die Anwendung der präparativen Gaschromatographie isoliert und die Struktur aufgeklärt. Ferner wurden die Biotransformations-produkte einer olfaktorischen Analyse unterzogen, um potentielle Terpenoide für den Einsatz als Duftstoffe zu identifizieren. Anschließend wurden Biosynthesewege für die gebildeten Produkte postuliert und diskutiert. Ein biotransformiertes Terpenoid wurde zudem durch Semisynthese weiter verändert und funktionalisiert, um den Strukturraum der Terpenoide zu erweitern. Des Weiteren wurden mehrere Mutanten einer Sesquiterpensynthase hergestellt und deren Einfluss auf die carbokationische Reaktionskaskade beurteilt. Zum anderen wurden Terpene und etherische Öle durch enzymatische Katalyse oxyfunktionalisiert, wobei kommerziell verfügbare Enzyme genutzt wurden. Im Fokus steht hierbei die Bildung von duftstoffrelevanten Verbindungen sowie die Erweiterung des Einsatzgebietes der etherischen Öle. Dazu wurden zunächst reproduzierbare Enzymtests entwickelt und optimiert. Anschließend wurde die Substratakzeptanz der eingesetzten Terpene überprüft und die entstehenden Produkte massenspektrometrisch analysiert. Unbekannte Produkte wurden ebenfalls isoliert, strukturell aufgeklärt und Reaktionsmechanismen zur Bildung der Produkte postuliert und diskutiert.
- Published
- 2021
33. In vitro-Studien isolierter Ketoreduktase-Domänen der Polyketidbiosynthese
- Author
-
Schröder, Marius
- Subjects
ketoreductase ,biocatalysis ,Ketoreduktase ,PKS ,Polyketide ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
Ausgangspunkt für die vorliegenden Studien zu PKS-Ketoreduktase-Domänen waren die β-Hydroxy-α-methyl-Strukturelemente verschiedener Polyketid-Naturstoffe. Über mehrere Validierungsstufen wurde eine Auswahl von Ketoreduktase-Domänen getroffen, die das Spektrum reduktionsaktiver Ketoreduktase-Typen abdeckte und Domänen früher, wie auch später Module umfasste. Die MS/MS-Protein-identifizierung bestätigte anschließend die erfolgreiche Genexpression und Isolierung der korrekten Proteindomänen. Insgesamt standen somit sieben rekombinante KR Domänen mit insgesamt elf Derivaten für die Enzymaktivitätstests zur Verfügung. Die für die Studien benötigten β-Keto-α-methyl-Substrate sollten über eine Route mit möglichst direktem Zugang zu einem breiten Spektrum an Derivaten dargestellt werden. Die effiktivste der untersuchten Synthesestrategien basiert im Schlüsselschritt auf einer decarboxylativen CLAISEN-Kondensation nach MASAMUNE et al. Diese biomimetische Synthesestrategie ermöglichte die Darstellung verschiedener Derivate auf der vorletzten Stufe. Insgesamt waren 14 β-Keto-α-methyl-Derivate zugänglich, wobei der Fokus auf den SNAC-Thioestern lag. Der nächste Schritt beinhaltete die Etablierung eines geeigneten photometrischen Messverfahrens für die Reaktionsverfolgung. Diese erfolgte über den NADPH-Verbrauch während der enzymatischen Reduktion. Zur Validierung dieser Methode wurden die Versuche zu einer Reihe an KR-Domänen von WEISSMAN et al. erfolgreich reproduziert. Hierauf basierend, wurden die relativen Aktivitäten für alle Enzym-Substrat-Kombinationen ermittelt und weiterführend die Reduktionsprodukte auf den Umsatz und die Konfiguration des β-Hydroxy-α-methyl-Motivs hin untersucht. Die Ketoreduktase Domänen mit den höchsten relativen Aktivitäten über das gesamte SNAC-Substratspektrum waren TylKR1, AmpKR2, sowie MycKRA. Die anderen Domänen zeigten eine stärker ausgeprägte substratabhängige Reduktionsaktivität. Je strukturell näher das Surrogat allerdings dem natürlichen Substrat war, desto höher waren die Aktivität und die Stereoselek¬tivität. EryKR1 reduzierte mit hoher relativer Aktivität die kleinen Substrate K-MMN und K-EMN. Wohingegen EryKR6 und MycKRB die höchsten Werte bei den etwas größeren, linearen Substraten K-PaMN und K-PiMN aufwiesen. Die absolute Produktkonfiguration wurde anschließend mittels einer Kombination aus NMR-Untersuchungen der β-Hydroxy-Reduktionsprodukte und der entsprechenden 9-AMA-Ester bestimmt. Die Stereoselektivitäten der KR Domänen waren insgesamt sehr hoch, jedoch teilweise auch abhängig von der betrachteten Enzym-Substrat-Kombination. Die Orientierung des Substrats im aktiven Zentrum während der Katalyse ist dabei von zentraler Bedeutung. Je bevorzugter eine katalytisch aktive Orientierung eingenommen wird, desto stärker sollte dies in einer höheren Stereoselektivität resultieren. Mit den vorliegenden Ergebnissen konnten einerseits Studien von KEATINGE-CLAY, LÜDEKE und WEISSMAN reproduziert und bestätigen werden sowie andererseits das Spektrum an Enzym-Substrat-Kombinationen um Surrogate mit natürlichen und nicht-natürlichen Polyketidstrukturen vergrößert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, je ähnlicher die Polyketidstruktur der Surrogate denen der natürlichen Substrate war, desto höher waren die Stereoselektivitäten. Die Produktkonfigurationen entsprachen hierbei den in der Natur vorkommenden. Nicht-natürliche Substrate führten teilweise zu einer Abkehr von diesen Konfigurationen. Die gezeigten, signifikanten Wirkungen von kleinen tags, wie z. B. His6, auf die Aktivität der Ketoreduktase Domäne unterstreichen dabei, dass Interaktionen mit Distanz zum aktiven Zentrums ebenfalls Einfluss auf dieses nehmen können. Unmittelbar relevant für die Stereoselektivität sind aber die Interaktion der KR mit anderen Domänen, insbesondere der ACP über Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen, und die Protein-Substrat-Wechselwirkungen. Ein erstmaliger Einblick in den Einfluss von nicht-natürlichen Substraten und Surrogaten bei KR-Domänen später PKS-Module konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. ATRPases: Enzymes as Catalysts for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
- Author
-
Severin J. Sigg, Farzad Seidi, Kasper Renggli, Tilana B. Silva, Gergely Kali, and Nico Bruns
- Subjects
Atom transfer radical polymerization (atrp) ,Biocatalysis ,Green chemistry ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC)
- Author
-
Beat Wirz, Matthias Kittelmann, Hans-Peter Meyer, and Roland Wohlgemuth
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Sibc ,Swiss industrial biocatalysis consortium ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Taking up the common challenges in biocatalysis, a group of industrialists decided to react with a bottom-up solution, and created the Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC). The Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium is a pre-competitive working group to better implement and utilize existing know-how and resources in biocatalysis, and to influence and shape the economic and educational political environment.Recent examples of activities are outlined.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Enzymatic C–C-Coupling Prenylation: Bioinformatics – Modelling – Mechanism – Protein-Redesign – Biocatalytic Application
- Author
-
Ludger Wessjohann, Svetlana Zakharova, Diana Schulze, Julia Kufka, Roman Weber, Lars Bräuer, and Wolfgang Brandt
- Subjects
Aromatic prenyltransferases ,Biocatalysis ,Protein-redesign ,Substrate specificity ,Terpene synthases ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The functional role of isoprenoids and especially enzymatic prenylation in nature and human application is briefly covered, with the focus on bioinformatical, mechanistical and structural aspects of prenyltransferases and terpene synthases. These enzymes are as yet underrepresented but perspectively useful biocatalysts for C–C couplings of aromatic and isoprenoid substrates. Some examples of the successful use in chemoenzymatic synthesis are given including an application for the otherwise difficult synthesis of Kuhistanol A. Computational structure-based site-directed mutagenesis can be used for rational enzyme redesign to obtain altered substrate and product specificities, which is demonstrated for terpene cyclases.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Catalysts on Demand: Selective Oxidations by Laboratory-Evolved Cytochrome P450 BM3
- Author
-
Jared C. Lewis and Frances H. Arnold
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Evolution ,Drug metabolite ,Oxidation ,P450 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Efficient catalysts for selective oxidation of C–H bonds using atmospheric oxygen are highly desirable to decrease the economic and environmental costs associated with conventional oxidation processes. We have used methods of directed evolution to generate variants of bacterial cytochrome P450 BM3 that catalyze hydroxylation and epoxidation of a wide range of nonnative substrates. This fatty acid hydroxylase was converted to a propane monooxygenase (PMO) capable of hydroxylating propane at rates comparable to that of BM3 on its natural substrates. Variants along the PMO evolutionary lineage showed broadened substrate scope; these became the starting points for evolution of a wide array of enzymes that can hydroxylate and derivatize organic scaffolds. This work demonstrates how a single member of enzyme family is readily converted by evolution into a whole family of catalysts for organic synthesis.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Targeting Posttranslational Modifications – Perspectives for Biocatalyst Engineering
- Author
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Beate Pscheidt, Roland Weis, and Anton Glieder
- Subjects
Biocatalysis ,Hydroxynitrile lyase (hnl) ,N-glycosylation ,Pichia pastoris ,Posttranslational modification ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Engineering posttranslational modifications is of great importance in biomedical research. Recent advances in the field of biocatalyst engineering expanded the strategy of targeting posttranslational modifications to a novel research field, i.e. rendering the particular enzyme more efficient for the desired biocatalytic conversion. Thus enzymes could be trimmed to higher fitness for technical applications e.g. by improved activity and/or prolonged life-time. Furthermore, bottlenecks during enzyme expression caused by posttranslational processing in the cell can be overcome. Focusing especially on recent approaches in our laboratory, this article presents strategies for targeted manipulations of selected posttranslational modifications.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Biochemische und strukturelle Untersuchungen der Kohlenmonoxid-Dehydrogenasen CODH-II und CODH-IV aus Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans
- Author
-
Domnik, Lilith, Dobbek, Holger, Zouni, Athina, and Hildebrandt, Peter
- Subjects
WD 5055 ,biocatalysis ,Strukturbiologie ,Röntgenstrukturanalyse ,ddc:572 ,572 Biochemie ,Sauerstoff ,structural biology ,oxygen ,Biokatalyse ,X-ray crystallography - Abstract
Die Kohlenmonoxid-Dehydrogenase (CODH) ist ein Schlüsselenzym des reduktiven Acetyl-CoA Wegs, und katalysiert in diesem die Reduktion von CO2 zu CO mit Raten von bis zu 12 s 1. Die Rückreaktion, die Oxidation von CO, katalysiert die CODH mit Raten von bis zu 31000 s-1. Beide Reaktionen finden am aktiven Zentrum des Enzyms, einem [NiFe4S4OHx]-Cluster (C Cluster), statt. Das Genom des hydrogenogenen Bakteriums C. hydrogenoformans beinhaltet fünf putative CODHs, welche vermutlich unterschiedliche Funktionen im Organismus ausüben. Diese Arbeit charakterisiert CODH-II und CODH-IV strukturell und biochemisch. In CODH-II wurden dafür Seitenketten der 1. und 2. Koordinationssphäre des C-Clusters ausgetauscht und einer strukturellen und kinetischen Analyse unterzogen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit analysiert den Einfluss von O2 auf CODH-II und CODH-IV. In Lösung zeigte CODH-II bei Inkubation mit O2 einen Verlust der CO-Oxidationsaktivität. Analog dazu konnte in CODH-II Kristallen die Zerstörung des C Clusters durch O2 verfolgt werden. Elektrochemisch wurde das Verhalten der CODH-II in der Gegenwart von O2 mit der CODH-IV, für welche eine Rolle in der oxidativen Stressantwort von C. hydrogenoformans diskutiert wird, verglichen. CODH-IV ist sauerstofftoleranter als CODH-II und katalysiert die Oxidation von CO hocheffizient nahe des CO-Diffussionslimits. Die Aufklärung der Struktur von CODH-IV erlaubte die Identifikation einer möglichen Ursache der höheren O2-Toleranz. Die Strukturen beider CODHs ähneln sich stark. Allerdings weist CODH IV an der Rückseite des C-Clusters eine dichtere Packung der Seitenketten auf, wodurch der Cluster von einem Angriff durch O2 abgeschirmt werden könnte. CO-Dehydrogenase (CODH) is a key enzyme of the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway, in which it catalyses the reduction of CO2 to CO with rates up to 12 s-1. CODH catalyses the reverse reaction, the oxidation of CO with rates up to 31000 s-1. Both reactions take place at the active site of the enzyme, a [NiFe4S4OHx] cluster (cluster C). The genome of the hydrogenogenic bacterium C. hydrogenoformans contains five putative CODHs which might serve distinctive functions within the organism. This study characterises CODH-II and CODH-IV structurally and biochemically. Residues of the first and second coordination sphere of cluster C from CODH-II were exchanged and analysed concerning their structural and biochemical properties. The second part of this study analyses the influence of O2 on CODH-II and CODH-IV. CODH-II showed in solution a loss in CO-oxidation activity upon incubation with O2. In an analogous experiment, the destruction of cluster C by O2 was followed crystallographically. A role for CODH-IV in the oxidative stress response of C. hydrogenoformans has been discussed previously. Therefore, the behaviour of CODH-II and CODH-IV was analysed electrochemically in the presence of O2. CODH IV is more O2-tolerant than CODH-II and catalyses the oxidation of CO with high efficiency close to the diffusion limit of CO. Reasons for the enhanced O2-tolerance of CODH-IV could be deduced by elucidating its structure. Generally, both CODHs show high structural similarity. However, at the backside of cluster C CODH-IV shows a tighter packing of residues by which the cluster C might be shielded from O2.
- Published
- 2018
40. Neue Applikationen der Enzymaufreinigung
- Author
-
Schreiber, Sarah, Scheper, Thomas, and Rinas, Ursula
- Subjects
depth filter ,biocatalysis ,Dewey Decimal Classification::600 | Technik::660 | Technische Chemie ,Enzyme ,protein purification ,Periodic Counter-Current Chromatographie ,ddc:660 ,periodic counter-current chromatography ,Biokatalyse,Tiefenfilter ,Proteinaufreinigung ,Enzymes - Abstract
[no abstract]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Production of a Recombinant Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase for the Degradation of Micropollutants
- Author
-
Domenico, Celesia, Isabelle, Salzmann, Emanuel Vaz, Porto, Floriane, Walter, Cindy, Weber, Rémy, Dufresne, and Simon, Crelier
- Subjects
Bioconversion ,Pseudomonas putida ,Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase ,Catechols ,Temperature ,Recombinant Proteins ,Chemistry ,Enzyme ,Enzyme Stability ,Catechol ,Biocatalysis ,Escherichia coli ,Environmental Pollutants ,Micropollutants ,Biomass ,QD1-999 ,Biotransformation - Abstract
Phenolic compounds such as catechol represent a particular type of micropollutant whose high stability prevents rapid decay and metabolization in the environment. We successfully cloned a catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C2,3O) from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 and expressed it in Escherichia coli BER2566. The biomass isolated from shake-flask fermentations was used to partially purify the enzyme. The enzyme proved unstable in clarified liquid fractions (50 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.6) and lost more than 90% of its activity over 7 h at 25 °C. In the presence of 10% acetone, the process was slowed down and 30% residual activity was still present after 7 h incubation. Storage of the enzyme in clear liquid fractions also proved difficult and total inactivation was achieved after 2 weeks even when kept frozen at –20 °C. Lowering the storage temperature to –80 °C preserved 30% activity over the same period. Only minor reactivation of the affected enzyme could be achieved after incubation at 20 °C in the presence of FeSO4 and/or ascorbic acid. Activity loss seems to be due mostly to Fe2+ oxidation as well as to subunit dissociation in the tetrameric structure. However, complete degradation of 1.0 mM catechol could be achieved at 20 °C and pH 7.6 over a 3 h period when using a suspension of whole cells or alginate-encapsulated cells for the biotransformation. Contrary to the clear liquid fractions, these forms of biocatalyst showed no significant sign of inactivation under the working conditions.
- Published
- 2017
42. Neue Biokatalysatoren zur Herstellung langkettiger Dicarbonsäuren
- Author
-
Nicole Werner, Susanne Zibek, and Publica
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Chemistry ,030106 microbiology ,Pharmacology toxicology ,Bioproduction ,Chemical synthesis ,Yeast ,Genetically modified organism ,03 medical and health sciences ,Biocatalysis ,Chemical conversion ,Organic chemistry ,Candida guilliermondii ,Molecular Biology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids (DCA) are versatile chemical intermediates of industrial importance, e. g., for polymer production. The majority of industrial DCA are produced by chemical conversion. However, the chemical synthesis of long-chain unsaturated DCA is still challenging. An alternative is the biotechnological production with genetically modified yeasts. We explore the flavogenic yeast Candida guilliermondii as novel biocatalyst for DCA bioproduction.
- Published
- 2017
43. Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese von Polyketiden : Studien zur in-vitro-Aktivität der Tailoring-Enzyme aus der Jerangolid-Biosynthese
- Author
-
Friedrich, Steffen Christoph
- Subjects
Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::540 | Chemie ,biocatalysis ,ddc:540 ,Jerangolide ,Jerangolids ,polyketide biosynthesis ,Polyketid-Biosynthese ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
[no abstract]
- Published
- 2016
44. Enzymatic allylic oxidation with lyophilisates of Pleurotus sapidus
- Author
-
Rickert, Aljona, Institut für organische Chemie, and Institut für Lebensmittelchemie
- Subjects
allylic oxidation ,Allylische Oxidation ,aroma ,Terpene ,Chemistry & allied sciences ,ddc:540 ,Biocatalysis ,Aromastoffe ,Basidiomyceten ,terpenes ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war die Prüfung des Anwendungspotenzials eines neuartigen Biokatalysators für das synthetisch organische Labor und die Evaluierung dessen Substratspektrums. Das Lyophilisat von Pleurotus sapidus ist zur allylischen Oxidation von cyclischen Olefinen in der Lage und besitzt viele erfolgversprechende Eigenschaften. Es ist nicht giftig, sicher und einfach herzustellen, spezifisch in der Reaktion und zeigt ein breites Substratspektrum. Die katalytische Reaktion folgt den Regeln der Radikalchemie, weshalb die Regioselektivität gut vorhersagbar ist. Aus diesen Gründen ist der Biokatalysator sowohl fürs industrielle als auch fürs akademische Umfeld gut geeignet. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der Biotransformation von Valencen 12 konnten zahlreiche weitere Mono- und Sesquiterpene erfolgreich biotransformiert werden. Um den neuartigen Biokatalysator in einem organisch chemischen Labor nutzen zu können, wurde zunächst ein Scale-up durchgeführt. Anschließend wurde eine Standardmethode entwickelt, um das größtmögliche Potenzial des Biokatalysators zu erreichen. Jedoch bietet vor allem die Aufarbeitung nach der Biotransformation Optimierungspotenzial. Dadurch wäre sicherlich auch eine Steigerung der Ausbeuten möglich. Cyclohexen 45 und seine Derivate konnten erfolgreich zu Enonen und Allylalkoholen oxidiert werden. Substrate, welche das Cyclohexengrundgerüst enthalten, wurden bevorzugt umgesetzt. Hingegen konnte Cyclohepten 48 nur langsam und Cyclopenten 20 gar nicht biotransformiert werden. Eine benzylische Oxidation mit dem Lyophilisat des P. sapidus ist grundsätzlich möglich, läuft aber mit geringeren Umsetzungsraten als die allylische Oxidation ab. Bei vielen Substraten, einschließlich der heterocyclischen Substrate, war eine Umsetzung nur dann möglich, wenn ein stabilisiertes Radikal gebildet werden konnte. Bei den O-Heterocyclen wurde die Bildung von Lactonen bevorzugt und die Boc-geschützten N-Heterocyclen bildeten Diole, welche mittels Röntgendiffraktometie vermessen werden konnten. Mit Ausnahme des terpenoiden Citronellals 86 konnte kein weiteres acyclisches Substrat oxidiert werden. Mittels MALDI- und IR-Analytik konnte aber die Umsetzung des aus Polybutadien bestehenden Polyöls 110 bestätigt werden. Für zukünftige Projekte wäre eine vollständige Strukturaufklärung mit Hilfe von Modellverbindungen eventuell möglich. In dieser Arbeit konnte ebenfalls gezeigt werden, dass der Biokatalysator erfolgreich in mehrstufigen organischen Synthesen eingesetzt werden kann. Dadurch konnte zum Beispiel in der Synthese von Weinlacton 104 ein chromhaltiges Oxidationsmittel PDC vermieden werden. Bei der Biotransformation von Neroloxid 101 konnte ein neuartiges, nicht-literaturbekanntes Molekül 103 isoliert werden, welches ein interessantes Aromaprofil besitzt. The aim of this thesis was the examination of the synthetic potential of a new biocatalyst and the evaluation of its substrate spectrum. The lyophilisate of an edible fungus Pleurotus sapidus is able to perform the allylic oxidation of cyclic olefins and has many promising features. It is non-toxic, safe and readily available even for synthetic laboratories without microbiological expertise. In addition the reaction with the biocatalyst is specifically and has a broad substrate scope. The catalytic reaction works in accordance with the rules of radical chemistry, therefore the regioselectivity is well predictable. For these reasons the new biocatalyst is well suited for the application in industrial as well as in the academic area. Based on the results of the biotransformation of valencene 12 numerous other mono- and sesquiterpenes have been successfully bioconverted. For using the novel biocatalyst in an organic laboratory, a scale-up was performed first. Subsequently, a standard method was developed. However, the work-up after the biotransformation provides still potential for optimization. Cyclohexene 45 and its derivatives were successfully oxidized to enones and allyl alcohols. Substrates, which contain the cyclohexene backbone, were preferably converted. By contrast, cyclopentene 20 was not recognized as a substrate at all, and cycloheptene 48 was oxidized very slowly to the corresponding enone 49 and ketone 50. Benzylic substrates were also converted by PSA although significantly slower than cycloalkenes. Remarkable is the fact, that for many substrates, including heterocyclic substrates, a conversion was only possible, when a stabilized radical could be formed. O-heterocycles preferred the formation of lactones and Boc-protected N-heterocycles formed diols, which could be analyzed by X-ray diffraction. With the exception of the terpenoic citronellal 86 no further acyclic substrates could be oxidized. The conversion of Polyöl 110, which consists of polybutadiene, has been verified by MALDI and IR-analytics. For future projects, a complete structural analysis using model compounds would be eventually possible. In addition, this work shows that the biocatalyst can be successfully used for multistage organic synthesis. In the synthesis of winelactone 104 a chrome-VI-containing oxidadant PDC could be avoided. The bioconversion of neroloxide 101 resulted in an isolation of a new molecule 103. This molecule 103 shows a very interesting aroma profile and is not known in the literature yet.
- Published
- 2016
45. Enzymatische allylische Oxidation mit Lyophilisaten des Pleurotus sapidus
- Author
-
Rickert, Aljona and Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Subjects
allylic oxidation ,Allylische Oxidation ,aroma ,Terpene ,ddc:540 ,Biocatalysis ,Aromastoffe ,Basidiomyceten ,terpenes ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war die Prüfung des Anwendungspotenzials eines neuartigen Biokatalysators für das synthetisch organische Labor und die Evaluierung dessen Substratspektrums. Das Lyophilisat von Pleurotus sapidus ist zur allylischen Oxidation von cyclischen Olefinen in der Lage und besitzt viele erfolgversprechende Eigenschaften. Es ist nicht giftig, sicher und einfach herzustellen, spezifisch in der Reaktion und zeigt ein breites Substratspektrum. Die katalytische Reaktion folgt den Regeln der Radikalchemie, weshalb die Regioselektivität gut vorhersagbar ist. Aus diesen Gründen ist der Biokatalysator sowohl fürs industrielle als auch fürs akademische Umfeld gut geeignet.Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der Biotransformation von Valencen 12 konnten zahlreiche weitere Mono- und Sesquiterpene erfolgreich biotransformiert werden. Um den neuartigen Biokatalysator in einem organisch chemischen Labor nutzen zu können, wurde zunächst ein Scale-up durchgeführt. Anschließend wurde eine Standardmethode entwickelt, um das größtmögliche Potenzial des Biokatalysators zu erreichen. Jedoch bietet vor allem die Aufarbeitung nach der Biotransformation Optimierungspotenzial. Dadurch wäre sicherlich auch eine Steigerung der Ausbeuten möglich.Cyclohexen 45 und seine Derivate konnten erfolgreich zu Enonen und Allylalkoholen oxidiert werden. Substrate, welche das Cyclohexengrundgerüst enthalten, wurden bevorzugt umgesetzt. Hingegen konnte Cyclohepten 48 nur langsam und Cyclopenten 20 gar nicht biotransformiert werden. Eine benzylische Oxidation mit dem Lyophilisat des P. sapidus ist grundsätzlich möglich, läuft aber mit geringeren Umsetzungsraten als die allylische Oxidation ab.Bei vielen Substraten, einschließlich der heterocyclischen Substrate, war eine Umsetzung nur dann möglich, wenn ein stabilisiertes Radikal gebildet werden konnte. Bei den O-Heterocyclen wurde die Bildung von Lactonen bevorzugt und die Boc-geschützten N-Heterocyclen bildeten Diole, welche mittels Röntgendiffraktometie vermessen werden konnten.Mit Ausnahme des terpenoiden Citronellals 86 konnte kein weiteres acyclisches Substrat oxidiert werden. Mittels MALDI- und IR-Analytik konnte aber die Umsetzung des aus Polybutadien bestehenden Polyöls 110 bestätigt werden. Für zukünftige Projekte wäre eine vollständige Strukturaufklärung mit Hilfe von Modellverbindungen eventuell möglich.In dieser Arbeit konnte ebenfalls gezeigt werden, dass der Biokatalysator erfolgreich in mehrstufigen organischen Synthesen eingesetzt werden kann. Dadurch konnte zum Beispiel in der Synthese von Weinlacton 104 ein chromhaltiges Oxidationsmittel PDC vermieden werden. Bei der Biotransformation von Neroloxid 101 konnte ein neuartiges, nicht-literaturbekanntes Molekül 103 isoliert werden, welches ein interessantes Aromaprofil besitzt., The aim of this thesis was the examination of the synthetic potential of a new biocatalyst and the evaluation of its substrate spectrum. The lyophilisate of an edible fungus Pleurotus sapidus is able to perform the allylic oxidation of cyclic olefins and has many promising features. It is non-toxic, safe and readily available even for synthetic laboratories without microbiological expertise. In addition the reaction with the biocatalyst is specifically and has a broad substrate scope. The catalytic reaction works in accordance with the rules of radical chemistry, therefore the regioselectivity is well predictable. For these reasons the new biocatalyst is well suited for the application in industrial as well as in the academic area.Based on the results of the biotransformation of valencene 12 numerous other mono- and sesquiterpenes have been successfully bioconverted. For using the novel biocatalyst in an organic laboratory, a scale-up was performed first. Subsequently, a standard method was developed. However, the work-up after the biotransformation provides still potential for optimization.Cyclohexene 45 and its derivatives were successfully oxidized to enones and allyl alcohols. Substrates, which contain the cyclohexene backbone, were preferably converted. By contrast, cyclopentene 20 was not recognized as a substrate at all, and cycloheptene 48 was oxidized very slowly to the corresponding enone 49 and ketone 50. Benzylic substrates were also converted by PSA although significantly slower than cycloalkenes.Remarkable is the fact, that for many substrates, including heterocyclic substrates, a conversion was only possible, when a stabilized radical could be formed. O-heterocycles preferred the formation of lactones and Boc-protected N-heterocycles formed diols, which could be analyzed by X-ray diffraction.With the exception of the terpenoic citronellal 86 no further acyclic substrates could be oxidized. The conversion of Polyöl 110, which consists of polybutadiene, has been verified by MALDI and IR-analytics. For future projects, a complete structural analysis using model compounds would be eventually possible.In addition, this work shows that the biocatalyst can be successfully used for multistage organic synthesis. In the synthesis of winelactone 104 a chrome-VI-containing oxidadant PDC could be avoided. The bioconversion of neroloxide 101 resulted in an isolation of a new molecule 103. This molecule 103 shows a very interesting aroma profile and is not known in the literature yet.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Synthese der Polyketide Flaviolin und Oxytetracyclin in permeabilisierten Zellen genetisch modifizierter Escherichia coli
- Author
-
Krauser, Steffen and Heinzle, Elmar
- Subjects
Oxytetracyclin ,biocatalysis ,ddc:540 ,Escherichia coli ,ddc:620 ,Flaviolin ,oxytetracycline ,Polyketide ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
In vorliegender Dissertation werden Grundlagen für die in situ Synthese von Polyketid-Sekundärmetaboliten erarbeitet. Die Verwendung permeabilisierter Escherichia coli Zellen ist ein neuartiger, vielversprechender Ansatz zur Synthese von komplexen Sekundärmetaboliten. Eine Behandlung von Zellen mit geringen Konzentrationen geeigneter Detergenzien führt dazu, dass niedermolekulare Verbindungen die Zellmembran ungehindert passieren können, während größere Biopolymere, wie z.B. Enzyme, in der Zelle verbleiben und für Synthesen genutzt werden können. Analyse und Manipulation des metabolischen Netzwerks ermöglichen darüber hinaus das Design maßgeschneiderter Biokatalysatoren. Durch Substratlimitierung können die permeabilisierten Zellen dazu genutzt werden, möglichst selektiv einzelne Biosyntheserouten zu bevorzugen. Zunächst wurde geprüft, ob es grundsätzlich möglich ist, den zellfremden Polyketid-Sekundärmetaboliten Flaviolin in permeabilisierten E. coli Zellen zu synthetisieren. Bedingungen für die Permeabilisierung der Zellmembran von E. coli BL21 wurden hierzu ermittelt und optimiert. Anhand der Anforderungen zur selektiven Synthese von Flaviolin wurde eine geeignete Syntheseroute ausgewählt. Die Syntheseroute wurde durch gezielte Überexpression von Schlüsselenzymen (Acetyl-CoA-Synthase (Acs) und Polyketid-Synthase (RppA)), sowie Deletion von Enzymen, welche unerwünschte Nebenreaktionen katalysieren (Acetat-Kinase (AckA) und Phospho-Transacetylase (Pta)), weiter optimiert. Darauf aufbauend konnte die Synthese von Oxytetracyclin (OTC) in permeabilisierten E. coli Zellen realisiert werden. Zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der Synthese kamen modulare Versorgungssysteme für die benötigten Cofaktoren ATP, NADPH und SAM zum Einsatz, welche speziell für die Anforderungen einer Synthese mit permeabilisierten Zellen adaptiert wurden. Die Produktivität von einem Gramm des entwickelten Katalysatorgemischs, bestehend aus fünf E. coli Stämmen, beträgt 3,6∙10^(-3) nmol Oxytetracyclin pro Stunde und erreicht eine Endkonzentration von 1,88∙10^(-3) mmol/L. Für Synthesen komplexer Polyketide konnte in dieser Machbarkeitsstudie eine völlig neue Methode erschlossen werden. Eine Umsetzung in industrielle Produktionen bedarf noch weiterer Optimierung der Biokatalysatoren. The foundations for in situ Synthesis of natural compounds, especially polyketide secondary metabolites, are subject of this thesis. Using permeabilised cells for the synthesis of complex structures is a new, promising technique. Treatment of cells with low concentrations of surfactants enables low molecular weight compounds to diffuse through the membrane, while large biopolymers, i.e. enzymes, are trapped inside the cell and can be used for syntheses. Analysis and manipulation of the metabolic network allows for the design of tailored biocatalysts. Permeabilized cells can be used to selectively address distinct biosynthetic routes by limiting the substrates. First, the synthesis of the heterologous polyketide secondary metabolite flaviolin in permeabilized cells of E. coli was tested. Conditions for successful permeabilization of the cellular membrane were determined and optimized. Synthesis routes for flaviolin were developed depending on the demand of a selective synthesis. The synthesis was further optimized by overexpression of key enzymes (acetyl-CoA synthase (Acs) and polyketide synthase (RppA)) and deletion of enzymes catalyzing undesired side reactions (acetate-kinase (AckA) and phospho-transacetylase (Pta)). Based on the results, the synthesis of oxytetracycline (OTC) could be realized in permeabilized cells of E. coli. Modular supply modules supporting the reaction were developed for the essential cofactors ATP; NADPH and SAM regarding the demands of in situ synthesis. The productivity of one gram of the biocatalyst mixture, containing of five strains of E. coli, could be determined as 3,6∙10^(-3) nmol oxytetracycline per hour, reaching a final concentration of 1,88∙10^(-3) mmol/L. For the synthesis of complex polyketide secondary metabolites, this proof of principle study reveals a completely new method. Implications in industrial processes, however, require further optimizations of the biocatalysts.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Anwendung einer rekombinanten Patchoulolsynthese zur biokatalytischen Herstellung von Sesquiterpenen
- Author
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Frister, Thore Hermann Wilhelm
- Subjects
patchouli oil ,Sesquiterpene ,Dewey Decimal Classification::600 | Technik::660 | Technische Chemie ,biocatalysis ,Sesquiterpensynthasen ,enzyme technology ,Biokatalyse ,sesquiterpene synthases ,Patchouliöl ,ddc:660 ,Sesquiterpenes ,Patchoulol ,Enzymtechnik - Abstract
[no abstract]
- Published
- 2015
48. Characterization of selected cytochromes P450 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 : new potential biocatalysts
- Author
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Ringle, Michael and Bernhardt, Rita
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,Cytochrom P450 ,Sorangium cellulosum ,Biotechnologie ,Cytochrome P450 ,Steroide ,Biokatalyse ,ddc:570 ,Steroids ,biotransformation ,ddc:620 ,biotechnology - Abstract
Cytochrome P450 erfreuen sich in den letzten Jahren immer größerer Beliebtheit als Biokatalysatoren, da sie den Einbau von atomarem Sauerstoff in nicht aktivierte C-H-Bindungen katalysieren. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung der P450 CYP109D1, CYP260A1, CYP260B1, CYP264A1 und CYP266A1 aus S. cellulosum So ce56. Hierfür wurden die P450 in E. coli rekombinant exprimiert und mögliche Substrate wurden mit den gereinigten Enzymen identifiziert. Um für die anschließende Produktcharakterisierung ausreichende Produktmengen herzustellen, wurde ein universell einsetzbares E. coli Ganzzellsystem etabliert, bei dem das jeweilige P450 mit einem heterologen Redoxsystem, bestehend aus Adrenodoxinreduktase (AdR) und Adrenodoxin (Adx), coexprimiert wurde. Dieses System konnte durch den Austausch der schwer exprimierbaren AdR durch die E. coli eigene Reduktase (Fpr) entscheidend optimiert werden. Gleichzeitig wurde durch den erstmaligen Einsatz des M9CA-Mediums die endogene Bildung von Indol und die daraus resultierende Inhibition der P450 Biotransformationen verhindert. Mit dem CYP260A1-abhängigen Ganzzellsystem wurden 9 Steroide erfolgreich umgesetzt und die Produkte anschließend isoliert und charakterisiert. Interessanterweise stellte sich heraus, dass es sich bei CYP260A1 um die erste beschriebene 1α-Steroidhydroxylase handelt, mit der es möglich ist, bislang noch nicht bekannte Steroidderivate herzustellen. In the last years, Cytochromes P450 have become more and more popular as biocatalysts due to their ability to introduce molecular oxygen into non-activated C-H bonds. This work is concerned with the characterization of the P450s CYP109D1, CYP260A1, CYP260B1, CYP264A1 and CYP266A1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56. For this purpose, the P450s were recombinantly expressed in E. coli and the purified enzymes were used to identify po-tential substrates. In order to obtain sufficient quantities of product for structural characteriza-tion, a universally applicable E. coli whole-cell system was established, in which the respective P450 was co-expressed with a heterologous redox system consisting of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin. This system could be significantly enhanced by the exchange of the badly expressable AdR by the E. coli own reductase (Fpr). With the first-time application of M9CA medium the endogenous indole synthesis and its inhibitory effect on the P450 bio-transformations could be suppressed. Using this whole-cell system; the products of the CYP260A1 dependent biotransformations from 9 steroids could be isolated and character-ized. Interestingly, CYP260A1 was shown to act as a 1α-steroidhydroxylase. Thus, CYP260A1 is a promising candidate for biotransformations aiming at the production of hith-erto unknown steroid derivatives.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Evaluation of the influence of different soluble-oxygen-concentrations to the production of recombinant cytochrom P450 monooxygenases in Escherichia coli
- Author
-
Schönlieb, Martin
- Subjects
biocatalysis ,Monooxygase ,Fermentation ,E. coli ,CYP 450 ,monooxygenase ,Biokatalyse - Abstract
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Fermentationsprozesses für die Produktion der Cytrochrom P450 Monooxygenase in Escherichia coli. Dieses Enzym findet Anwendung in der chemischen Industrie für die Herstellung bio-basierender Polymere. Es aktiviert O2-Moleküle und fügt ein Sauerstoffatom in das Substrat ein. Diese Eigenschaft macht die Produktion des Enzyms schwierig, da mit steigendem Sauerstoffeintrag auch die Enzymaktivität steigen könnte. Die Oxidationsreaktion kann den Metabolismus der Zelle schädigen und so zu niedrigeren Produktausbeuten führen. Daher war es wichtig den Einfluss des Sauerstoffeintrages auf den Prozess zu untersuchen. Als Stamm wurde der E. coli K-12 HMS174(DE3) verwendet, der ein pET Plasmid, auf dem die Monooxygenase sowie die dazugehörige Reduktase kodiert ist (pET28a_Cyp153-CPR_M.aq.), enthält. Zuerst wurde mit Schüttelkolbenversuchen der Einfluss der Temperatur untersucht, bei denen die Kultivierung bei 30 °C gegenüber 37 °C einen stabileren Biomasseverlauf zeigte. Anschließend erfolgten Fermentationen in einem Bioreaktor. In diesen Fermentationsversuchen wurde der Einfluss des Sauerstoffeintrages (10% pO2 vs. 30%), der Induktionsmethode (Puls(Voll)-induktion vs. Teilinduktion), der Induktionsstärke (0,5 µmol vs. 0,9 µmol IPTG * g-1 BTS), als auch der Einfluss der Fermentationsmethode (Standard Fedbatchprozess mit 40 g * L-1 BTS vs. Hochzelldichte-Fermentation (HCD) mit 100 g * L-1 BTS) auf die Produktbildung untersucht. Die gemessenen Parameter umfassten den Biomasseverlauf, Restsubstrat- und Nukleotidanalyse mittels HPLC, Kohlenstoffbilanzen sowie spezifische Sauerstoffaufnahme und Produktbildung. Da E. coli vor allem bei hoher Expressionsrate zur Bildung von Inclusion Bodies (IBs) neigt, wurde zusätzlich die Verteilung des Produktes in lösliche bzw. unlösliche Fraktion mittels Gelelektrophorese analysiert. Beim Vergleich des Einflusses verschiedener Belüftungsraten auf das Wachstum und die Produktbildung, zeigten sich nur geringe Unterschiede. Die Erhöhung der Induktionsstärke hatte einen schwachen Einfluss auf das Wachstum, brachte aber keine signifikante Produktsteigerung. Der Vergleich der Induktionsmethoden zeigte jedoch große Unterschiede in Hinsicht auf Wachstum und Produktivität. Die Fermentationen mit Teilinduktion bewiesen Stabilität und höhere Produktivität gegenüber der Fermentation mit Vollinduktion. Bei der Vollinduktion wurde durch die stärkere Induktion die Zelle dermaßen überlastet, dass es zu einem kompletten Einbruch des Wachstums kam. Auch der HCD Fermentationsprozess zeigte nur schwache Produktbildung verglichen mit dem Standard Fedbatchprozess und erwies sich daher als nicht wirtschaftlich. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass der Teilinduktionsprozess mit schwacher Induktion am besten für die Produktion der Monooxygenase mit diesem System geeignet war. The goal of this work was the design of a fermentation process for the production of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in Escherichia coli. This enzyme is used for the production of bio-based polymers in chemical industry. It activates oxygen molecules and inserts one oxygen atom into a substrate. This behavior could influence the production of monooxygenases because the oxygen flux may also result in higher enzyme activity. Additionally, oxidation reactions driven by the monooxygenase activity may cause adverse effects on host metabolism, thereby resulting in lowered product yields. Hence, the influence of the aeration rate onto the process outcome was investigated. The selected expression host E. coli K-12 HMS174(DE3) contains a pET plasmid encoding the monooxygenase and the corresponding reductase (pET28a_Cyp153-CPR_M.aq.). In a first step the influence of the temperature on growth behavior was tested in shaking flask experiments and 30 °C turned out to be superior to 37 °C in terms of stability. Subsequently fermentations in a bioreactor were performed and the influence of oxygen saturation (10% pO2 vs. 30%), induction strength (0.5 µmol vs. 0.9 µmol IPTG * g-1 DM), the induction method (single-pulsed vs. limited), and the fermentation strategy (standard fed batch process with 40 g * L-1 DM vs. high cell density fermentation (HCD) with 100 g * L-1 DM) on process performance and product yield were investigated. The generated data include biomass formation, HPLC analysis of organic by-products and nucleotides, product formation, calculation of carbon balance as well as specific oxygen uptake rate. Additionally, the distribution of the soluble and insoluble product fractions were quantified by SDS-page as high-level expression often leads to inclusion body (IB) formation. The influence of different oxygen saturations on growth behavior and product yield showed only little diversities. The variation of the induction level showed also minor influence on cell growth and no influence on the product yield. The comparison of the induction method resulted in significant differences in cell growth and productivity. The fermentation processes with limited induction showed stable cell growth and higher product titers compared to the single-pulse induction. The full induction strategy led to extremely high gene expression rates which exceeded host physiology and consequently cell metabolism got overstrained and growth ceased. The HCD fermentation showed similar volumetric yields compared to the standard fed batch process and is therefore noncompetitive in terms of cost effectiveness. In summary, the fed batch process with limited induction and low induction strength proved to be the optimal setup for the production of the investigated monooxygenase system. vorgelegt von: Martin Schönlieb Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2012
- Published
- 2012
50. Biokatalytische Gewinnung von Flavonoiden
- Author
-
Schmidt, Anne, Scheper, Thomas, and Rinas, Ursula
- Subjects
Flavonoids ,Dewey Decimal Classification::600 | Technik::660 | Technische Chemie ,biocatalysis ,phloretin hydrolase ,Chalconisomerase (CHI) ,Biokatalyse ,Flavonoide ,Phloretin ,Naringenin ,ddc:660 ,chalcone isomerase ,E. ramulus ,Phloretinhydrolase (PhH) - Abstract
[no abstract]
- Published
- 2011
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