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CME Sonography 101/Answers: Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System - Update 2021 Abstract. Ultrasound technologies in medicine (and in many other areas of life) continuously undergo enormous technological advances. There is increasing automation in medicine, and this is also true for diagnostic imaging. This article describes the current state of the art in musculoskeletal ultrasound and takes a look into the near future.

CME Sonography 97: Ultrasound Pathologies of the Hip Abstract. Hip pain has a broad differential diagnosis. A clinical examination is not enough to determine the underlying cause. In most cases, sonography helps to narrow the differential diagnosis or to make a specific diagnosis. Furthermore, ultrasound allows a targeted and anatomically precise diagnostic aspiration or therapeutic infiltration. Examples are used to illustrate different pathologies by region.

CME Sonography 95: Sonographic Differential Diagnosis of Anterior Shoulder Pain Abstract. Anterior shoulder pain is common, and, compared to high-resolution dynamic sonography, the clinical examination is usually not precise enough for the exact classification of the cause of the pain. In this review we discuss possible causes of anterior shoulder pain with special emphasis on the ultrasound diagnosis of causes of subcoracoidal impingement and of anterior snapping syndrome. We use high-resolution ultrasound images to illustrate various possible underlying pathologies in anterior shoulder pain.

Ultrasound of the Knee (Adapted According to SGUM Guidelines) Abstract. This review paper explains the simplified ultrasound anatomy of the knee. The adapted basic standard planes are described in detail according to SGUM guidelines and illustrated with a selection of high-resolution ultrasound images. A profound knowledge of the sonographic anatomy is essential for the detection of pathologies.

Ultrasound of the Hip (Adapted According to SGUM Guidelines) Abstract. This review paper explains the simplified ultrasound anatomy of the hip. The adapted basic standard planes are described in detail according to SGUM guidelines and illustrated with a selection of high-resolution ultrasound images. A profound knowledge of the sonographic anatomy is essential for the detection of pathologies.

Ultrasound of the Elbow (Adapted According to SGUM Guidelines) Abstract. This review paper explains the simplified ultrasound anatomy of the elbow. The adapted basic standard planes are described in detail according to SGUM guidelines and illustrated with a selection of high-resolution ultrasound images. A profound knowledge of the sonographic anatomy is essential for the detection of pathologies.

Ultrasound of the Foot (Adapted According to SGUM Guidelines) Abstract. This review paper explains the simplified ultrasound anatomy of the foot including the ankle, midfoot and the toes. The adapted basic standard planes are described in detail according to SGUM guidelines and illustrated with a selection of high-resolution ultrasound images. A profound knowledge of the sonographic anatomy is essential for the detection of pathologies.

Ultrasound of the Shoulder (Adapted According to SGUM Guidelines) Abstract. This review paper explains the simplified ultrasound anatomy of the shoulder. The adapted basic standard planes are described in detail according to SGUM guidelines and illustrated with a selection of high-resolution ultrasound images. A profound knowledge of the sonographic anatomy is essential for the detection of pathologies.

The use of multidose containers poses the problem of in-use microbial contamination. In a clinical investigation sterility tests of 25% potassium chloride solution (w/v) in multidose containers have been performed in-use on two surgical wards. The contents of 80 vials used for 1, 3, 7 or 10 days (with registered withdrawals) were sterility tested with the aid of blood agar plates. None of the 80 bottles were contaminated. It has been shown that lege artis withdrawals of 25% potassium chloride solution (w/v) from multidose containers involves a very low risk of contamination. However, the theory that contaminants have been killed must not be excluded. In final laboratory tests, multidose containers of 25% sterile potassium chloride solution (w/v) were artificially contaminated. Test microorganisms were E. coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staph. aureus ATCC 25923. Microbial control after 1 or 2 days storage showed absence or significant germ reduction with the experimental technique described.