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The problems of formation of the methodology of the study of the transformation of agrarian relations are determined. The expediency of compliance with the study of the transformation of agrarian relations of the system paradigm, the key feature of which should be its human-centric orientation, is substantiated. Proposed scientific approaches and methods, which are expedient to use in the process of research of causes, trends and patterns of transformation of agrarian relations, their essence is revealed. The expediency of applying interdisciplinary approaches in the process of studying agrarian relations is substantiated.

This publication presents a review of the tutorial manual «Teaching annotated and summary translation of scientific agrarian French articles to pre-service translators» written by Doctor of Pedagogy Victoriia Ihnatenko for Ukrainian Bachelor students majoring in specialty 035 Philology. The structure and content of the reviewed work are analysed. The expediency of its use for building prospective translators’ competence in annotated and summary translation of scientific agrarian texts within the educational discipline “A practical course of French as a second foreign language and translation studies” taught to fourth-year university students is emphasised.

An experience of institutionalization of forms of economy of post-socialist countries in a system of agrarian relations is analyzed. Main directions of development of agrarian sector of Ukraine are determined. The necessity of development of socio-ecologo-economic forms of economy is proved.

Despite high expectations of central Turkish authorities that the proclamation of the Hatt-i §erif of Gulhane would re-establish order in the Ottoman Empire, the events that followed proved otherwise. Decisions of the Hatt-i §erif of Gulhane not only did nothing to stabilise the political and economic situation in Turkey and improve the status of Christians, but actually had negative results. Instead of a period of progress and development in the Ottoman Empire, in 1839 began a period of anarchy, rebellions and uprisings in almost all pashaliks of Rumelia vilayet. The main category which defined the social and agrarian legal relations was faith. Religious teachings of Islam and Sharia Law clearly defined the position of the non-Muslim population as second-class citizens, who did not have the right to influence the social, political and economic conditions in the Ottoman Empire. Anti-reform propaganda was strongest in Old Serbia, where the local population of Arnauts took extremely hostile stance on the introduced reforms. Heavily influenced by their religious ideology, socio-politically conscious Arnauts did not change their attitude towards the position of Serbian population in Turkey. Dissatisfaction of Arnauts culminated in 1844 in the uprising that spread to Pashaliks of Kosovo and Skopje.

Straipsnyje aptariamas lietuvių literatūros ryšys su kaimu ir su miestais pasitelkiant sociologines sąvokas: Pierre’o Bourdieu „literatūros laukas“ ir „vartų sergėtojas“. Tyrime kvestionuojamas „kaimiškos“ lietuvių literatūros vaizdinys, kuris yra formuojamas ir dominuoja literatūros „vartų sergėtojų“ diskurse – būtent literatūros istorijoje, antologijoje ir vadovėliuose mokiniams. Kalbant apie kultūrą, kuri iš esmės yra heterogeniška, šis homogenizuojantis vaizdinys tampa problemiškas: jis nėra adekvatus, nes pritildo miestų reikšmingumą lietuvių literatūrai ir kultūrai. The article discusses the relation of Lithuanian literature with the country and the cities by invoking sociological concepts: "literary field" (Pierre Bourdieu) and "gatekeeper". The investigation is questioning the image of Lithuanian literature as "agrarian" which is formed and legitimized in the discourse by Lithuanian literature gatekeepers – precisely in the literary history, anthology and textbooks for pupils. Interviews with teachers and writers are also included in the analysis. The investigation reveals that the image of "agrarian" Lithuanian literature seems artificial, homogeneous and too generalizing. It suppresses the significance of cities to Lithuanian literature and culture, because: 1) many Lithuanian writers have urban or estate origins, come from craftsman’s, workers’ or educated families, furthermore, many those who have peasant origins left early for schools in the cities or seminaries; 2) quite a few Lithuanian writers contest the stereotypical notion of Lithuanian identity as agrarian and stress the importance of cities to themselves; 3) innovative poetic changes are connected with "city writers" (i. e. Henrikas Radauskas, Antanas Škėma); 4) after the Independence of Lithuania, increasingly more literary narratives of cities appear; 5) the comparatists emphasize the relation between images of the nation / ethnicity / state and the (capital) city – this relation is constructed in Lithuanian literature as well (i. e. novels by Markas Zingeris). The article also seeks to shed a light on the importance of a particular city of Lithuania – Kaunas, which have strong links with Lithuanian national identity and literature.

Аустро-Угарска се током 1882. суочила са организованим отпором српског и муслиманског становништва у Херцеговини. Незадовољство је узроковано одредбама у погледу војне организације, али је суштински било мотивисано и аграрним и политичким питањима. Црна Гора је традиционално имала важну улогу када су у питању дешавања у Херцеговини, која је имала вишедеценијску традицију ослањања на Цетиње, када су у питању политичке и војне акције. Присуство јаке Аустро-Угарске натерало је књаза Николу да води обазривију и помирљивију политику, иако се незванично често дешавало другачије. Тим поводом пречанска политичка елита, како либерална тако и конзервативна, такође је у складу са политичким традицијама претходних устанака помно пратила сваки потез црногорског књаза и Црне Горе као једног од кључних фактора националне и балканске политике. Решавање српског и источног питања поново је усталасало страсти пречанске политичке сцене, посебно када се сагледа однос према аустроугарској балканској политици која је већ тада попримала обрисе тежњи ка анексији Босне и Херцеговине. Чланцима се релативно често оглашавао и Светозар Милетић, који је сломом устанка и симболички завршио своје активно бављење политиком.

The topic is mirrored in historical and ethnological perspectives in the political, economic and social structures of Southern Carinthia’s pre–modern agrarian society. Starting from Foucault’s theory, that power in a disciplined society is exercised not only vertically, but at all levels of society, we present here the mechanisms and retention of power by local and regional authorities (e.g. landed classes and church) in the German–Slovenian mixed language area between Hermagor and Villach. Customary rights exactly observed by the subjects set limits to arbitrary and deliberate breaches of law by elites. Traditional rights applied not only to the elites but also to individual members of local and other village communities (incl. elites). The most significant place of legal judgement was the annual court day (Taiding), which was chaired by elites and judgement took place with representatives of the local subjects until the modern era. Particularly evident are the mechanisms of authoritative regulation and discipline, which concern fighting and in particular how violations of the sixth commandment were punished, in view of those provisions.

In the article we analyzed the main problems of the agrarian sector of the economy and the main factors of influence. We presented the classification features factors influencing the food security of the country. We developed the main directions of the development of the agrarian sector in the context of national food security.

The European Union's Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 of 20 September 2005 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) has introduced auctioning as a new instrument for granting agri-environmental payments and awarding conservation contracts. The article presents an evaluation of calls for tenders with respect to ecological services in agrarian landscapes in a case study area in Germany. Results from two auctions clarify that differentiated offers were made by the farmers in the model-region. This comprises a practical potential for a more efficient use of public funds by the use of auctions compared to a uniform premium, as it is used in current agri-environmental programs.

Sozialforschung ist immer substantiell beeinflußt von der Gesellschaft, in der sie stattfindet. Diese Tatsache hat für Forschung in Afrika besondere Konsequenzen, denn Sozialforschung ist dort durch Schwierigkeiten beeinträchtigt, die von der sozialwissenschaftlichen Literatur bislang ignoriert wurden. Der Autor illustriert diese Probleme anhand der Erfahrungen aus seinem eigenen Forschungsprojekt in Guinea-Bissau. Angefangen von der Rekrutierung geeigneter Mitarbeiter, mußte er zunächst die lokalen Autoritäten überzeugen und zur Mitarbeit gewinnen und dabei die Forschungsausrüstung zusammenhalten. Alle diese Aufgaben verlangen als Voraussetzung ein Verständnis der örtlichen Gesellschaft. Deshalb hängen die Ergebnisse der Forschung auch und in besonderem Maße von der Lösung dieser Probleme vor Ort ab. Social research is always influenced essentially by the society, wherein it takes place. However, this fact has special consequences in respect of social research in Africa. Social research in Africa is accompagnied by difficulties, that have been so far ignored in social science literature. The author illustrates some of these problems in describing his own research-project in Guinea-Bissau. Beginning with the recruitment of adequat staff, trying to convince the local authorities to cooperate and going on to keep the research equipment together, all these tasks require an understanding of the local society even before research is started. However, the reliability of any of the results is extremely dependend on solving these problems.