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Cross-Сultural communication cannot exist without interaction, both oral and written. One of the types of written communication is epistolary text. This paper considers one kind of epistolary texts, the so-called ‘dead letter’, i.e. a letter which cannot be delivered to the recipient because this person does not exist. The author introduces the term ‘phantom letter’ since a corresponding term has not been found in the Russian language, besides the existing English term ‘dead letter’ does not fully reveal the phenomenon under discussion. The materials of the article are 14 personal letters and 24 literary texts in the English language belonging to the cultures of Ancient Egypt, the USA, Great Britain and Israel. The methodology of the research is based on the discourse analysis of the personal and fiction discourses. The following types of ‘phantom letters’ have been studied: letters to the dead, letters to the future generations and literary texts which are letters to some famous historical or fictional characters. Special attention is paid to various reasons why people have been writing such epistolary texts: the writer may do it on practical grounds, as a form of trauma counselling and/or resurrecting the loved one or information. As for the literary texts, the author’s aim is to create a humorous effect since all these letters are parodies. Chronotope is also considered, which is especially important in letters to the dead and letters to the future. Discourse formulas typical for some types of phantom letters have been analyzed. The last part of the paper deals with precedent texts, because understanding of fictional dead letters is drawn entirely from the knowledge of precedent. The conclusion states that there are various types of phantom letters in various cultures, they are normally personal and they are written for various reasons, however, they possess common features. Some prospects for further study in this area are also outlined.

Gastrointestinale Blutungen sind die häufigsten Notfallindikationen für gastroenterologische endoskopische Diagnostik und Therapie im klinischen Alltag. Je nach Ursache und Ausprägung können sie zu einer lebensbedrohlichen Situation führen. Die endoskopische Diagnostik und gleichzeitige Therapie bilden den Goldstandard zur Behandlung gastrointestinaler Blutungen. Die Häufigkeit und Genese von gastrointestinalen Blutungsereignissen bei chirurgischen Patienten waren bisher nicht ausreichend untersucht.

The article is dedicated to Anna Nickolaevna Schmidt (1851–1905) – a gifted representative of Russian philosophy of the Silver age. Her name appears in the letters and memoirs of many philosophers and poets of that time. Among them are Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Andrey Bely, Alexander Blok, Maxim Gorky, Yulia Danzas, Nikolai Berdyaev, Vladimir Solovyov and others. Anna Schmidt had several mystical coincidences connected with Vladimir Solovyov. They were almost the same age. Almost at the same time, each of them experienced deep spiritual upheavals. Each of them had visions that made a revolution in their worldviews: these were meetings with ideal images of Christ and Sophia. Each of them embodied their mystical visionary experience in their philosophical writings. Anna Nikolaevna Schmidt wrote a mystical work “The Third Testament” in 1885–1886. As the writer believed, in this book her thoughts miraculously coincided with the Sophian insights of Solovyov. The ideas of Anna Schmidt and her fervent belief that it was in her that Sophia the Wisdom of God was incarnated, and Christ incarnated in Solovyov, caused confusion among contemporaries. Although the time was densely filled with mysticism and theosophy, Anna Schmidt’s “The Third Testament” was frighteningly unusual. The article provides the examples of the perception of the writer’s figure by her contemporaries. They all agreed that she was extraordinary gifted and deeply spiritual person. At the same time, they admitted that communicating with her caused conflicting feelings. Even a small review of “remarks” about Anna Schmidt shows that she was very talented, original and had a great energy of faith in her and Solovyov’s missionary vocation. Such people are perceived more as wacky persons; the greatness of the spirit and modesty of the way of life often disturb, irritate other people. In this tone, Anna Schmidt was remembered, for example, by the writer Andrey Bely, by the nephew of V. Solovyov – S. M. Solovyov, and by the philosopher Yulia Danzas. But philosophers Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky and Nikolai Berdyaev spoke differently about her and her writings. The article shows that the names of Anna Schmidt and Vladimir Solovyov were connected in the perception of the Silver age thinkers. Nevertheless, the religious visions they experienced caused polar reactions. V. Solovyov’s visions were perceived as brilliant insights, and Anna Schmidt’s visionary experiences were labeled as delusions. Статья посвящена Анне Николаевне Шмидт (1851–1905) – одарённой представительнице русской философии Серебряного века. Её имя встречается в письмах и воспоминаниях многих философов и поэтов того времени. Среди них имена Сергея Николаевича Булгакова, Павла Флоренского, Андрея Белого, Александра Блока, Максима Горького, Юлии Данзас, Николая Бердяева, Владимира Соловьёва и других. С именем последнего у Анны Шмидт были связаны несколько мистических совпадений: они были почти ровесниками; почти в одно время каждый из них пережил опыт глубоких духовных потрясений; каждому из них явились видения, совершившие переворот в их мировоззрении. Это были встречи с идеальными образами Христа и Софии. Свои переживания мистического визионерского опыта каждый из них воплотил в философских сочинениях. Анна Николаевна Шмидт в 1885–1886 гг. написала мистическое сочинение «Третий Завет». В нём, как считала писательница, она чудесным образом совпала с героиней софианских прозрений Соловьёва. Идеи Анны Шмидт и её истовая вера в то, что именно в ней воплощается София Премудрость Божия, а в фигуре Соловьёва воплотился вновь Христос, вызывали недоумение у современников. Хотя время было плотно насыщено увлечениями мистикой и теософией, даже на этом фоне «Третий Завет» Анны Шмидт был пугающе неординарен. В статье приводятся примеры восприятия фигуры писательницы её современниками. Все они соглашались с тем, что она чрезвычайно одарённая и глубоко духовная личность. В тоже время они признавались, что общение с ней вызывало противоречивые чувства. Даже небольшой обзор «реплик» об Анне Шмидт убеждает в том, что она была весьма талантлива, самобытна и обладала огромной энергией веры в миссионерское призвание своё и Вл. Соловьёва. Такие люди воспринимаются скорее как юродивые; величием духа и скромностью образа жизни они часто тревожат, раздражают. В такой тональности об Анне Шмидт вспоминали, например, писатель Андрей Белый, племянник Вл. Соловьева – С. М. Соловьев, философ Юлия Данзас. Иначе о ней и её сочинениях отозвались философы Сергей Булгаков, Павел Флоренский, Николай Бердяев. В статье показано, что в восприятии мыслителей Серебряного века имена Анны Шмидт и Владимира Соловьёва были связаны. Вместе с тем, пережитый ими независимо друг от друга опыт религиозных видений вызывал полярные реакции. Видения Вл. Соловьёва воспринимались как гениальные прозрения. Визионерские переживания Анны Шмидт маркировались как бред.

description, Polarforschung

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Wirkung geographischer, sozio-politischer und ökonomi-scher Einflussfaktoren auf die Zuwanderung nach Deutschland. Die komparativ-statische Analyse erfolgt auf Grundlage des Gravitationsmodells für die Jahre 1970, 1981, 1992, 1999 und 2003 mit Hilfe der OLS-Methode. This paper examines the influence of geographic, social, political and economic factors on the immigration to Germany. Based on the gravity model of migration we adopt a comparative-static approach and estimate the model for the year 1970, 1981, 1992, 1999 and 2003 with OLS.

Studies were undertaken on the effect of intravenously administered ribonuclease agent on the development of experimental osteoporosis produced by cutting of N. femoralis and N. obturatorius in rabbits of different ages. It was found that after chronic (4 months) intravenous ribonuclease administration the osteoporosis of femoral bone stopped to develop in the operated rabbits. The effect of ribonuclease on the RNA synthesized in the conditions of denervation and resulting in activation of the pathological process may be suggested.

Cardiac and coronary effects of trapidil (Rocornal) and some derivatives were investigated in isolated heart preparations and rabbit hearts in vivo. All substances showed a comparable increase of the coronary flow. Contrary to the cardiotonic influence of trapidil the trapidil derivates induced a negative inotropic effect, possibly due to a weak calcium antagonism. Heart rate was slightly diminished, but in some cases higher doses caused an acute tachycardia. I.v. application of the substances to rabbits in doses of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg induced an initial depression of blood pressure normalizing within 3-5 min. An increase of the myocardial prostacyclin biosynthesis is only demonstrable under trapidil. The results indicate that the cardiac effects of trapidil derivatives are possibly caused by a direct influence on the contractile system and the membrane potential of the cardiac muscle cell.