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Die schillernden Vorreiter des Informationszeitalters: Hacker im Spiegel der deutsch-deutschen Zeit- und Technikgeschichte. Hacker und Haecksen zählen zur Avantgarde der Computerisierung. Seit den späten 1970er-Jahren bildeten sie sich in der Bundesrepublik und in der DDR zu eigensinnigen ComputernutzerInnen mit einschlägigem Wissen heraus. Sie eigneten sich das Medium spielerisch an, schufen Kontakträume und brachten sich so aktiv in den Prozess der Computerisierung ein. Durch ihre Grenzüberschreitungen zeigten sie dabei Chancen und Risiken der Digitalisierung auf. Julia Gül Erdogan geht der Entstehung der Hackerkulturen in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach. Sie analysiert, wie deren teils subversive Praktiken Machtgefüge in Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft herausforderten. Zugleich verdeutlicht die Arbeit Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der frühen sub- und gegenkulturellen Computernutzung in den beiden deutschen Teilstaaten.

Die Frage der steuerlichen Behandlung von Elektroautos ist ein aktuelles und wichtiges Thema, nicht nur in wirtschaftliche, sondern auch für die gesamte Gesellschaft. Diese Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit verschiedenen Fragen der steuerlichen Behandlung von Elektroautos. Dabei werden insbesondere die Unterschiede bei der Besteuerung von Personenkraftwagen und Elektroautos in Bezug auf die Einkommens- und Umsatzsteuer behandelt. Zudem wird untersucht, wie sich steuerliche Unterschiede auf die Kaufentscheidungen der Verbraucher auswirken und welche steuerlichen Anreize den Kauf und die Nutzung von Elektroautos im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Fahrzeugen fördern können. Ein weiteres wichtiges Thema ist die steuerliche Behandlung von Ladestationen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Absetzbarkeit von Anschaffungs- und Installationskosten sowie die Besteuerung des Ladestroms. Auch die Auswirkungen der steuerlichen Behandlung von Ladestationen auf die Investitionsneigung von Privatpersonen und Unternehmen werden thematisiert. Darüber hinaus wird die steuerliche Behandlung von Firmenwagen und deren Auswirkung auf die Entscheidung von Unternehmen ihren Fuhrpark, um Elektrofahrzeuge zu erweitern, analysiert. Die Besteuerung und Abgaben von Fahrzeugen im Besonderen, für CO2-Emissionen, NoVA, Kfz-Steuer und viele andere Sphären werden ebenfalls ein wichtiger Teil dieser Bachelorarbeit sein. Neben den steuerlichen Auswirkungen werden auch die Folgen für die Umwelt und die Gesellschaft als solche untersucht. Dabei werden sowohl die ökologischen als auch die wirtschaftlichen Folgen analysiert. The question of the tax treatment of electric cars is a topical and important issue, not only in economic terms, but also for society as a whole. This bachelor thesis deals with various issues concerning the tax treatment of electric cars. In particular, the differences in the taxation of passenger cars and electric cars with regard to income tax and VAT are addressed. It also examines how the tax differences affect consumers' purchasing decisions and which tax incentives can encourage the purchase and use of electric cars compared to conventional vehicles. Another important topic is the tax treatment of charging stations. The focus here is on the deductibility of purchase and installation costs as well as the control of the charging current. The effects of the tax treatment of charging stations on the propensity of private individuals and companies to invest will also be addressed. In addition, the tax treatment of company cars and its impact on the decision of companies to expand their fleet with electric vehicles is analyzed. The taxation and levies of vehicles in particular, for CO2 emissions, Nova, road tax and many other areas will also be an important part of this bachelor thesis. In addition to the fiscal effects, the consequences for the environment and society as such will also be examined. Both the ecological and the economic consequences will be analyzed.

Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with a high rate of metastasis. Peritoneal metastasis occurs in up to 60% of all patients and synchronously in up to 30% in locally advanced gastric cancer. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have been an established treatment option in selected patients for several years, as the HIPEC serves as an alternative administration route.This article presents a schematic display of the various treatment options depending on the extent of peritoneal carcinomatosis in a gastric cancer.A literature search and analysis of the current literature on the treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal metastases were carried out. A differentiation was made between limited and extensive peritoneal carcinomatosis together with the appropriate treatment strategy.Principally, individual systemic chemotherapy is the backbone of treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal metastases. In selected patients and in cases of limited peritoneal carcinomatosis, CRS and HIPEC can be conducted and survival is improved; however, CRS is still contraindicated in cases of extensive peritoneal carcinomatosis and in exceptional cases pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) can be carried out.In selected patients CRS and HIPEC can lead to an improvement with respect to overall and disease-free survival. In cases of extensive peritoneal carcinomatosis, individualized chemotherapy remains the major treatment option.HINTERGRUND: Das Magenkarzinom zählt zu den aggressivsten bösartigen Erkrankungen des Gastrointestinaltraktes mit einer hohen Metastasierungsrate. Die peritoneale Metastasierung tritt bei insgesamt bis zu 60 % aller PatientInnen auf und synchron bei bis zu 30 % bei lokal fortgeschrittenen Magenkarzinomen. Die zytoreduktive Chirurgie (CRS) und hypertherme intraperitoneale Chemotherapie (HIPEC) bei selektiven PatientInnen gelten seit mehreren Jahren als neues Behandlungsverfahren, da durch die HIPEC eine zusätzliche Applikation angeboten wird.Im Rahmen des Beitrags soll eine übersichtliche Darstellung zu den verschiedenen Therapieoptionen in Abhängigkeit der Ausdehnung der Peritonealkarzinose bei einem Magenkarzinom gegeben werden.Es erfolgten eine Literaturrecherche und Darstellung der aktuellen Literatur zur Behandlung des peritoneal metastasierten Magenkarzinoms. Unterschieden wurde zwischen der limitierten und ausgedehnten Peritonealkarzinose mit jeweiliger therapeutischer Strategie.Prinzipiell behält die individualisierte Systemtherapie einen hohen Stellenwert bei der Behandlung des peritoneal metastasierten Magenkarzinoms. In ausgewählten Fällen und bei limitierter Peritonealkarzinose können bei PatientInnen eine CRS und eine HIPEC erfolgen, und hierdurch kann das Überleben verbessert werden. Bei ausgedehnter Peritonealkarzinose ist die zytoreduktive Chirurgie jedoch weiterhin kontraindiziert, in Ausnahmefällen kann eine PIPAC („pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy“) erfolgen.CRS und HIPEC können bei selektiven PatientInnen eine Verbesserung in Bezug auf das Gesamt- und erkrankungsfreie Überleben bewirken. Bei einer ausgedehnten Peritonealkarzinose steht weiterhin die individualisierte Chemotherapie im Vordergrund.

İdari işlemlerin sebeplerikanunlarda çeşitli biçimlerde ortaya konur. Bazen kesin ifadeler kullanılırkenbazen de belirsiz kavramlar kullanılarak ifade edildiği görülür. İşleminsebebi, kamu düzeni, genel ahlak, kamu güveni, lüzum, gereklilik, yetersizlikgibi belirsiz kavramlarla açıklandıysa, idare için yapılması gereken ilk şeykavramın neyi ifade ettiğini bulmak ve sonra da somut olayın söz konusu kavramıkarşılayıp karşılayamayacağını çözmektir. Bu aşamalarda idarenin serbestisininsınırını çizmek ise en temel ve tartışmalı meselelerden biridir. Türk İdare HukukuDoktrini, Alman İdare Hukuku Doktrininden farklı olarak, belirsiz hukukikavramlar olgusunu çoğunlukla idarenin takdir yetkisi kavramından farklı elealınması gereken bir konu olarak görmez. Ancak Alman İdare Hukukçuları takdiryetkisi ve belirsiz hukuki kavramları birbirinden titizlikle ayırır ve herikisini de detaylı şekilde analiz eder. Buradan yola çıkarak da yargınındenetim alanını ortaya koymaya çalışır. Alman Hukukçuların konuya yaklaşımıgitgide daha fazla hukuk sistemini etkisi altına alan bir yaklaşımdır vetarihsel süreçteki travmatik deneyimlerinden beslenerek ortaya çıkmıştır., Reasons of administrative acts are presented through various ways in laws; sometimes through strict statements, sometimes through indefinite terms. Although the reason of act has been explained by terms such as public order, public morality, public security, necessity, public morality, inefficacy etc., the first thing to carry out administration is to find out what the term means and then to solve whether the concrete case corresponds to the term or not. At this stage, drawing the lines of liberty of the administration is one of the most basic and contradictory issues. Turkish administrative doctrine generally does not perceive the notion of indefinite legal concepts as an issue which should be discussed in a more different way than the term of a discretionary act of the administration. However, German Administrative Jurists studiously distinguish the discretionary act and indefinite legal concepts from each other, and analyse each of them in a detailed way. Starting from this point of view, they attempt to reveal judicial control field. The approach of German Jurists has been increasingly influencing more judicial systems and it has emerged through learning from traumatic experiences during the historical process.

As it is known, the history of ceramic art goes back to old times. Anatolian lands hosted many civilizations and communities. As a natural consequence of this, ceramic art has been affected by this accumulation while continuing its development. This art, which continued its existence in the form of pottery for long periods, has been transformed into a form of Contemporary Ceramic Art since the last period of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the Republic, by being influenced by Europe. The opening of European schools in the early years of the republic contributed to the development of important ceramic artists who will lead this art and as a result of the rapid development of ceramic art. Especially since the early 1980’s opening ceramic departments within vocational schools and faculties is an important step for associate and undergraduate education at universities. Later, it is known that graduate and arts proficiency training is done in the programs opened within the Social Sciences and Fine Arts Institutes of universities. In this study, graduate theses made on the basis of ceramic art in Turkey, has made a number of conclusions. In the introduction part, the history of the art of ceramics, the first years of the Republic and the situation after 1980 are mentioned in general terms. In the second part, postgraduate theses in the field of ceramic art registered in the Higher Education Institution National Thesis Center were determined and examined. Distribution of graduate theses by years and universities has been revealed. Thesis studies on ceramic art have been evaluated by using tables and graphics. In the conclusion part, a number of inferences mentioned in the text are presented in general terms. In the Annexes, graduate theses are turned into tables.

In this study, it is aimed to examine the perceptions of university students towards civilization according to some variables. The research is a descriptive study based on the scanning method within the scope of the quantitative paradigm. The “Civilization Perception Scale” developed by Yeşil (2018) was used as a data collection tool. The data of the research were collected from a total of 354 university students, including 156 men and 198 women studying at Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University in the 2019-2020 academic year. The simple random sampling technique, in which all sampling units have the possibility of equal participation, was used in determining the research group. The study of this working group has resulted from the thought that universities have a great responsibility in spreading the civil culture to the society. In the study, the students' definition of civilization according to gender, age, class, department and the place where they grew up was defined. As a result of the research, it was determined that university students' perception of civilization is positive. It was concluded that students' perceptions of civilization did not differ significantly in terms of gender, age, and classroom variables, but differed significantly depending on the location and departments where students grew up. It is determined that this difference is between PDR students, Besyo and Chemical Engineering students, Besyo students, Electrical Electronics Engineering, Electronics Engineering students and Chemistry students. In the sub-dimensions of the measurement tool, it was observed that there was a significant difference in favor of male students according to gender variable. According to the age variable, the students' perceptions of civilization differed significantly in the Emotional-Operational Civilization subscale in favor of the students in the age group of 17-18 with the students in the age group of. According to the class variable, there was a significant difference in students' perceptions of civilization between the students studying at the 1st and 2nd grades and the students studying at the 1st and 3rd grades under the Anti-Civilization sub-dimension.

Petrol ihracatçısı ülkelerde; petrol fiyatlarındaki beklenmedik artış, ihracat gelirlerinde önemli bir yükselişe neden olmaktadır. İhracat gelirlerindeki doğal kaynağa bağlı bu yükseliş ülkeye giren dövizi artırmakta ve yerel para birimin değerinde istenmeyen bir artışa neden olabilmektedir. Bu değerlenme ülkenin ekonomik performansını olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı petrol fiyatlarındaki değişimin, Rusya’nın para ve maliye politikaları üzerine direk etkisi olduğu bilinen döviz kuru kanalının kontrol edilmesi varsayımı altında petrol fiyatlarındaki değişimin ekonomik performans üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 1994-2018 yılları arası üçer aylık veriler ile Bernanke, Gertler ve Watson’un (1997) önerdiği modifiye Vektör Otoregresif model kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, rublenin aşırı değer kazanması engellendiğinde; petrol fiyatlarındaki beklenmedik artışın faiz oranını dalgalı kurun benimsendiği durumdan daha fazla düşürdüğü görülmektedir. Fiyatlar ise, dalgalı kurun benimsendiği durumdan başlangıçta daha yüksek olsa da ilerleyen dönemlerde daha düşük fiyatlarla sonuçlanmaktadır., An increase in oil prices in oil exporting countries leads to a significant increase in export revenues. The increase in the export revenues due to natural resources export revenue increases the amount of foreign currency entering the country and can stimulate to have an undesired appreciation in the value of the domestic currency. This valuation may negatively affect the economic performance of the country. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of changes in oil prices on economic performances in Russia under the assumption of controlling the exchange rate channel, which is known to have a direct effect on Russia’s economic performance. For this purpose, the modified Vector Autoregression model proposed by Bernanke, Gertler and Watson (1997) is used with quarterly data between 1994 and 2018. As a result of the analysis, when the ruble is prevented from appreciation, it is seen that the unexpected increase in oil prices decreased the interest rate more than when the floating exchange rate was adopted. On the other hand, prices are higher at the beginning than when the floating exchange rate is adopted but result in lower prices in the following periods.

Today, nuclear technology, with its civilian and military aspects, is one of the most important factors to enable a country to pursue an influential foreign policy. The most important reason behind actualisation of Iran’s nuclear program under the Shah regime and the policy to continue the program following the Islamic Revolution is inter-linked to this effect of nuclear technology over foreign policy. However, since the Iranian regime has been backlashing the existing international order following the Iran’s Islamic Revolution and the US does not want change in the international balance of power against itself, the US has been considering Iran’s nuclear program as a threat. Hence, the US has started an international campaign against Iran due to its nuclear program. In order to overcome this campaign and pressure, Iran has directed its route to secret nuclear activities. However, in 2002, Iran’s secret nuclear activities were brought to light. Since then a nuclear crisis emerged between Iran and the USA, into which international actors such as IAEA, EU, UN, Russia and China became involved. Nuclear energy, therefore, became an issue of survival for Iran. To this end, the policy pursued by Iran towards nuclear crisis and nuclear negotiations has become the most critic agenda matter and dynamic of Iran’s foreign policy. In order to strengthen its foreign policy and to play a more pominent role in regional and international balance of power, Iran has sustained its nuclear policy independent from the ideological determination. In this study,the determination of Iran to achieve its foreign policy goals independent from the ideological determination will be set forth through the analysis of the nuclear energy policy.

Çalgı eğitim sürecinde bireyin karşılaştığı teknik ve müzikal problemlerin çözülmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğu düşünülen etütler, amaç ve uygulama biçimi açısından bu süreçte etkin bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda tekniği geliştiren yöntemli çalışma parçası olan etütlerin, spesifik teknik ve müzikal problemlerin çözülmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalgıda tekniği ilerletmek amacı ile yazılmış olan etütler, çalgı tekniğini ustalık düzeyinde geliştirmeyi öngören, çalışılan eserde karşılaşılabilecek pek çok güçlüğün giderilmesine yardımcı olan, icracının kazanacağı tekniğe fayda sağlayan alıştırma parçalarıdır. Birçok bestecinin çalgı tekniğini ve ustalık düzeyini geliştirmeye yönelik etüt kitapları bulunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda C. J. Andersen’in flüt literatüründe yer alan etüt kitaplarının flüt eğitiminde teknik ve müzikal kazanımların elde edilmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada C. J. Andersen’in Op.15 içerisinde yer alan 2 numaralı etüdünün teknik ve biçimsel analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda teknik ve biçimsel analizi yapılan bu etüdün teknik gelişim açısından flüt eğitiminde önemli bir yere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma etüdün teknik kümelere ayrılması ve biçimsel analizinin yapılması yönü ile daha kalıcı ve sağlıklı bir flüt eğitimini destekler niteliktedir. Çalgı eğitimine yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen eser ve etüt analizleri, çalışılan eser ya da etütlerin daha iyi anlaşılması ve yorum yapılabilmesi açısından gerekli ve önemli görülmektedir.

The values of the employees including their perspectives on organizational structure, politics, operations and organizational goals constitute the culture of that organization. Organizational culture may allow or filter mobbing attitudes Formative relationships between organizational culture and employee structure determine the nature of the interaction between leaders and members. Therefore, the interaction between different leaders and members in different organizational cultures may be different .In this context, this study has examined the intermediary role of leader-member interaction on the relationship between organizational culture and mobbing. To this end, data were collected from 223 workers working in textile enterprises in the city of Bitlis by interview technique. According to research findings, the type of bureaucratic organizational culture, one of the organizational culture types, has a positive effect on mobbing whereas Innovative Culture and Supportive Cultural have no significant effect on it. According to the analysis result, the Bureaucratic Culture and Supporting Culture have a positive influence on the Leader-Member Interaction, however the Innovative Culture has no significant effect on it. The Leader-Member Interaction, whose organizational culture types mediation effect was studied, has been analyzed together and the effects of the variables on mobbing have been viewed. It has been seen that the bureaucratic culture type continues its effect on mobbing, however the beta coefficient (ß = 0.438) has decreased to 0.381 (p

Following long political discussions, UN World Climate Council approved the “Climate Change 2007” Report. This report sets forth that the world will face scenario catastrophe due to the global warming. According to this report, in the next 50 years approximate it is expected that global temperature will rise by 1,5 to 2,5 degrees, if this occurs about 20-30% of plant and animal species will diminish and due to this chain of developments human life may encounter a serious threat. On the other hand, there is a similar scenario for the natural resources: According to the forecasts of the US Ministry of Energy, even if the world oil consumption increases 2% by year, the proved oil resources may run out within 30 years. The data provided bring out the necessity to construct a comprehensive perspective over political and economic problems in the world. This study seeks to make an overall assessment on international political economy within the framework of the main issues and main approaches. In order to identify the main issues and perspectives, the statistical data regarding the basic energy resources (oil and natural gas) will be used. It is argued here that natural resources play an important role related to political and economic problems in the world. The reason behind its becoming a popular approach (again) during the 1970s can be explained through oil crisis and the necessity to interconnect political and economic problems and solve them together. As a discipline, the main objective of the international political economy is to provide a comprehensive perspective to the social phenomenon and events in world politics. Within this framework, it is argued that international system, structure, actors and events will be better understood and explained through the comprehensive perspective of the international political economy.

It is important to produce and consume information in an environment where information is rapidly increasing. It is stated that the greatest task in the production, teaching and dissemination of knowledge has fallen into the education system. One of the institutions in the education system is the universities that carry out higher education. Universities are of great importance for the future of society in the conduct of scientific studies and the training of qualified human power. I

Although its origins may be traced back much further, the formal recognition of “international relations” as a separate discipline within the western academia dates back to the establishment of a Chair of International Relations at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, in 1919. Nearly a century passed on its establishment, but there is still no consensus on the definition of the discipline, on international system and actors and forms of relations within the system. This is mainly due to an ongoing tension between the proponents of continuity (insisting on traditional actors and their forms of relations – nation state/power relations) and proponents of change (disregarding the role of states and insisting on new types of actors and new forms of relations – NGOs, transnational corporations, etc./cooperative relations). This article argues that a comprehensive analysis of international relations and international system is the one that regards (the former two) as domains within which traditional actors, structures and forms of relations coexist with new types of actors, structures and forms of relations; within which there is the symbiosis of continuity and change. Therefore, rather than “all or nothing”, a perspective settled on “not only but also” can provide a better and more comprehensive framework to understand and explain international relations and the international system. It shall be considered that the emergence of new actors and new issues does not mean that the role of the states in the international system shall be disregarded and within the same manner the crucial role played by the states shall not overshadow the increasing role of new actors and new issues.

Visual motor integration is defined as integration between visual perception and motor skills which include especially eye-hand coordination. While most of children are able to reach sufficient maturity in order to realize visual-motor integration skills until six-seven ages, others aren’t able to reach. What will support children’s future school achievement are to determine the problems of visual-motor integration skills that develop rapidly in preschool period, and with these findings, to prepare training programs that are for children ‘s needs, and to start these training programs in early period. This study aims to establish whether visual perception training has an effect on five-six years of children’s visual-motor integration skills. Using the pretest-posttest control group experimental design, the study was conducted on 60-72 month old children attending Trakya University’s preschool. There were a total of 70 participants free of disabilities. Of these, 35 were included in the experimental group, and the remaining 35 in the control group. Those in the experimental group received visual perception training for seven weeks, offered in 30 to 40-minute sessions three times weekly. Information about the preschoolers and their families were obtained by a “General Information Form” designed by the researchers, and children’s visual perceptions were identified by the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI-5th) designed by Beery-Buktenica (2004) and translated into Turkish and tested for validity and reliability by Ercan and Aral (2011). Two-factor ANOVA was used for the analysis. The results showed a meaningful difference in experimental and control children’s visual-motor integration scores in favor of the former (p

Within the scope of political communication activities, political parties engage in some activities in order to inform voters and to obtain feedback according to this target. These activities always based on mass media from past to present. Because, as in all fields, mass media has a critical role in informing of the i

That women/young girls experience their subjectivity in daily life and transfer of their feminine roles, reproduced and re-reproduced within social life both outside and in the home, through cultural discourses appear as an important social problem. Configuration of gender identities starting from home towards social life is a process which shape personal and social taste, the form of self-expression, social status and daily experiences of women/young girls. Moving from this point, the study focuses on two major objectives; one of them is the problem of how gender role expectations, produced through intra-familial relations which are effective in the determination of subjective identities of young girls between the ages of 18-24, are transferred. The second one is to put forward through their own perspectives how young girls interpret intra-familial cultural discourses and in which contexts they reproduce the proposed definitions of femininity in the daily life. While young girls present in their accounts how they experience daily life with their perspectives, how they want to transform the space of inside home which forms the core of feminine identity has call to the future quality. For this purpose, in-depth interview technique, used in qualitative researches, has been employed. Families of lower and higher socio-economic and cultural qualities of Ankara comprise the participative group of the research. It is important that the two groups represent different social classes because social classes have an effective role in the formation of gender. In this context, as well as an analysis of the signification world of the in

Linguistics which deals with different fields in languages composed itself new study fields in a sensible way with the help of new grammatical rules in 1960s. One of these new fields is textual linguistics. This new field which analyzes textual features and is based on text itself constitutes of an authentic study scope of linguistics. With the disruption of understanding of “sentence is the main unit in a text”, the improvements have occurred in textual linguistics. That is to say, in a textual analysis not are one by one sentences important but the text as a whole. In other words, a textual analysis is formed by the examination of text itself as a whole, relations between the units that constitute of the text , as well as its construction and function. Besides, Textual linguistics tries to determine the construction of meaning in texts. Determination of main-topic , sub-topics and the analysis of deep textual meanings apart from its surface structure can only be done by textual linguistics. The textual linguistics which approaches analyses with this consideration determines rules of being a text in poems, stories or any other materials related to the language. In this regard, short stories are also in the scope of textual linguistics because they have textual features. In this paper, it is aimed to present the story “SEMAVER” written by Sait Faik ( tells the story of the poor) by dealing with appearances of coherence in the light of textual linguistics rules and approaches.The main reason of analyzing this text is to determine the grammatical construction that is known as surface structure of the text. In the textual linguistics these structures are also called as small scale of the text. Firstly ,the information is given about a sentence, understanding beyond the sentence , textual linguistics, conversational analysis and the concept of a text. The appearances of referential cohesion in the story is analyzed after broaching to the subject with the title of appearance of textual coherence . After that, personal pronouns ,demonstrative pronouns ,reflexive pronouns and demonstrative adjectives are analyzed under the title of free referential items. Under the title of bound referential items, possessive suffixes ,accusative case suffixes ,relative pronouns, personal endings are analyzed. Under the title of formal appearances of cohesion in the story, conjunctions, substitution, lexical cohesion, ellipsis and time

A dictionary is a referential work which defines the words, idioms and terms of a language; it gives every detail of words in grammar; it presents usage samples; briefly it orderly gathers the vocabulary of the language. Dictionaries are not the works are read from beginning to end but they fulfill transferring social values coming with language as a social and cultural duty. Each language has dictionaries according to topic and method. Since the first dictionary Divanü Lügat’t-Türk, dictionaries have been written from the various fields, periods and dialects in Turkish language. In this study we aimed to classify and introduce Turkish dictionaries according to their subjects and methods as general dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, dictionaries of the period, dialectology dictionaries, etymological dictionaries, Ottoman dictionaries. The general dictionaries part includes Şemseddin Sami’s Kâmûs-ı Türkî’s which reveals information on the historical dialects of Turkish language, Turkish dictionary prepared by Ali Parlatır and others which aims to include the whole Turkish vocabulary and Turkish dictionary prepared by Ali Püsküllüoğlu which contains the vocabulary among public and slang. The bilingual dictionaries part includes Sır James Redhouse’s the English-Turkish dictionary named Redhause which contains each word in Qur'an, quotations from Persian poets and proverbs of Arabic-Persian and Ottoman. The era dictionaries part includes Survey Dictionary, which contains the Turkish words delved from 227 written works and the words that are not being used today or have different meanings are given with their witnesses, and The New Survey Dictionary, that edited by Cem Dilçin, which published by Turkish Language Association. Dialectology dictionaries include compiling dictionary which contains compiled Turkish words from various parts of the country between 1932 and 1960. The section of Etymology Dictionaries includes Vâmbery Hermann, Etymology Dictionary of Turkish-Tatar Languages, Bedros Keresteciyan, Mat?rıaux Pour un Dıstıonnaıre Etymologııque De La Langue Turque dictionary, a study written by Martti R?s?nen entitled ‘An Essay on Etymology Dictionary of Turkish Languages’, Old Turkish Dictionary written by Nasılof-Tenışef-Şerback-Nadalıov, Pre-thirteenth Century Turkish Languages Etymological Dictionary written by Sır Gerard Clauson and Vladimirovich Sevortyan, Etymology Dictionary of Turkish Languages. The section of Ottoman Dictionaries includes Ah

Cynicism and mobbing are a mong th behavioral problems tha t became challenging to handle for organizations during the last years. Cynicism is a general or private attitude characterized by a general distrust as well as disappointment and negative emotions towards an ideology, social norm, organization or all of them (personal or a group). Mobbing is a type of intimidationbehaviorthatconsists of actssuch as spreading false rumors, accusing falsely, humiliation, insult, and applying violence and is meant to drive employees away from their work. Organizational cynicism is the belief that an Organization lacks integrity. This beliefs consists of negative emotional reaction and insulting or critical behaviour In this study,hypotheses regarding whether perceptions related to mobbing affected organizational cynicism were tested. The research data were collected through a job satisfaction survey made with 99 employees from 3 and 4 star hotels located in Bitlis city centre. In our study,a significant and positive relationship was found between Mobbing and Organizational cynicism (P = .485). The correlation analysis at the end of the research has shown that the more the employees’ mobbing perception increases, their organisational cynicism increases too. In the regression analysis that was carried out, it was found that among different dimensions of organizational cynicism, mobbing can explain approximately 30% of cognitive cynicism, 25% of emotional cynicism, and 20% of behavioral cynicism. Perceptions towards being exposed to mobbing and organizational cynicism vary depending on demographic qualities of the employees. Accordingly, there have been some differences found between mobbing and the working status; organisational cynicism and naive cynicism; behavioural cynicism and educational status.Especially at the service businesses, employees who build up close relationships with both the colleagues and the customers will feel these two factors and the organisational integrity will be destroyed. Therefore, the employees will be insensitive towards the organisation and there will be several negative situations such as ineffectiveness, dissatisfaction from work, lack of loyalty towards the organisation and underperformance. In this regard, it is possible to mention that building a conscious human resources policy, involving the employees in decision making mechanisms, creating awareness among the employees can overcome the problems of the organisations.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between eighth graders’ academic achievement and their attitudes towards Republic of Turkey Revolution History and Kemalism (RTRHK) course in terms of some variables. The participants of this study were composed of 1000 eighth graders studying in Sivas province during 2014-2015 academic year. In this study focusing on the relationship between eighth graders’ academic achievement and their attitudes towards RTRHK course, the data were collected using RTRHK course Attitude Scale, which was developed as a 23-item scale by Yeşiltaş and Yılmazer (2015) and personal information form, which was composed of 19 items. The obtained data were entered into IBM SPSS Statistic 23 software, and made ready for the analysis. Within this context, frequency, percentages, mean scores, mean rank, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney U and Tukey HSD tests were performed. These analyses were conducted in order to assess the students’ attitudes towards RTRHK course and their teachers in terms of different variables. As a result, it was found that students’ attitudes towards RTRHK course was significantly differed in terms of gender, teacher’s gender, taking private lesson or going to private training center, materials used by the teacher, reading historical novels, watching historical movies, frequency of reading book, their attitudes towards their teachers, and most or least favorite course. However, it didn’t differed in terms of , parent’s educational background. Finally, when the relationship between academic achievement and these variables, a significant relationship was found between academic achievement and all of these variables except for gender.

The aim of this study is to investigate socio-economics determiners of the fertility in empirical sense. In this frame, income level, primary scholl enrollment of female, female labor force participation, urbanization and life expectancy of female which are thought to affect the Sub-Saharan African countries fertility rate, were all questioned by panel data analysis method. In the scope of this study, the data of 37 Sub-Sahara countries were contributed to the analysis for the period of 1991 to 2011. As to the results of the analysis it was found that negative relationship between the income level, female labor force participation, urbanization and fertility rate, besides positive relationship was found between life expectancy of female, primary scholl enrolment of female and fertility

Despite the existence of a common written language between peoples, the history of the use of different dialects extends as far back as the Old Turkic period. Although the only written Turkic language known to exist in the 11th century, Hakaniye Turkic, was the language of the Kutadgu Bilig, Mahmud al-Kashgari, in his Diwanu l-Lugat al-Turk, showed that in fact a number of dialects were in use at that time (now identified as the Middle Turkic period). Evidence of many different dialects is found today in the Kutadgu Bilig; Oghuz, Karluk, Kipchak, Yaghma, Oghrak, Suvar, and Pechenek are just some of these. In this article, the Oghuz dialect found in the Kutadgu Bilig, the longest literary work in Karakhanid Turkic, will be examined. After providing a brief overview of the Oghuz people and their language in the introduction, Oghuz elements in the Kutadgu Bilig will be discussed. Having defined the elements of Oghuz, separate sections under the headings of phonetics, morphology and vocabulary are designated. In the section on Oghuz phonetics, the following phenomena are discussed: nasalization of b > m, the i > é sound change, word-initial y glide formation, syllabic fusion, haplology, and elision, the sound changes b- > v-, t- > d-, and d- > y-, word-initial k- > g- voicing, the ? > n sound change, the status of the consonants à / g, and use of the adjectival suffix aú / ek. The topics covered in the morphology section are: the presence of + Ig / +Ug which is the original form of the accusative case, use of the adverb ö?dün derived from the noun ö? affixed with the –dın / -din suffix indicating direction, use of the genitive suffix in the form of +(n)Ing / +nIng, use of the second person singular pronoun sen, use of the second person singular and plural imperative affix, use of the aorist tense suffixed with –r, use of the past definite and past indefinite tenses, and use of the suffixes - mış/miş; -àan/-gen; -àuluk/-gülük; -àlı/ -glı ; -àuçı /- güçi; -teçi / -taçı as verbal adjectives. In the section on vocabulary, the following points are discussed: the reflexive pronoun öz / kentü; tap- / bul-, eliğ, el / kol; kizle- / yaşur-, me?ze- / okşa-, and the use of equivalent pairs.

Objective of this study is to determine the relationships among honor perception attributed to women, values and sex roles. Sample group is composed of 186 university students. Personal Information Form, Honor Concept Perception Toward Women Scale, Schwartz’s Value Survey, Bern Sex Role Inventory were used to collect data. Honor Concept Perception Toward Women Scale has three components: traditional honor concept, egalitarian attitude, premarital sex/honor concept. Schwartz Value Survey has ten types of values and two components of higher-order values: Types of values; power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security. Components of higher-order values; Openness to Change/Conservation, Self- Transcendence/Self- Enhancement. Bern Sex Role Inventory has three components: feminity, masculinity and socıal desirability. This study, Multiple Linear Regression and Independent Samples T-Test were used to analyze the data. At the end of the study, there was significant diffrence between women and men according to traditional honor concept and egalitarian attitude; unsversalism value and benevolence value; feminity sex roles and masculinity sex roles. Women had higher score on egalitarian attitude, unsversalism, benevolence values and feminity sex roles than men. Men had higher score on traditional honor concept and masculinity sex roles than women. Sex and importance of religion variables significantly predicted traditional honor concept. Sex,importance of religion, universalism and power significantly predicted egalitarian attitude .

Reading is a complex processes including components such as meaning making, thinking, evaluating, and relating. Behind this processes, reading comprehension resides. Pupils are expected to use various strategies behind, during and after reading in order to develop their reading comprehension skills. Primary school teachers are also expected to create convenient environments to develop pupils’ reading comprehension skills. The purpose of this study is to develop deficient pupils’ understanding skill of reading comprehension. With this purpose, PRSOE (Predicting-Reviewing-Summarizing-Organizing-Evaluating), one of the strategies of reading comprehension is used, and the effect of this strategy on pupils’ skill of reading comprehension is investigated accordingly. The study is carried out by means of an action research, which is one of the methods of critical theory research approach. Critical theory approach uses both the methods of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The basic aim of action research, which is used in this approach, is to improve any situations. Diaries and natural observations are used as research tools. The sample of the study is three deficient pupils who are studying in a primary school located in the city of Kars. The sample is nonrandom in which simple random sampling is used. The duration of the study is 22 working days. The study has reached to a conclusion that the strategy of PRSOE has positive effect on deficient pupils’ understandings kills of reading. It is hoped that the study can put lights on the topic of how to develop deficient pupils’ understandings kills of reading for primary school teachers.

The purpose of this research is to investigate primary teachers’ views about education of students with specific learning disabilities. The study designed within the framework of qualitative research approach and case study method was utilized. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection technique. A semi-structured interview form was prepared after presented to two specialist academicians in the field for its validity. A pilot study on two teachers was also carried out in order to finalize the questions. Convenience sampling which is one of the purposive sampling is used and 10 primary teachers are selected to participate in the research. Data was collected spring semester of 2014-2015 academic year in Trabzon city. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed and findings are presented in tables where appropriate. Descriptive analysis and interpretive analysis techniques were employed for data analysis. In the process data analysis, constant comparative analysis method also is used. Results of the study indicate that, participant teachers’ knowledge level about specific learning difficulties is low, collaboration level between teachers and parents is weak and teachers are not very effective for finding solutions to overcome problems in the classroom about students with specific learning difficulties. In consideration of the results, some suggestions are made for teachers to minimize problems of children with specific learning difficulties.