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Bulletin 2/10 «Bologna-Reform: Bilanz und Perspektiven»., Cite as: Zürcher, Markus et al. (2010): Bulletin 2/10 «Bologna-Reform: Bilanz und Perspektiven».

In dem vergangenen Jahrzehnt sah sich der Kindergarten vor neuen Herausforderungen gestellt, welche die Gesellschaft an ihn heranträgt: Das ist einerseits der gestiegene Anspruch an die Bildungsarbeit bereits im Kindergarten und andererseits der Anspruch an die bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Strukturen der pädagogischen Praxis im Kindergartenalltag analysiert und beschrieben. Datengrundlage sind Videografien von Kindergartenalltagen in 61 Kindergartengruppen, davon 41 Aufnahmen in Deutschland und 20 in der Deutschschweiz. Zusätzlich wurden die strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen mit einem Fragebogen erhoben. Diese Daten entstanden im Rahmen der Studie „Professionalisierung im Elementarbereich“ (PRIMEL) (Kucharz et al., 2014), welche in der Linie „Ausweitung der Weiterbildungsinitiative Frühpädagogische Fachkräfte“ (AWiFF) vom BMBF gefördert wurde. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurden in Anlehnung an Andrist und Chanson (2003) die Videografien inhaltsanalytisch (deskriptiv und induktiv ergänzt) hinsichtlich der gezeigten Strukturelemente kodiert, welche die Gestaltung eines Kindergartenalltags ausmachen: geführte Sequenz, freie Sequenz, angeleitete Sequenz und verbindende Sequenz. Mit Hilfe einer Clusteranalyse (Ward-Methode) wurden die unterschiedliche Verteilung der Sequenzen eines gezeigten Alltages gruppiert und somit einem Strukturierungsmuster (Cluster) zugeordnet. Die Clusteranalyse ergab, dass die Strukturen der pädagogischen Praxis drei Strukturierungsmuster bilden: „Kind-initiiert“, „Fachperson-initiiert“ und „Alltags-orientiert“. In allen Strukturierungsmuster kommen alle Strukturelemente vor. Kennzeichnend für das Strukturierungsmuster „Kind-initiiert“ ist das häufige Vorkommen der freien Sequenz und für das Strukturierungsmuster „Fachpersonen-initiiert“ die vielen geführten Sequenzen. Im Strukturierungsmuster „Alltags-orientiert“ machen verbindenden Sequenzen (Rituale, Routine, Essen und Übergänge), welche alltägliche Handlungen und Rituale umfassen, den größten Teil der Zeit aus. Die Gestaltung des Mittagessens wurde in drei Videografien inhaltsanalytisch hinsichtlich der Arrangements analysiert. Hier ließen sich induktiv vier Kategorien – Instruktion/ Anweisung, Autonomie/Eigenständigkeit, Akzeptanz von Vorlieben und Abneigungen, Klima/Kultur/Rituale – herausarbeiten und drei Gestaltungstypen – „Familienähnlich“, „Mensaähnlich“ und „pädagogisches Familien-Restaurant“ – unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass neben der Altersspanne der Kinder in der Gruppe, das Makrosystem (Länderebene) die Tagesgestaltung des Kindergartens stark beeinflusst. Die Sichtbarmachung der Strukturen auf der Mesoebene ermöglicht es, diese vergleichend zu diskutieren und Implikationen für die pädagogische Praxis abzuleiten.

4 bis 8: Fachzeitschrift für Kindergarten und Unterstufe, no. 3, p. 38

Jahresbericht PHTG 2020: Im Fokus: «Frühe Kindheit», p. 14

Jahresbericht PHTG 2019, vol. 2019, p. 18

Zusammenfassung. Die Bedeutsamkeit guter Qualität in Kindertagesstätten ist inzwischen hinreichend belegt. Die Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktion ist ein wichtiger Qualitätsindikator. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, mögliche Einflussfaktoren, die sich positiv auf die Interaktionsqualität auswirken, zu identifizieren. Der Fokus ist auf die situativen Charakteristiken sowie die strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen gerichtet, die sich nach Bronfenbrenners ökosozialer Theorie in unterschiedlicher Weise auf die Interaktion zwischen Fachkraft und Kind auswirken. Die Interaktionsqualität wurde in 119 Kita-Gruppen durch das Beobachtungsinstrument CLASS toddler erfasst. Zudem wurden die situativen Charakteristiken der Beobachtungszyklen festgehalten. Die strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen wurden mit einem Fragebogen erhoben. Anhand eines Mehrebenen-Strukturgleichungsmodells zeigt sich, dass bei den strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen nur die Qualitätszertifizierung in Zusammenhang mit der Interaktionsqualität steht. QualiKita-zertifizierte Einrichtungen zeigen die höchste emotionale und verhaltensbezogene Unterstützung. Bei den situativen Charakteristiken zeigen sich mehrere signifikante Zusammenhänge. Geführte Gruppenaktivitäten weisen mehr unterstützende Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktionen auf als andere Aktivitätssettings. Je mehr Kinder anwesend sind, desto schlechter fällt die Interaktionsqualität aus. Bessere Interaktionsqualität zeigt sich in Situationen mit präsenten Leitungspersonen. Diese Studie verdeutlicht die Wichtigkeit der Alltagsgestaltung als Ansatzpunkt für weitere Qualitätsentwicklungsmaßnahmen.

Schulblatt des Kantons Thurgau, vol. 2017, no. 1, p. 34

Reversibel photoschaltbares 1,2-Bis(2-ethyl-6-phenyl-1-benzothiophen-1,1-dioxid-3-yl)perfluorcyclopenten (EBT) mit fluoreszierender “geschlossener” Form wurde mit vier oder acht Carboxygruppen versehen und an Antikorper gebunden. Die carboxylierten Derivate wiesen geringe Aggregation, effizientes Photoschalten in wassrigen Puffern, gezieltes Farben von zellularen Strukturen und gute photophysikalische Eigenschaften auf. Abwechselnde Bestrahlung mit UV und blauem Licht relativ geringer Intensitat fuhrte zu reversibler photochemischer Isomerisierung zwischen zwei stabilen Strukturen uber mehrere dutzend Schaltzyklen. Dies ermoglichte die Verwendung der Farbstoffe fur hochauflosende RESOLFT-Mikroskopie (“reversible switchable optical linear fluorescence transitions”). Hierbei konnte eine optische Auflosung von 75 nm an zellularen Tubulin-Filamenten erzielt werden.

Schulblatt des Kantons Thurgau, no. 3, p. 10

Im Oktober 2011 startete der erste interdisziplinäre Studienjahrgang Master Frühe Kindheit der Pädagogischen Hochschule Thurgau (PHTG) und der Universität Konstanz., Schulblatt des Kantons Thurgau, no. 2, p. 7

In diesem ��berblicksartikel stellen die Autorinnen die verschiedenen in der Schweiz zur Verf��gung stehenden und unterschiedlich ausgerichteten Studiengangsangebote im Bereich der fr��hen Kindheit vor und m��chten damit zur Kl��rung dieses etwas un��bersichtlichen Gesamtangebots beitragen. Dans le pr��sent article, les auteures proposent un aper��u des diff��rentes fili��res d�����tudes dans le domaine de la petite enfance et de leurs diverses orientations. Elles souhaitent ainsi contribuer �� clarifier l���ensemble quelque-peu confus des offres existant dans le domaine.

Im Oktober 2011 startet der neue Masterstudiengang «Frühe Kindheit» der Pädagogischen Hochschule Thurgau und der Universität Konstanz., 4 bis 8: Fachzeitschrift für Kindergarten und Unterstufe, no. 11, p. 28

Evaluation of different and partially contradictory guidelines for screening for retinopathy of prematurity published in Germany.The data on 1219 preterm infants examined in Bern (n = 900) and Berlin (n = 319) were analyzed. A total of 680 preterm infants (56%) had a birth weight below 1500 g. The remaining infants were examined because oxygen had to be supplied or surgery done before or around the estimated delivery time.Stage 3 retinopathy was found in 88/1219 (7.2%) preterm infants. Only 5/88 infants weighed more than 1500 g at birth. Three of these infants had a birth weight below 2000 g and needed supplemental oxygen for a prolonged period of time. The other 2 infants had birth weights of more than 2000 g and were severely ill. Of 1219 preterm infants, 37 (3%) developed threshold retinopathy (according to the criteria of the multicenter trial); 35/37 infants weighed less than 1230 g at birth. The remaining 2 children (1650 g and 2185 g birth weight) were severely ill.Preterm infants should be screened for retinopathy of prematurity: (1) if the birth weight is below 1500 g; (2) if the birth weight is below 2000 g and oxygen supply was necessary for more than 30 days; (3) if infants are very sick or must undergo multiple surgery before term. The first examination should be scheduled for the 6th week postnatal and not before 31 weeks postmenstrual age.

Several studies have shown no correlation between individual perinatal risk factors and outcome. Rather, the children's development depends more on social factors. In our retrospective study we compared the development of 26 at-risk newborns with that of a same-sex healthy sibling 10 to 16 years later. Data were collected by interview, questionnaires and neuropsychological tests. In the parents' view, the children who were at-risk newborns had a special position in the family (close mother-child relationship, overprotectiveness, child cause for concern). They had more educational and behavioral problems and their social network was limited. With one exception (d2 test), the neuropsychological tests showed no significant differences between the two groups of children. However, overall the at-risk children had more attention deficit disorders with hyperactivity (ICD-10, F90.0) and more selected learning disturbances (F81). A division of the children into those with minor and major perinatal risk factors was not of predictive value for outcome. There was only a low correlation between the parent's assessments of the at-risk children and more objective criteria (need for professional help or special schooling). The authors discuss the types of support that should be provided to parents with at-risk newborns.

This retrospective study deals with 296 children born between 1, Jan. 1974 and 31, Dec. 1980, who had been hospitalized as newborns at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Berne and who had been considered at risk for abnormal psychomotor development because of well defined perinatal risk factors. Their psychomotor development had first been evaluated in the first months and years of life at the Cerebral Palsy Centre at Berne. In 1989, when the children were 9-15 years old, their neuro-intellectual development was investigated through a questionnaire sent to the families dealing with the subsequent psychosocial and scholastic course. In the CP-Centre, at a median age of 10 and mean age of 26.4 months, 247 (83.5%) of the children had been discharged with the finding of normal psychomotor development, 25 (8.4%) had been considered to show questionable findings and 24 (8.1%) to show obvious abnormal psychomotor development. On the basis of the answers to the questionnaire (median age 11 8/12, mean age 11 10/12 years; 62% return rate), 39.3% of the children had had no further problem, and 57.4% had used special support such as speech therapy or educational consulting and/or had had school problems. 3.3% showed distinct learning disabilities. More than 90% were attending a normal public school. This corresponds to the attendance in the general population. However, fewer children were in higher schools. To investigate whether the judgement in the first months and years (CP-Centre) of life corresponded to the further development (questionnaire), a subpopulation was specially evaluated in addition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

330 out of 616 surviving newborns treated in the neonatal ICU of Berne University Children's Hospital from 1.1 1974 to 31.12. 1976 were considered, on the basis of strict criteria, to be especially at risk for the development of abnormal cerebromotor symptoms, 287 were followed up. At age 3--42 (mean 15) months, 10% of these especially endangered children showed clear-cut, and 24% slightly abnormal, symptoms. If related to the total number of surviving patients, all of whom were either ill or at risk for disturbed neonatal adaptation, this corresponds to 5 and 11% respectively. Based on this population, an approximate incidence of cerebral palsy of 5% at age 15 months can be calculated for the whole pediatric population. This value is comparable to the 2% actually found in the total pediatric population. Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease in abnormal symptoms with increasing postnatal age was found. Newborns with convulsions, however, do not have this favourable prognosis.

The new international classification of the different stages of RLF is presented. The incidence of ROP varies between 10 and 80/100,000 live births, and 7 and 40% of all prematures. Recent data from Switzerland indicate that 12% of the 7-16 years old scholars in schools for visually disabled children have advanced stages of ROP (RLF). 27% of the totally blind scholars have RLF. The main risk factors are immaturity of retinal vascularization and oxygen. Other postulated risk factors like f.e. elevated or fluctuating pCO2 are discussed. Indications and a time schedule for ophthalmological examination are suggested. Prophylactic measures as f.e. Vitamin E administration are briefly mentioned. Finally, ophthalmological treatment is critically evaluated. An efficiency of coagulation has not yet been proven. An uncomplicated retinal detachement can be treated with conventional retinal surgery if it does not regress spontaneously during the course of active ROP. Chances to gain visual benefit from extreme vitreo-retinal surgery of endstage RLF with total retinal detachement cannot yet fully be estimated but seem to be very low.

The Swiss Neonatology Group was founded in 1972 to strengthen cooperation between obstetricians and pediatricians in this country. To this end a collaborative study was made of the incidence of respiratory distress syndrom in Switzerland during 1974. Almost every neonatal unit of the country participated, and the study thus covered the problem cases taken from approximately 90% of all Swiss newborns. 30% of the newborns hospitalized in neonatal units (or 2% of all Swiss newborns) developed a respiratory distress syndrome. 16% of these died. One third of all the cases of respiratory distress and two thirds of the deaths were due to hyaline membrane disease, which mainly occurred in prematures. The other cases of respiratory distress were divided between aspiration, transient respiratory distress and other pulmonary disorders. 31% of the newborns with respiratory distress syndrome underwent mechanical ventilation, more than half of these having hyaline membrane disease. The success already achieved by modern perinatology looks hopeful for the future.

To test the efficacy of a specialized transport service for sick newborns, changs in pH, Dextrostix values, and rectal temperature during transportation are compared in newborns transported by a specialized team and newborns referred by personnel of obstetric clinics to a neonatal intensive care unit. From January 1, 1974 to December 31, 1977 487 newborns below the age of 48 hours were transported by a specialized team and 336 were referred. The percentage of acidotic and hypothermic infants decreased significantly during transport by a specialized team, and there was a slight decrease in the percentage of hypoglycemic infants. In contrast, the percentage of referred newborns with acidosis and hypoglycemia increased and there was no decrease in the percentage of hypothermic newborns in this group. The advantage of specialized transportation is further underlined by the fact that these newborns were more severely ill than those brought by personnel of the referring clinics. The financial and administrative efforts involved in running a specialized transport system for newborns are justified.

On December 31 1984, 262 children between 7 and 16 years of age were being trained in the major institutions for the visually handicapped in Switzerland. Of these, 173 (66%) were visually impaired and 89 (34%) were blind (i.e. some or no light perception). The causes of the visual impairment were malformations (65%), infectious diseases (14%), retrolental fibroplasia (12%), metabolic disorders (4%), tumors (3%) and accidents (2%). Among the blind children these diagnostic groups were distributed as follows: malformations (53%), RLF (25%), infections (10%), tumors (10%). The rates of blindness within The single diagnostic groups were as follows: accidents: 4 out of 5 children; tumors: 78%; RLF: 69%. This risk of developing blindness in RLF children, as compared to the risk in the overall population studied, had the highest statistical significance (p less than 0.0001). Malformations (28%) and infectious diseases (22%) represented a lower than average risk of developing blindness, the average figure for the whole population being 34%. The risk of developing blindness as a consequence of infections was statistically not different from that in the total population investigated. All RLF children had a birthweight below 2000 g. By extrapolation an incidence of 0.24% RLF cases was estimated for prematures below 2000 g. During the 10 years under investigation (1968-1977), 3.6 new cases of RLF/100,000 live births were diagnosed per year, with a peak in 1975 and 1976. This figure is probably an underestimate, since severely brain damaged blind children with multiple handicaps were not considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A questionnaire was used to investigate the social behaviour of 168 5-7 year olds, who as neonates had been at risk for developing psychomotor disturbances, and the educational behaviour of their parents. 52 six year olds with an uneventful perinatal period formed the control group. Sociodemographic data did not differ between the two groups. The basic tendency of the children's temperament ( liveliness vs. calmness ) during the first year was similar in both groups. Achievement of developmental milestones (gross motor activity, language, bladder and bowel control) was reached at similar age. The parents' educational behaviour did not differ. The social behaviour of the children at risk, as judged by the inhibited or aggressive behaviour, was also equal to the controls. The psychomotor development of the same population of children had been found to be normal in most cases at age 3-42 (mean 15) months ( Schweiz . med. Wschr . 109, 215 [1979]). According to the present study, this risk population of newborns also showed normal social behaviour.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by means of a bilateral nasal cannula system has been used in 21 newborns. 15 had hyaline membrane disease, 3 had an aspiration and 3 showed extensive atelectasis. In 18 of the 21 patients, paO2 increased after cannulation, FiO2 being kept unaltered. As a consequence, the oxygen concentration in the inspired gas mixture could be lowered. 3 children had to be intubated endotracheally and ventilated artificially despite previous nasal cannulation. The criteria for using the CPAP and the methodology are described, its advantages, disadvantages and dangers discussed.

Mechanisms of cardiorespiratory adaptation to extrauterine life are reviewed and the pathophysiology of impaired adaptation is discussed. An emergency transport service for sick newborns in the region of Berne, Switzerland, is described. It is manned by a specialized team consisting of a pediatric resident trained in anesthesiology and a pediatric intensive care nurse, and in 1974 emergency transport was provided for 135 newborns. Most had respiratory distress and there was a large proportion of prematures; a further large group was made up of newborns with infections and congenital cardiopathies. Mortality among the transported newborns was 25% in the first two weeks of life. Transport was by helicopter on 8 occasions and otherwise by ambulance. The financial aspects of the service are discussed, together with its advantages and disadvantages.

This review discusses some basic virologic as well as epidemiologic aspects of herpes genitalis and herpes neonatorum. The clinical picture of herpes neonatorum is presented. At the moment, from the point of view of survival and of psycho-motoric development, the prognosis of this neonatal infection is poor. This fact, as well as the inability of therapeutic trials to modify the prognostic outlook, derive from the hitherto published experiences. Up to this time, the literature also fails to prove the validity of prophylactic cesarean section in preventing neonatal herpes simplex infection. Based on theoretical grounds, however, this prophylactic intervention seems still to be justified under specific circumstances. Repeated cervical smears toward the end of pregnancy are recommended: virologic cultures, whose results can often be communicated after 24 hours, are helpful in deciding if cesarean section is to be performed.

A case of myocardial infarction in a newborn, most probably consecutive to air embolism, is described. The acute episode occurred immediately after the removal of a venous umbilical catheter. The infant survived, without clinical evidence of cardiac impairment 14 months later. However, he developed signs of a spastic cerebral palsy.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is found in 10% of patients in neonatological units. Most often, there is spontaneous restitution. Rarely, severe degrees develop (retrolental fibroplasia); occasionally, infants become blind even nowadays. The etiological role of oxygen is undisputed. Additional factors, however, are also found with significant frequency in the history of infants with ROP. These are elevated pCO2-values, an acidotic pH, and blood transfusions. These three parameters lead to increased availability of oxygen for the tissue. Data from animal experiments confirm this effect. The statistical significance of these factors is clear, whereas their clinical significance has not yet been proved. Probably, the most effective prophylactic measure for preventing severe degrees of ROP is the repeated examination of newborns presenting defined risks by especially trained ophthalmologists.