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The CJEU shook the world of football with its Diarra ruling on Friday, October 4. The impact of the ruling is all but a surprise for me. In a way, the FIFA transfer system was always on shaky legal grounds in terms of EU internal market law. Now, the chickens have come home to roost and key parts of the football transfer system have been brutally set aside. I aim to explain why the Diarra ruling marks a crucial turning point for football, its economy and even its identity.

This article investigates the beginning of the adoption of a new generation of “resistant” grapevine varieties (RVs) in France, in a European context in which varietal innovation has become more and more dynamic over the last thirty years. Today, there is a growing interest in this plant material, because it constitutes a lever for adaptation to the combined impacts of climate change and fungal diseases in vineyards. Based on data from the French digital vineyard register (CVI: “casier viticole informatisé”), this paper provides RV maps of leading regions, as well as less involved ones, which show the implantation of these varieties.

Fungus tolerant grape varieties (RVs) are emerging as a promising solution in a viticultural context characterised by growing societal, environmental, and regulatory tensions. Since the 1930s, several countries have launched research programmes that aim at developing disease-resistant hybrids. Today, 66 resistant grape varieties are registered in at least one of the European catalogues. The historical overview and dynamic integration of RV have not been the subject of a large number of scientific articles. This makes it necessary to explore grey literature such as Vitisphère (www.vitisphere.com), a French daily online magazine created in 2000 specialised in wine industry. Through a press review, this article provides historical background to European breeding programmes and an overview of their perception in France and Occitanie, gathering over 543 articles on the topic of RVs published between 2009 and end June 2024.

The epistemology of models has to face a conundrum: models are often described as highly idealised, and yet they are considered to be vehicles for scientific explanations. Truth-oriented—veritist—conceptions of explanation seem thereby undermined by this contradiction. In this article, I will show how this apparent paradox can be avoided by appealing to the notion of fiction. If fictionalism is often thought to lead to various flavours of instrumentalism, thereby weakening the veritist hopes, the fiction view of models offers a framework much richer than it seems at first sight. To do so, I will call upon the concepts of modality, counterfactual structure and credible worlds. In the end, veritism of explanation and fiction can indeed go hand in hand, but the scope of explanations we can hope to draw from models must be more precisely delineated.

By recognizing the responsibility they have toward future individuals who will be standing in their shoes, current decision-makers are encouraged to adopt long-term perspectives and consider the broader implications of their actions beyond the immediate. This responsibility is echoed in numerous statements by the ECtHR in its rulings about how it understands its own role in European society and the world, and about the deference it believes it owes to domestic decision-makers on the one hand, and to its own past and future work on the other hand. In this light, the ECtHR has struck a pragmatic yet slightly cynical balance between the great demands it was faced with and the great responsibilities it owes to European citizens, to other institutions, and to itself.

Through the representations of Europe that it conjures up and conveys, the European Court of Justice significantly influences the EU’s self-perceived identity. In that sense, it contributes to the shaping of a European polity, i.e. a European political community united by shared representations about its history and identity.

Résumé : Cette étude se propose d’explorer le rôle de la communication en relation avec le phénomène de la nuisance sonore dans la ville d’Abidjan, en Côte d'Ivoire. Le faisant, elle infère par conjecture que la solution à ce problème de société d’origine comportementale réside dans une nécessité de changement des comportements. Elle convoque donc la communication pour le changement de comportement (CCC) à travers ses effets sur les connaissances et attitudes des auteurs, vu les implications de la pollution par le bruit sur le cadre de vie, sur la santé et partant, sur la qualité de la vie des populations. Mobilisant l’enquête par entretien semi-directif individuel comme technique de collecte des données, l’étude a permis de réaliser que la nuisance sonore est imputable à des activités socio-professionnelles dont les auteurs, bien que visiblement conscients des préjudices, sont en majorité ignorants des textes de réglementation en vigueur. Les résultats dans cette dynamique ont permis de déboucher sur la thèse que la communication pour le changement de comportement est au cœur du règlement du problème, confirmant ainsi l’hypothèse de départ et mettant en relief le rôle et les effets de la communication. Mots-clés : Communication ; rôle ; influence ; nuisance sonore ; changement de comportement.

This paper addresses the profound sense of place in Gillian Flynn's crime fiction, which transpires through the locale of the small town. Distinguishing between setting and landscape, the analyses of Sharp Objects, Dark Places, and Gone Girl reveal a tendency in the genre towards more realistic and social narratives which blend melancholic atmospheres and characters into complex storyworlds highlighted with metaphysical overtones. The article's overall claim is that Flynn's crime fiction has an important social dimension reminiscent of the hard-boiled. Her novels indeed explore new avenues of a form of rural hard-boiled in which there are no tough guys or super villains, but rather ordinary men and women who struggle with their own epistemological and ontological limitations.

In this work, we looked at the most recent advances in the field of plastics hydrocracking from a technology standpoint. A patent search was supplemented by a literature review to evaluate the development of the hydrocracking technology for plastics recycling. We observed that the patent and academic literature output rapidly increased over the past decade, highlighting the recent emergence of this technology to tackle the plastic waste problem. A majority of patents arise from academia, where plastics recycling is a growing research topic. Although innovations for plastics hydrocracking have been reported, most of them disclose the use of catalysts in batch reactors, whereas very few patents describe the process. Continuous operation at pilot scale will be essential to gather process data towards industrialisation and further assess the commercial viability of theplastics hydrocracking technology.

Herein, we provide an account on the multi-faceted approach to scaling up a low-carbon chemical technology that originates from academia. First, we discuss technical considerations that must be met prior to industrialisation of a process. Then, we discuss the non-technical considerations such as financing, regulatory and IP rights that are required to obtain support for the project. We use our experience in plastic waste hydrocracking to reflect on strategies that can aid to improve go-to-market time in the field.

On November 30, the Brussels Court of Appeal handed down its ruling in VZW Klimaatzaak v. Kingdom of Belgium & Others, commonly known as “the Belgian climate case.” The ruling is clear: Belgian authorities failed to participate adequately in the global effort to curb global warming, and they must imperatively reduce their emissions. Subscribing fully to Matthias Petel and Norman Vander Putten’s sharp analysis of how this litigation saga embodies tensions between climate justice and the separation of powers, we wish to highlight three remarkable aspects of the case. After quickly summarizing the first instance judgment and last week’s ruling, we begin by touching on the elephant in the (court)room: the articulation of the available scientific evidence with the limits of courts’ power of review and injunction. Then, we say a word about the Brussels Court of Appeal’s thorough application of European human rights law. We finish by deploring, as did the Court, Belgian federalism’s inefficiencies.

Dans beaucoup d’applications industrielles, l’inspection des pièces en composite est réalisée par la méthode Through Transmission Ultrasonics (TTU) par jet d’eau. Généralement, ces méthodes sont déplacées avec des systèmes de mise en position simple (robot cartésien) ou complexe (cellule robotisée). Pour les petites pièces, des outillages spéciaux, pouvant être onéreux, sont conçus permettant de disposer les 2 transducteur de chaque côté de la pièce. Cette méthode n’est pas aisément transposable aux pièces de grandes dimensions ou à l’inspection en petite série. L’autre solution consiste à utiliser 2 robots disposés de part et d’autre de la pièce à inspecter. Les robots doivent être parfaitement synchronisés en position, ce qui complexifie énormément la programmation des robots. Cet article présente plusieurs cellules d’inspection – en réflexion ou transmission – robotisées composées d’un robot ou de 2 robots fonctionnant en mode Leader/Follower. Les architectures matérielles sont analysées et comparées. En seconde partie, une méthode de programmation pour cellule Leader/Follower est présentée à partir de l’application e-hub NDI. Ce logiciel de programmation hors ligne de robots industriels basée sur la CAO intègre des fonctions spécifiques à ce type de cellules telles que la modélisation des outils jet d’eau ou bien le couplage des robots en fonction de l’épaisseur de la pièce à contrôler. Il assiste l’opérateur de contrôle dans la création des programmes robots sans besoin d’expertise en robotique.

La caractérisation des matériaux par méthode non destructive est largement répandue dans l’industrie. La méthode s’appuie souvent sur l’analyse d’un signal provenant d’un capteur (ultrason, courants de Foucault, bruit Barkhausen ou autres), afin d’évaluer une caractéristique du matériau telle que la dureté superficielle, la profondeur des traitements thermiques et thermochimiques, etc. Tout d’abord, il est nécessaire d’avoir une corrélation physique entre la propriété physique et la réponse du moyen de contrôle mise en oeuvre. Ensuite, le signal acquis doit être enregistré dans des conditions optimales qui permettent de transcrire l’information nécessaire à la caractérisation. Mais malgré ces précautions, il arrive dans certains cas que la corrélation entre ces propriétés physiques et le signal soit difficile à établir. Cela est dû principalement à la complexité de la propriété physique recherchée et aux multiples interactions avec d’autres facteurs influents qui donne lieu à une faible corrélation entre le paramètre suivi et celle-ci. En effet, les méthodes classiques sont souvent basées sur l’analyse d’un seul paramètre, comme le Root Mean Square (RMS), le maximum ou le kurtosis par exemple, afin de corréler la propriété du matériau à ce dernier. Mais cette corrélation reste incomplète puisqu’elle ne décrit pas toute la déformation du signal en fonction de la propriété recherchée. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’utiliser une méthode multi paramètres qui permet, à partir d’un signal, d’extraire des paramètres pertinents qui décrivent correctement le signal, et de les utiliser afin de remonter à des propriétés mécaniques telles que la profondeur de cémentation ou les contraintes résiduelles. Des algorithmes de Machine Learning et/ou de Deep Learning sont utilisés, et les résultats sont comparés entre eux.

Dans le cadre de son activité collective destinée à ses cotisants mécaniciens, le CETIM a réalisé une étude de l’utilisation de l’IA (machine learning) pour une sanction automatique des contrôles par magnétoscopie fluorescente. En effet, les systèmes automatiques classiques basés sur la vision atteignent leurs limites dans le cas de fausses indications liées aux méthodes de contrôle par magnétoscopie et ressuage. Un démonstrateur nomade a été réalisé pour permettre aux industriels de découvrir et d’évaluer sur leur production, les performances de la technologie IA pour la détection automatique par Intelligence Artificielle de défauts décelés par magnétoscopie fluorescente. Cette technologie est transposable à d’autres méthodes CND comme le ressuage fluorescent. Ce démonstrateur automatisable comprend 4 modes de fonctionnement permettant d’illustrer la démarche IA appliquée aux CND : acquisition d’images, annotation des images (classification, détection d’objet, segmentation), entrainement d’algorithmes de Machine Learning et contrôle en temps réel. Les travaux ont été réalisés sur 4 types de pièces forgées (bielles, vilebrequins, moyeux de roue et tulipes de transmission) mises à disposition par les industriels, mais sont transposables à d’autres types de pièces. Les algorithmes entrainés permettent de détecter automatiquement les défauts décelés par magnétoscopie fluorescente. L’étude a montré que l’IA est une technologie aujourd’hui accessible pouvant répondre aux besoins des industriels pour fiabiliser et automatiser les contrôles actuels. Ce démonstrateur est aujourd’hui présenté comme un assistant aux contrôleurs CND.

Depuis quelques années, Naval Group s'approprie la technologie de Focalisation en Tous Points (FTP plus connue sous son acronyme anglais TFM) en l'appliquant progressivement à ses cas industriels. Deux applications sont présentées dans cet article : – une utilisation de la TFM pour les mesures de profilométrie interne de composants, – une utilisation de la TFM pour le contrôle d'une soudure de forte épaisseur. Pour chaque cas, l'application est décrite et les comparaisons entre différentes techniques ultrasonores sont effectuées. Une analyse des gains potentiels est présentée. Des explications physiques utilisant la simulation CIVA sont proposées. Les éventuels inconvénients sont aussi discutés.

Dans le cadre de ses contrats, NAVAL GROUP assure le Maintien en Conditions Opérationnelles des sous-marins et bâtiments de surfaces de la Marine Nationale. Les contrôles non destructifs par ressuage, largement mis en oeuvre, participent à démontrer l’intégrité de matériaux métalliques sur coque et structure de ces bâtiments. Néanmoins, ces méthodes nécessitent des précautions particulières afin de limiter leur impact sur l’environnement et la santé des opérateurs (traitement des déchets, port de masques…) et de surcroît présentent de réelles contraintes en termes de mises en oeuvre à bord des bâtiments en phase de maintenance notamment. A ce titre, plusieurs études sur l’utilisation de capteurs courants de Foucault multiéléments sont menées au sein du département END du CESMAN (Centre d’Expertise des Matériaux et Structures Navales) sur diverses applications avec pour but de se substituer aux méthodes de ressuage. Un état des lieux de ces différentes études est présenté.

Coprophagous beetles are essential for fecal matter removal and are thus considered key ecosystem services providers. Yet, our knowledge of these beetles’ distribution and ecology remains very limited. Here, we used Species Distribution Models (SDM) to investigate the species-environment relationships (i.e. their niche) and predict the geographic distribution of coprophagous beetles in the Western Swiss Alps. We used our own sampled data and existing national data from the Swiss faunal database to calibrate, for each species, a regional and a national SDM respectively. In both models, the best predictors were temperature and rock cover proportion, while a soil characteristic (∂13C) indicating its organic content and texture was important in the regional models and precipitations in the Swiss models. The model performed better for species specialized on low or high altitudes than for generalist species occurring in a large altitudinal range. The model performances were neither influenced by the size, nor by the nesting behavior (laying eggs inside or below the excrements) of the species. We also showed that species richness decreased with altitude. This study opens new perspective for a better knowledge of coprophagous beetle’s ecology and a useful tool for their conservation in mountain regions.

Le 19 janvier 2021, la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a rendu son arrêt très attendu dans l'affaire Lăcătuş c. Suisse au sujet de l'interdiction de la mendicité, qui est désormais définitif. Le canton de Genève y a répondu en modifiant sa disposition litigieuse sur la mendicité, ce qui a fait l'objet d'un arrêt de la Chambre constitutionnelle genevoise le 28 juillet 2022. Cet arrêt valide sous l'angle abstrait la nouvelle teneur de la loi genevoise qui interdit désormais la mendicité sur des critères géographiques et comportementaux. Le présent article examine de manière critique cette réponse, en revenant notamment sur la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH. Il apporte également des réflexions pour l'évolution future de la jurisprudence. -- Am 19. Januar 2021 fällte der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR) sein mit Spannung erwartetes Urteil im Fall Lăcătuş gegen die Schweiz zum Bettelverbot, das nun endgültig ist. Der Kanton Genf reagierte darauf, indem er seine strittige Bestimmung zur Bettelei änderte, die kurz darauf am 28. Juli 2022 Gegenstand eines Urteils der Genfer Verfassungskammer wurde. Ihr Urteil validiert unter abstrakten Gesichtspunkten den neuen Wortlaut des Genfer Gesetzes, das Betteln nun aufgrund von geografischen und verhaltensbezogenen Kriterien verbietet. Der vorliegende Artikel setzt sich kritisch mit diesem Entscheid auseinander und geht dabei insbesondere auf die Rechtsprechung des EGMR ein. Er liefert auch Überlegungen für die zukünftige Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung.

Alternative agri-food initiatives have the ambition to build an alternative to the market and industrialization, but these initiatives are nevertheless accused of depoliticization. Scarcely prone to subversion, allegedly they would only address the upper classes and fail to create a movement. An ethnographic survey among these initiatives in a city in eastern France, provides answers to these questions, showing a different definition of the economy re-embedded in politics and territory.

This article analyses the peculiarity of the assisted dying’s model in Switzerland. It postulates that the collectivity does not accept the act of suicide in itself; it rather accepts the fact of providing assistance for a death that is up to this day formally categorized as a “violent death”. Consequently, the framing of assisted dying and its implementation can be construed as a “pattern for misconduct”, which opens an original and pragmatic angle to understand one of the social issues in relation with the contemporary ways to end one’s life.

Herein, we describe the status of bio-derived plastics as well as the existing and emerging technologies that are available for their post-consumer end-of-life valorization. We first present how bio-derived plastics can be produced from renewable materials such as biomass and CO2. In the second section, we present an overview of the technologies available for the end-of-life, including pyrolysis and gasification and how they can be leveraged towards a circular economy. We continue the discussion with the presentation of an emerging technology, polyolefin hydrocracking. Finally, the concepts are discussed in light of life cycle analysis that helps to assess the sustainability of manufacture (and recycling) methods.

On 9 September 2022, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) finally published it’s long-awaited “Strategic Framework on Human Rights”. The new Framework presents an overarching approach as well as concrete action plans for the IOC to address their human rights risks. This blogpost highlights both the potential of the Framework to change the way the IOC operates and the Olympics are organised and the many unknowns remaining regarding its actual transformative impact and concrete implementation in practice.

This paper investigates trends in Swiss women’s and men’s gender attitudes in the period 2000–2017 using the Swiss Household Panel data. Based on pooled OLS and fixed-effects models, we establish the following for women and men: (1) over this time period, attitudes towards gender roles become more egalitarian, while attitudes towards gender equality achievement remain stable; (2) the youngest cohort unexpectedly holds more traditional attitudes; and (3) individual attitudes change over the life course based on life events and the attitudes of one’s partner.

Our purpose is to conduct a comparative study on exactly identical passages that were translated at a ten‑year interval by Jean de Vignay in both Miroir historial and in Jeu des échecs moralisé. This will allow us to highlight both the continuity and the differences – even the progress of the translator – in the mastery and interpretation of his Latin models. We will thereby determine the extent to which the translator could detach himanuscritelf from the translation calque, which characterises Miroir historial, to fit the particular genre of moralisation.

This article describes four fluorescent membrane tension probes that have been designed, synthesized, evaluated, commercialized and applied to current biology challenges in the context of the NCCR Chemical Biology. Their names are Flipper-TR©, ER Flipper-TR©, Lyso Flipper-TR© and Mito Flipper-TR©, they are available from Spirochrome.

Effective post-harvest management of crops could significantly contribute to food security by improving the availability and quality of food. In Burkina Faso, new concerns have emerged as a result of the growing importance accorded to sesame (Sesamum indica), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), "zamnè" (Acacia macrostachya), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The insects identified as storage pests on these crops belong mainly to the order Coleoptera and families of Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Bostrichidae are the most representative. The studies carried out allowed a better knowledge of the pests as well as their economic importance. Losses due to insects, estimated up to 100% depending on the crop and protection methods used, are frequently observed after a few months of grain storage. Several alternatives to the use of chemicals including biological control, biopesticides and hermetic storage are being promoted. The triple bagging technology is one of the promising alternatives that can adapt to the post-harvest storage of a wide range of crops. Despite its proven effectiveness for several commodities, there is need to verify its efficiency against a diversity of insect pests with differing behaviour and evolution. The importance of the challenges is such that the strategies to be implemented must be conceived in a comprehensive, integrated approach, even at the regional scale.

Political reactions to the COVID-19 crisis in the USA, Brazil and elsewhere have revealed the power of a proto-ideology which articulates environmental destruction with the sacrifice of human health to preserve a segregationist project of modernity. This essay suggests that this political trend which denies ecological connections and promotes a carbon intensive society could correspond to the notion of ´carbofascism´, coined by the environmental historian J.-B. Fressoz. It addresses this trend in a historical perspective to discuss its ideological filiation with past fascisms and provide a hypothesis for the causes of its emergence. Carbofascism is possibly a product of the deep historical entwinement of modern democratic regimes with anthropocentric principles and the growth of fossil fuels. The coronavirus pandemic represents a turning point in which the integrity of human and non-human life is tested against the lingering toxicity of our patterns of energy dependency, making the transformation of carbon democracy into ecodemocracy urgent.

The study examines the dating of the Great Tomb Robber Papyri and their impact on the chronology of the late 20th Dynasty in ancient Egypt. The papyri contain information about the theft of tombs and temples that took place between the end of the reign of Ramses IX and the early years of Ramses XI. The investigation is based on the prosopography of the individuals involved in the thefts. The results show that the thefts coincided with the political events of the time. The implications of these findings for the history of this period are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

In a context of increasing pluralization and individualization of family forms, families would often develop through (individual) spatial mobility. This challenges a dominant view of the family that emphasises spatial proximity and residential stability in a conducive environment for family development. Using data from the Swiss survey Family tiMes and multi-channel sequence analysis, this article examines the links between residential context, residential mobility and family development over the life course.

En 1579, les députés du second ordre du bailliage de Saint-Mihiel, dans le duché de Bar, adressent à leur prince, le duc de Lorraine Charles III, une remontrance de protestation relative à l’organisation de la justice dans leur territoire. Par ce texte, les gentilshommes s’opposent à une réforme ayant eu lieu quelques années plus tôt, par laquelle ils ont été dépossédés de leurs prérogatives en matière de justice souveraine au profit d’officiers de justice nommés et gagés par le prince. La remontrance, qui constitue autant un exposé des conceptions nobiliaires en matière de justice qu’un programme politique du second ordre barrois, est une source d’un grand intérêt pour l’étude des représentations politiques de la noblesse durant la première modernité. Sa plus grande originalité réside cependant dans l’usage que font les gentilshommes barrois des institutions de l’Empire germanique comme modèle de participation nobiliaire à l’exercice du pouvoir, qu’ils opposent aux usages de la monarchie française, suspectée de souhaiter l’abaissement de la noblesse.

Ce document est la traduction de l’article « Searching for Ethics: Legal requirements and empirical issues for anthropology » (voir Perrin et al. 2018). Il analyse les nouvelles dispositions légales qui impactent les pratiques de recherche qualitative et contribuent à l’institutionnalisation de l’éthique de la recherche en Suisse. Après avoir contextualisé l’émergence de nouvelles formes de régulation de la recherche, il montre comment leurs présupposés épistémologiques affectent l’anthropologie. Il explore ensuite les enjeux liés à l’articulation entre éthique procédurale et éthique processuelle. Enfin, il examine les différentes postures qui pourraient être adoptées par les anthropologues et en sociales qualitatives.

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Previous studies have highlighted the importance of having long term data for the study of cities, but such sources are relatively scarce. This is especially the case for data about relations between cities, which is a crucial aspect of urban dynamics. Over the last two decades, many efforts have been made to digitalize texts, including books and newspapers, which are primary sources on most of our societies. Researchers have shown that these massive digital archives can be used to identify macroscopic trends related to historical and cultural changes. The wealth of geographic information in such digital archives has not been used much, while they are very valuable for the study of cities. In this paper, we present DIGGER, a newly developed dataset that we built on Delpher, the digital archive of historical newspapers of the National Library of the Netherlands, by extracting geographical information from a selection of 102 million of news items. This dataset allowed us to study the spatial diffusion of information on and between the Dutch cities from a corpus of 81 newspapers published in 29 different cities between 1869 and 1994. This paper presents the method developed to build the dataset as well as the validation steps for the accuracy of the place name recognition. This dataset can be used to study the evolution of the Dutch urban system as well as aspects related to the spatial diffusion of information and geographical bias in media coverage.

Protein–RNA complex formation is at the center of RNA metabolism and leads to the modulation of protein and RNA functions. We propose here a step-by-step guide to investigate these interactions including the identification of the protein and RNA parts involved in complex formation, the determination of the affinity of the complex and the characterization of the protein–RNA interface at amino acid and nucleotide level. Moreover, we briefly review the methods that are the most often used to obtain this information using primarily examples from our lab and finally mention what we perceive as the next challenges in the field.

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RÉSUMÉ Le principal objectif de ce texte est d'apporter certaines clarifications par rapport à des problèmes et difficultés entourant l'usage actuel des notions de culture, d'appartenance et de dialogue. L'auteur montre que l'idée selon laquelle on pourrait être prisonnier de sa propre culture découle d'une transformation récente de la signification du concept de culture. Cette idée est critiquée comme étant un mythe, le mythe de la monade culturelle, reposant sur une mécompréhension des rapports entre culture, appartenance et dialogue. L'auteur s'efforce de proposer une meilleure compréhension de ces trois concepts, de façon à éviter toute forme de relativisme radical.