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Kliniker berichten haufig von einer Veranderung des mimisch-affektiven Verhaltens im Laufe der Behandlung posttraumatischer Belastungsstorungen (PTBS). Dabei wird die Zunahme der Mimik in Zusammenhang mit dem Ruckgang der „Numbing“-Symptomatik gebracht. Die Zunahme des mimisch-affektiven Verhaltens (insbesondere des negativen Affekts) im Laufe einer Behandlung in Form des Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) sollte dokumentiert werden. Des Weiteren erfolgte eine explorative Analyse der Zusammenhange der mimischen Veranderungen mit wichtigen Therapie-Outcomes. Das mimisch-affektive Verhalten wahrend der Therapiesitzungen wurde fur 16 Patientinnen, die vor ihrem 18. Lebensjahr traumatisiert wurden, mithilfe des „facial action coding system“ (FACS) im Vorfeld, wahrend und ein Jahr nach einer stationaren EMDR-Behandlung codiert. Zur Quantifizierung der Symptombelastung kamen die Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R), die Symptomcheckliste (SCL-90®), das Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI-V) sowie der Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen (FDS) zum Einsatz. Es zeigt sich uber die 3 Erhebungszeitpunkte hinweg eine bedeutsame Mimikveranderung, die eine Zunahme der Gesamtmimik und den Ausdruck negativen Affekts betraf. Zusammenhange zu den Veranderungen der erhobenen Symptomschwere liesen sich jedoch nicht belegen. Anhand weiterer Untersuchungen wird geklart werden mussen, inwiefern die Zunahme des mimisch-affektiven Verhaltens relevant ist, um insbesondere im Hinblick auf soziale Interaktionen von Behandlungserfolg sprechen zu konnen.

Die Transformation von Wissen und Forschung der Geisteswissenschaften in den digitalen Raum ist im Arbeitsalltag bereits weit fortgeschritten. Mit dieser Transformation, die sich als eine rasante technische Revolution vollzieht, entwickelt sich nicht zuletzt eine neue digitale Wissensordnung. Unsere Ordnungssysteme reichen kulturell viele Jahrhunderte, bis weit in das Mittelalter und die Antike zurück. Die Ordnung des Wissens ist fundamental, denn erst Ordnung macht Wissen zu Wissen, indem sie Wissenswertes von Nicht-Wissenswertem trennt. Wissensordnungen sind immer hierarchisierend, weshalb man zu jeder Zeit intensiv um die Ordnung des Wissens gerungen hat. Sie muss sich mit neuen Bildungssystemen ebenso wandeln, wie sie sich durch neu erschlossene Wissensbereiche, neue soziale Gruppen oder neue Anforderungen innerhalb der Gesellschaft verändert. In dem Beitrag geht es um methodische Ansätze zur Erforschung vormoderner Buchsammlungen als haptisch erfahrbare Wissensräume und den damit verbundenen langfristigen Dynamiken, die es erlauben, die fundamentalen Unterschiede zwischen der analogen und der digitalen Umgebung neu zu reflektieren. The transformation of knowledge and research in the humanities into the digital space is already well advanced in everyday work. With this transformation, which is taking place as a revolutionary technical revolution, at the same time a new digital knowledge order is developing successively. Culturally, our systems of the ordering of knowledge goes back many centuries, far into the Middle Ages and Antiquity. The ordering is fundamental, because only order turns knowledge into knowledge by separating what is worth knowing from what is not. Knowledge orderings are always hierarchizing, which is why they continuously and intensively have been challenged in all times. The ordering of knowledge has to change with new educational systems, new social groups and just as it changes with newly opened fields of knowledge or new demands within society. This article deals with methodological approaches in reassessing pre-modern religious institutions and book collections as specific knowledge spaces, in order to reflect the long term dynamics and the fundamental differences between the analog and the digital knowledge environment.

Hochschulbibliotheken oder andere forschungsunterstützende Serviceabteilungen, die sich mit Forschungsdatenmanagement befassen, verfügen häufig nicht über umfassende Informationen darüber, welche Arten von Forschungsdaten an der jeweiligen Hochschule gesammelt, verwendet, produziert und verbreitet werden. Ein umfassender Überblick über die Forschungsdatenlandschaft ist Voraussetzung für die strategische Planung und Entwicklung geeigneter, lokal angepasster Serviceleistungen. Diese Fallstudie beschreibt die Erhebung der Produktion und Verwendung von Forschungsdaten an der WU Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien und darauf aufbauend die Etablierung und Koordination des Forschungsdatenmanagements durch die Universitätsbibliothek. Die Studie führte einerseits zu interessanten und für die Serviceentwicklung relevanten Ergebnissen. Andererseits wurde die hierbei verwendete Herangehensweise in ein Vorgehensmodell überführt, das auch an anderen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen anwendbar erscheint., University libraries or other service departments involved in research data management often do not have comprehensive information about what types of research data are collected, used, produced and disseminated within the institution concerned. A comprehensive overview of the research data landscape is a prerequisite for the strategic planning and development of suitable, locally adapted services. This case study describes the survey of the production and use of research data at the WU Vienna University of Economics and Business and, based on this, the establishment and coordination of research data management by the university library. On the one hand, the study led to interesting results relevant to service development. On the other hand, the approach used here was converted into a procedural model that also appears to be applicable to other academic institutions

Mit Hilfe der evozierten Potenziale und der magnetisch evozierten motorischen Potenziale können verlängerte Latenzen zentraler Leitungsbahnen und peripherer Nerven nachgewiesen oder ausgeschlossen werden. Somit können Symptome objektiviert und quantifiziert sowie Läsionen lokalisiert werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Durchführung und Indikationen der einzelnen Modalitäten zusammengefasst und Neuerungen berichtet.

Die Fortschritte in der Erforschung der Genetik der Kardiomyopathien eroffnen neue diagnostische Moglichkeiten. Kardiomyopathien, die zuvor als idiopathisch eingestuft wurden, konnen zunehmend mit einer krankheitsverursachenden genetischen Variante in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dies hat weitreichende Konsequenzen fur die Behandlung des Patienten und die Aufdeckung anderer familiarer Falle, moglicherweise unter Vermeidung todlicher Verlaufe. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt die Befunde einer neu diagnostizierten familiaren Kardiomyopathie aufgrund einer genetischen Variante im Troponin-T2-Gen (TNNT2) und diskutiert diese.

This article introduces a new field of enquiry called revivalistics, and explores its trans-disciplinarity and various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits. Revivalistics is an emerging global, trans-disciplinary field of enquiry studying comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (Zuckermann, 2003; 2009; 2020), and particularistic peculiarities and cultural relativist idiosyncrasies on the other, apparent in linguistic reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration across various sociological backgrounds, all over the globe (Zuckermann, 2020; Zuckermann & Walsh, 2011; 2014). The article focuses on the crucial differences between revivalistics and documentary linguistics. It provides examples from the field that demonstrate the complexity of the revivalist’s work and how the revivalist’s work is distinct from that of the documentary linguist. Too many documentary linguists mislead themselves to believe that they can easily be revivalists too. But there are two crucial differences between revivalistics and documentary linguistics, which are at war between themselves: (1) Whereas documentary linguists put the language at the centre, revivalists put the language custodians at the centre. (2) Whereas in documentary linguistics the Indigenous/minority people have the knowledge of the language, in revivalistics the revivalist is the one with that knowledge. Given that the Aboriginal/minority people are the language custodians, and given that the language custodians are at the centre of the revivalistic enterprise, the revivalist must be extremely sensitive. A revivalist is not only a linguist but also a psychologist, social worker, teacher, driver, schlepper, financial manager, cook, waiter, babysitter, donor etc. A revivalist must have a heart of gold, “balls” of steel and the patience of a saint. Language revival is similar to co-parenting. But the revivalist is only a step-father. The important biological mother is the Indigenous/minority community. If you are the step-father and your spouse, who is the biological mother, makes what you perceive to be a mediocre decision with regard to your children, you cannot just disapprove of it. After all, the children are your spouse’s more than they are yours. You must work together for the best possible outcome. Similarly, if the community supports a decision that is not linguistically viable, the revivalist can try to inspire the community members, but must accept their own verdict. That would be difficult for a documentary linguist with poor social skills. The fieldwork for this article was funded by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Project Grant (APP1129796). https://doi.org/10.2478/sm-2021-0001

Introduction: Dance and movement psychotherapy is a psychotherapeutic approach, which assumes that expressive movement can reflect the emotional state of the moving person. It is a method in which movement is supposed to lead to personal integration and development, and the psychotherapist is supposed to create conditions in which emotions can be safely expressed and transmitted, and can meet with acceptance. Material and method: The aim of this study is to describe a case series of patients treated at the General Psychiatric Ward who participated in group sessions of dance and movement psychotherapy (DMT), and to analyse the impact of psychotherapy on their treatment process. In 2019, 12 patients of the General Psychiatric Ward were included in dance and movement psychotherapy (DMT) sessions. The sessions took place once a week from October 2019 to December 2019 and lasted 1h and 10 min. A common element in movement that could be observed in most people in this group was tense shoulders and free forearms and hands. In addition, it was possible to observe in the group members compact flow, free time, multidirectionality, light weight according to the LMA System. Under the influence of the applied interventions it was possible to observe how the bodies of individual group members relax and their chests open. It was also observed how the participants activated their deep abdominal muscles and settled into the therapeutic space. At the same time it was apparent how the patients became attentive to their bodies and movement, which, in turn, translated into their sense of confidence and reduction in anxiety and tension. Discussion: The main problem of semi-open groups is the impaired ability to integrate patients and the difficulty in finding trust and a sense of security. In addition, resistance to attachment naturally arises in group members. Patients do not have the opportunity to experience all stages of the development of the therapy group, especially the last one, the phase of ending psychotherapy. Nevertheless, the semi-open therapy group seems to have some advantages and some problems are highlighted, so that psychotherapeutic work on them can be deepened. Conclusions: Although conducting a group process in a semi-open community is not a comfortable situation for the psychotherapist and the patients due to the difficulty of finding a sense of security and the naturally occurring resistance to attachment, the sessions seem to be very helpful in integrating the patients’ community and in dealing with the inner tensions of each member.

The article presents the results of the study devoted to the linguistic axiological analysis of the XXI century American drama discourse. Contemporary drama discourse, due to its special linguistic status, is a space for verbal representation of characters’ individual axiological trajectories, the analysis of which contributes to determining the values, which are relevant for society as a whole. The aim of the study is to systematize the dynamic structural and content elements of drama characters’ personal axiological spheres and to define their involvement in the piece of social value paradigm, which has its linguistic reflection in modern American drama. The empirical research is based on the texts of the plays written by American playwrights in 2015-2020. Individual linguistic axiological spheres are examined in terms of flexible hierarchical structures, the dynamism of which is determined by the characters’ life experience. The method of linguistic axiological interpretation based on the combination of axiological analysis and discourse analysis is applied to show that the structure of individual linguistic axiological spheres presented in the contemporary American drama discourse is a simplified version of the social linguistic axiological sphere; it has fewer value dominants and evaluative vectors while preserving the diversity of linguistic means of evaluative representation. Linguistic marking of characters’ individual axiological spheres occurs with the help of evaluative utterances, which include evaluative lexemes. Their frequency is characterized by quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the speech of different communicants and is predetermined by the evaluative potential of the word semantics. In American drama discourse, the individual axiological sphere has a linguistic representation not only in personal evaluative remarks, but also in the personage’s reaction to other people’s value judgments, as well as in the utterances where the object of evaluation is the character himself/herself. The discrepancy between the content-based evaluative vectors or the difference in the position of personal value dominants within individual linguistic axiological hierarchies can lead to communication failures. As a result of the linguistic axiological interpretation of individual linguistic axiological trajectories, represented in American dramatic discourse of the XXI century, a fragment of the current American social linguistic axiological sphere is identified, and the central value dominants are highlighted.

Dem Dehnen geht ein guter Ruf voraus. Es soll Muskelkater und Verletzungen vorbeugen, beweglicher machen, Kontrakturen verhindern. Daniel Riese und Marcel Kluge machen den Evidenz-Faktencheck: Wird das Dehnen seinem Ruf gerecht?

Introduction: There are numerous points of controversy over the psychological interpretation of the so-called S responses – namely, the interpretation of white space in the Rorschach test. The aim of my paper was to verify the position held by Charles P. Fonda, who claims that the meaning of S responses depends on the results of the test as a whole. Materials and methods: I have presented the responses of two young men and coded them according to the Comprehensive System developed by John E. Exner. I chose this way of processing data as the most precise, relatively well formalized, and detailed one. The two examinees gave an almost identical number of responses in the whole test and a similar number of S responses, similarly distributed across the cards of the test. Results: I assessed and compared the results of the two examinees in terms of the effectiveness of their cognitive processes, self-control ability, mental resources, social adjustment, and self-esteem. Finally, I looked closely at the contents of a few responses, as in my opinion they symbolically expressed the examinees’ basic problems. Discussion: I tried to avoid describing the examinees’ psyche in nosological terms and to focus on presenting the way in which they experienced the world, as well as on how this experience affected their behavior. Conclusions: I found that in Examinee 1 criticism towards other people may stem from an excessively idealistic attitude to the world and from the ensuing disappointments. Good cognitive functioning, resistance to stress, positive self-esteem, and the socialized emotional sphere make this man’s S responses a sign of creative engagement in the problems encountered rather than a sign of maladjustment. In the case of Examinee 2, S responses can be understood as defiance and a generalized attitude of negativism, which play the role of defense against the excessively complicated, not fully comprehensible, and inhospitable world; these responses may, in their turn, contribute to the intensification of problems and to an increase in maladjustment.

Introduction: Nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (CU – colitis ulcerosa), which are chronic diseases characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. Extraintestinal complications caused by the disease and the applied treatment, mainly steroid therapy, constitute a predisposition to infections and mental disorders such as depressive disorders with apathy, slowness of movement or agitation, and even manic syndromes. Aim and method: The aim of this study was to review the literature on the occurrence of primary and secondary mental disorders in the course of inflammatory bowel diseases. The literature in the Google Scholar database was reviewed using the following keywords: colitis ulcerosa, Crohn disease, depression, mental disorders, inflammatory bowel disease. The time descriptors 2011-2021 were also used. Conclusions: The review of epidemiological studies shows that the most common mental disorders in nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases are anxiety and depression disorders. The effect of steroid therapy on the development of mental disorders is equally significant. Most of the available empirical data relating to corticosteroids confirm the correlation between the drugs and depressive symptoms, and other psychiatric effects, including mania and psychosis. Summary: As with most chronic diseases, the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders is higher in nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases than in the general population.

BackgroundTetradysmelia is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by an extremely severe reduction of all limb parts distal of the scapula and pelvic girdle. We studied a Holstein Friesian backcross family with 24 offspring, among which six calves displayed autosomal recessive tetradysmelia. In order to identify the genetic basis of the disorder, we genotyped three affected calves, five dams and nine unaffected siblings using a Bovine Illumina 50 k BeadChip and sequenced the whole genome of the sire.ResultsPathological examination of four tetradysmelia cases revealed a uniform and severe dysmelia of all limbs. Applying a homozygosity mapping approach, we identified a homozygous region of 10.54 Mb on chromosome 14 (Bos taurusBTA14). Only calves that were diagnosed with tetradysmelia shared a distinct homozygous haplotype for this region. We sequenced the whole genome of the cases’ sire and searched for heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small variants on BTA14 that were uniquely present in the sire and absent from 3102 control whole-genome sequences of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project, but none were identified in the 10.54-Mb candidate region on BTA14. Therefore, we subsequently performed a more comprehensive analysis by also considering structural variants and detected a 50-kb deletion in the targeted chromosomal region that was in the heterozygous state in the cases’ sire. Using PCR, we confirmed that this detected deletion segregated perfectly within the family with tetradysmelia. The deletion spanned three exons of the bovineR-spondin 2(RSPO2) gene, which encode three domains of the respective protein. R-spondin 2 is a secreted ligand of leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptors that enhance Wnt signalling and is involved in a broad range of developmental processes during embryogenesis.ConclusionsWe identified a 50-kb deletion on BTA14 that disrupts the coding sequence of theRSPO2gene and is associated with bovine tetradysmelia. To our knowledge, this is the first reported candidate causal mutation for tetradysmelia in a large animal model. Since signalling pathways involved in limb development are conserved across species, the observed inherited defect may serve as a model to further elucidate fundamental pathways of limb development.

Introduction The shortage of general practitioners in Switzerland requires new ways to ensure primary outpatient health care. The group practice Medbase Winterthur Neuwiesen has been testing the use of Advanced Practice Nurses (APN) and Clinical Nurses (CN) for the treatment of clearly defined cases with minor illnesses for the past two years. In the context of quality assurance, this study examines the quality of treatment and outcome in 60 patients with symptoms of an acute upper respiratory tract infection, half of whom were assigned to a physician and half to an APN/CN Methods Analysis of the treatment and the outcome of 60 patient files, half of which were randomly assigned to a physician and half to an APN/CN. Results APN/CN treated significantly more often according to standardized guidelines than physicians; the outcome in patients treated by APN/CN was slightly better, the difference is not significant, though. Discussion The use of APN and CN in outpatient primary care is possible without compromising the quality of treatment in cases with minor illnesses and clearly defined guidelines for treatment.

Introduction: In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the analysis of the primary mechanisms and forms of therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The analysis of such topics among similarly diagnosed young adults is only beginning to gain popularity. The present article attempts to answer the question of whether the level of individual temperament traits will predict an increase in the severity of ADHD symptoms in young adults. Materials and methods: The questionnaire study involved 111 young adults aged from 18 to 28 (M= 23; SD= 2.12; 70 women and 41 men). Fifty-one people were included in the clinical group, and sixty were qualified for the control one. The participants of the study completed a health questionnaire and a structured diagnostic interview on ADHD symptoms in adults (DIVA 2.0) and a questionnaire for the diagnosis of basic, biologically determined dimensions of human personality (FCZ-KT (R)). Results: The results indicate a significant role of four temperament traits that may be considered as specific risk factors for the aggravation of ADHD symptoms. These include briskness, rhythm, endurance and activity. Conclusions: In Strelau's Regulatory Theory of Temperament, the variability of temperament traits (in the Polish population) is attributed in 44% to genetic factors. The remaining 56% indicate non-genetic factors. The obtained results may indicate which factors are important in therapeutic work both in the group of young adults with ADHD symptoms, and may also constitute a source of information for parents or teachers regarding younger children with these symptoms. Wstęp: Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat przedmiotem wielu badań była analiza mechanizmów pierwotnych i form terapii dzieci i młodzieży z zespołem nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z zaburzeniami uwagi (ADHD). Analiza podobnej tematyki wśród młodych dorosłych z tą diagnozą dopiero współcześnie zaczyna zyskiwać na popularności. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie czy nasilenie poszczególnych cech temperamentu będzie przewidywało wzrost nasilenia objawów ADHD u młodych dorosłych. Materiał i metoda: W badaniu kwestionariuszowym wzięło udział 111 osób w wieku od 18 do 28 lat (M=23; SD=2,12; 70 kobiet i 41 mężczyzn). Do grupy klinicznej włączono 51 osób, zaś do grupy kontrolnej zakwalifikowano 60 osób. Uczestnicy badań uzupełniali ankietę stanu zdrowia oraz ustrukturalizowany wywiad diagnostyczny dotyczący objawów ADHD u dorosłych (DIVA 2.0) i kwestionariusz do diagnozy podstawowych, biologicznie zdeterminowanych wymiarów osobowości człowieka (FCZ - KT (R)). Wyniki: Wskazują na istotną rolę czterech czynników temperamentalnych, które mogą być uznane za swoiste czynniki ryzyka nasilenia objawów ADHD. Należą do nich żwawość, rytmiczność, wytrzymałość i aktywność. Dyskusja: W Regulacyjnej Teorii Temperamentu Strelaua zmienność cech temperamentu (w polskiej populacji) przypisuje się w 44% czynnikom genetycznym. Pozostałe 56% wskazuje na czynniki pozagenetyczne (56%). Uzyskane wyniki mogą wskazywać jakie czynniki są istotne w pracy terapeutycznej w grupie młodych dorosłych z objawami ADHD, jak również mogą stanowić źródło informacji dla rodziców, czy nauczycieli względem młodszych dzieci z tymi objawami.

Introduction: Introduction: Both dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) are important dementia syndromes that overlap in their clinical features and clinical course, neuropathological abnormalities, and also therapeutic approach. Nevertheless it is still unclear whether DLB and PDD are two different disorders that require differentiation or are one clinical entity within a spectrum of Lewy body disease. Currently these disorders are mainly distinguished on the basis of the relative timing of the onset of symptoms of dementia and parkinsonism. The present paper presents current concepts on the pathogenesis of both disorders and their possible overlap. Material and methods: Online databases in the field of DLB and PDD were searched for to find potentially eligible articles. Only most recent articles published after the year 2000 were chosen. Results: The clinical features of DLB and PDD are similar and include dementia with hallucinations and cognitive fluctuations, as well as parkinsonian signs. Also cognitive deficits are similar in PDD and in DLB, with predominance of executive dysfunction, visual-spatial deficits and memory impairment. Neuropathological changes in both disorders involve the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites within brainstem, limbic and neocortex, as well as loss of midbrain dopamine cells, and loss of cholinergic neurons in the nuclei of ventral forebrain. Conclusions: Similarities in clinical manifestation, neuropsychological deficits and neuropathological abnormalities may suggest that both DLB and PDD are two different phenotypes of the same disorder. This review article presents current knowledge on similarities and differences between these two clinical entities and raises the question whether they require differentiation or not.

Durante las últimas tres décadas, la Neurociencia ha logrado avances espectaculares, pero la investigación tiene ante sí graves retos. Comentamos proyectos actuales de investigación neurocientífica, como el Proyecto Conectoma, el Proyecto Brain, y el Human Brain Proyect. Estudiamos la confluencia de las tecnologías biomédicas e ingeniería genética con la inteligencia artificial y computación, y el impacto que tienen en el conocimiento del mundo exterior y de nosotros mismos. Identificamos potencialidades y amenazas de las nuevas tecnologías y la contribución a la conformación del pensamiento posthumanista.

Base editing has the potential to improve important economic traits in agriculture and can precisely convert single nucleotides in DNA or RNA sequences into minimal double-strand DNA breaks (DSB). Adenine base editors (ABE) have recently emerged as a base editing tool for the conversion of targeted A:T to G:C, but have not yet been used in sheep. ABEmax is one of the latest versions of ABE, which consists of a catalytically-impaired nuclease and a laboratory-evolved DNA-adenosine deaminase. The Booroola fecundity (FecBB) mutation (g.A746G, p.Q249R) in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) gene influences fecundity in many sheep breeds. In this study, by using ABEmax we successfully obtained lambs with defined point mutations that result in an amino acid substitution (p.Gln249Arg). The efficiency of the defined point mutations was 75% in newborn lambs, since six lambs were heterozygous at the FecBB mutation site (g.A746G, p.Q249R), and two lambs were wild-type. We did not detect off-target mutations in the eight edited lambs. Here, we report the validation of the first gene-edited sheep generated by ABE and highlight its potential to improve economically important traits in livestock.

Background: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited metabolic disease which causes demyelination of the white matter of the brain. The symptoms include mental impairment, progressive paresis, impaired motor coordination, and epileptic seizures. Diagnosis is established mainly by genetic testing. Currently, the recommended treatment is haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Goal: The aim of the study was to present the case of a patient suffering from X-ALD, who developed symptoms of bipolar disorder in the initial phase of the disease prior to the onset of characteristic neurological symptoms. Case presentation: In 2015, a 33-year-old patient was admitted to a psychiatric department due to aggressive behaviour he showed towards his wife and other family members. He had been treated for a depressive episode in 2005, and for a manic episode without psychotic symptoms earlier in 2015. During the successive psychiatric hospitalizations, in addition to psychopathological symptoms, the patient had been observed to have neurological symptoms, which included progressive paraparesis and ataxia. In 2018, based on imaging and genetic tests, the patient was diagnosed with X-ALD. The patient’s condition gradually deteriorated; with time, he was unable to move on his own. During a hospital stay in 2019, he was transferred to an internal medicine department due to a progressive urinary tract infection, which, however, could not be controlled, and the patient died. Conclusions: 1. X-ALD is a rare metabolic illness. In the early stages of the disease, various psychopathological symptoms, including affective disorders, are observed. 2. Early initiation of adequate treatment increases the chances of extending the patient’s life. 3. In the present case, the patient did not die due to the underlying disease, but due to causes typical of bed-bound patients, i.e. complications of progressing infection.

The article deals with the investigation of the specific features of idiom interpretation at the eye-mindedness stage. The ability of a subject to perceive the external resemblance of objects makes their hidden features invisible. In the cognitive process the subject learns to perceive and to interpret the outside world as the complex of objects, situations as a whole for self-identity and developing the capability to identify himself regarding this reality. It is a matter of common observation that one of the most complex forms of metaphorical thinking is the subject ability to interpret a figurative meaning. In the course of the imagination intentional development the acquired ability to think metaphorically influences the comprehension of many aspects of language, including the correct interpretation of idioms. Integrated meaning of phraseological units and idioms causes serious problems in the process of the child language aquisition. Due to limited background knowledge and corresponding cognitive structures, the child tries to interpret each component separately, losing the figurativeness, but at the same time giving the idiom or phraseological unit an individual and unusual sense. Young researchers, relying on objective thinking, perceive idioms as sentences where words are freely combined. The study revealed that the idioms interpretation depends on a number of internal and external factors, as well as the background knowledge about the reality and the rules of successful speech interaction. Various language means reflect the children’s speech dynamics within the process of formation of the subject’s ability to interpret a figurative meaning. When interacting with the surrounding reality, the subject’s awareness of his personal “Ego” inevitably generates contradictions of the reality cognition priority and new information. Integration of the old and new information results in creation of a problem situation and its comprehension. Scarcely ever new facts fit the framework of known concepts and behavior algorithms. Efforts to resolve the problem situations by search and creation of the new ways and solution methods, images and senses discovering the outworld new features, show the subject’s cognitive activity.

Introduction: Cotard’s syndrome (CS) is a rare set of psychopathological symptoms, the main symptom of which is nihilistic delusions concerning the negation of the existence of internal organs or the entire body Aim, material and methodology: The aim of the study is to present a case of a patient treated for postpartum depression who developed Cotard’s syndrome. The patient’s symptoms began immediately after her daughter. The clinical picture was dominated by anxiety and apathy, nihilistic delusions about the atrophy of the urethra and other lower abdominal organs, and olfactory hallucinations - she could smell rot. Discussion: The available literature on Cotard’s Syndrome does not allow us to indicate a certain reason for its development. Perhaps the birth of the first child - the woman doubted herself as a mother, she was afraid that she would hurt the cause of the disorders observed and described by us was transient ischemia of the CNS during delivery. Conclusions: Cotard’s syndrome can develop in the course of many mental and somatoform disorders. The described case is, to our knowledge, the first description of Cotard’s Syndrome in the deprivation period. Difficulties in establishing the etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of Cotard’s Syndrome translate into therapeutic problems. It has been suggested that the treatment of the underlying disorder on the basis of which CS is developed remains the most effective method of therapy.

Introduction: Dyskinesia is a symptom complex in the form of involuntary, repetitive movements of lips, lower jaw, tongue, less often the trunk and limbs. Despite the use of newer drugs in treatment neuroleptics, dyskinesia has not ceased to be a clinical problem. Method: The work is based on a research review for which the Google Scholar database was used as well PubMed. The search range was limited to 2008-2020. We have included descriptive publications tardive dyskinesia only as a consequence of antipsychotic medications. Material: We present the use of tetrabenazine analogues, deep brain stimulation, neuroleptics, benzodiazepines and botulinum toxin in late-suffering patients drug-induced dyskinesias, which may indicate an improvement in your health. Discussion: The first method of treating tardive dyskinesia are withdrawal antipsychotic medications, but for many patients this is impossible. Valbenazine and Deep Brain Stimulation are the most effective in treating Tardive Dyskinesia. Conclusions: There are not enough studies with the highest reliability to create unequivocal recommendations in the treatment of drug-induced tardive dyskinesia.

Introduction: The perception of disease depends on the patient’s beliefs related to the nature of the illness, the previous personal or family experiences and his/her attitude to them. Patients try to understand and cope with health problems. The purpose of the present study was to answer the question which components of the relationship between the strategies for coping with stress and mental disease perception are moderated by gender. Material and Methods: The study involved 98 patients with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, alcohol related disorders. The research of the variables was carried out using the COPE Inventory and Disease Perception Questionnaire. Results: It has been noticed that in men, when their perception of the mental disorder as beneficial increases, the religious strategies for coping with stress become more frequent. Furthermore, the opposite sex pattern emerged. In the situation when an individual’s perception of the illness as a threat increased, female patients less frequently employed religious coping and planning. Furthermore, in women, when the perception of the mental disease as a weakness increases, the frequency of using emotional social support and acceptance decreases. Conclusions: The result indicated that there are opposite patterns of gender specific coping strategy dependent on the mental illness perception.

Periokuläre Verletzungen im Rahmen einer Kaiserschnittentbindung sind extrem selten. Anhand einer Kasuistik eines 5 h alten Neugeborenen soll das Trauma-Management in Hinblick auf Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge einer tiefen periokulären Weichteilwunde dargestellt werden. Das Verletzungsmuster umfasste durchgreifende Wunden des medialen und lateralen Lidwinkels mit Eröffnung der Bindehautumschlagsfalte, der Tenonkapsel und Durchtrennung des oberen Tränenröhrchens. Der schichtweise Wundverschluss beinhaltete eine autostabile monokanalikulonasale Intubation der ableitenden Tränenwege. Periocular injuries during a caesarean section are extremely rare. The case report of a five hour old newborn addresses the trauma management concerning diagnostics, therapy, and post-operative care of a deep periocular soft tissue injury. The pattern of injury consisted of full thickness wounds of the medial and lateral lid margins, opening of the superior conjunctival fornix, and penetration of Tenon’s capsule. The reconstruction was performed layer by layer while an autostable monocanaliculonasal lacrimal intubation was inserted.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Obwohl es an einer heilenden Therapie für Demenzerkrankungen fehlt, bestehen im hausärztlichen Setting diverse Möglichkeiten, dem Fortschreiten eines „mild cognitive impairment“ entgegenzuwirken. Bislang sind nur wenige Studien vorgelegt worden, die der Frage nachgehen, welche therapeutischen Strategien Hausärzt*innen bevorzugt ergreifen, um auf Demenzerkrankungen einzuwirken. Ziel der Arbeit Ermittelt wird, welche Interventionsansätze für das Management von Demenzpatienten als effektiv erachtet werden, sowie erlebte Herausforderungen und gewünschte Optimierungsmaßnahmen zur Stärkung der Demenzprävention. Material und Methoden Zwischen März und September 2020 wurden 42 halbstandardisierte Interviews mit Hausärzt*innen in Baden-Württemberg, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland und Thüringen geführt. Ergebnisse Viele Interviewte schätzen die Bedeutung einer Demenzprävention als hoch ein und gehen davon aus, einen wirksamen Beitrag leisten zu können – nicht-medikamentösen Ansätzen wird großer Stellenwert eingeräumt. Die Lotsenfunktion des Hausarztes wird gezielt eingesetzt, um Patienten und Angehörige an Beratungs- und Hilfsakteure heranzuführen. Ein Teil des Samples sieht nur medikamentöse Therapieformen als geeignet an, um Einfluss auf Demenzerkrankungen zu nehmen. In dieser Gruppe sind geringe Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen verbreitet. Als häufige Herausforderungen werden im Sample Probleme in der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit artikuliert, die nicht selten einem kohärenten Therapiekonzept entgegenstehen. Diskussion Hausärzt*innen sollten bestärkt werden, die Priorisierung der primären Behandlungsstrategie bei der Demenzversorgung zu übernehmen. Wichtig erscheint, dass auch die Potenziale nicht-medikamentöser Interventionen wahrgenommen werden. Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Hausärzt*innen und Hilfsnetzwerken sollte gestärkt werden. Zudem sollte die Entwicklung integrierter Versorgungskonzepte und strukturierter Behandlungsprogramme vorangetrieben werden.

ZusammenfassungDie Misophonie ist eine Intoleranz auf bestimmte Alltagsgeräusche. Hierbei fungieren als „Trigger“ „menschliche Körpergeräusche“, z. B. Schlucken/Schmatzen/Atemgeräusche oder Geräusche, die von Menschen, aber nicht vom menschlichen Körper erzeugt werden (z. B. Klicken Kugelschreiberknopf), ferner Tier‑/Maschinengeräusche. Die Betroffenen verspüren sofort eine negativ-emotionale Reaktion wie Wut, Aggression, Ekel u.a. Objektivierbare Veränderungen sind Herzfrequenzerhöhung und Blutdruckveränderungen. Die emotionale Reaktion ist individuell und hängt z. B. von Geräuschart, persönlicher Vorerfahrung, sozialem Kontext oder psychologischem Profil ab. Die Misophonie ist bisher als Krankheit nicht definiert und keinem offiziellen Diagnosesystem zugeordnet, sie scheint eine eigenständige Störung zu sein: Assoziationen bestehen u. a. mit Aufmerksamkeits‑/Zwangsstörungen, Tinnitus, Hyperakusis, Autismus-Spektrum-Krankheiten. Definitionskriterien wurden 2013 veröffentlicht; verschiedene, validierte Fragebögen wurden bisher zur Misophonieausprägung entwickelt. Studien mit funktionellen MRT-Untersuchungen des Kopfes zeigten eine übermäßige Aktivierung des anterioren Inselkortex (AIC) und seiner benachbarten Regionen, die für Emotionsverarbeitung/-regulation verantwortlich sind. Bisher gibt es keine randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zur Therapie. Einzelne Publikationen beschreiben kognitive Verhaltensinterventionen, Retrainingtherapien und Schallmaskierungssysteme. Zur Triggerreduktion werden Ohrstöpsel/Musikkopfhörer verwendet. Auch HNO-Ärzte können mit Misophoniepatienten konfrontiert werden, z. B. zur Klärung des Hörvermögens oder Beratung von Therapiemöglichkeiten. Der Bericht stellt eine Übersicht des aktuellen Wissensstands zur Misophonie sowie ihrer Diagnostik und Therapie dar.

Hintergrund Soziale Beziehungen sind bedeutsame Ressourcen für psychisches Wohlbefinden und physische Gesundheit. Im höheren Lebensalter treffen zunehmende Vulnerabilität und Funktionsverluste häufig auf reduzierte soziale Netzwerke. Mangelnde soziale Kontakte und fehlende Netzwerke bergen dabei psychische und physische Risiken für die Betroffenen, die durch den Einsatz sozialer Roboter möglicherweise abgemildert werden können. Fragestellung Welche Potenziale und Herausforderungen ergeben sich für ältere Menschen aus ihrer Interaktion mit sozialen Robotern? Material und Methoden Die Forschungsfrage wird mittels eines „rapid review“ beantwortet. Eine systematische Literatursuche ergab 433 unikale Treffer, aus denen n = 11 Artikel in die Analysen eingingen. Ergebnisse Potenziale sozialer Roboter bestehen in der Reduktion von Einsamkeit, Stärkung der (zwischenmenschlichen) Kommunikation und Stimmungsaufhellung bei gleichzeitiger Stressreduktion. Herausforderungen bestehen in der sozialen Einbettung der Roboter. Diese sei durch Aspekte wie Wohltätigkeit, Autonomie und Privatheit als Grundsätze zu gestalten, an denen sich Design und Einsatz von sozialen Robotern orientieren können, um einem Verlust von sozialen Beziehungen vorzubeugen. Diskussion Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Korridor auf, der die potenzialausschöpfende Anwendung sozialer Roboter für ältere Menschen ermöglicht. Im Vordergrund steht die Analyse der Herausforderungen für den Einzelfall, da soziale Beziehungen älterer Menschen positiv sowie negativ beeinflusst werden können. Dabei orientieren sich die eingeschlossenen Artikel größtenteils am Setting Pflege. Forschung zum Einsatz sozialer Roboter bei nicht oder wenig funktionseingeschränkten Personen sollte die bestehende Literatur ergänzen., Background Social relationships are essential resources for psychological well-being and physical health. In old age, increased vulnerability and loss of functions are accompanied by diminishing social networks reinforcing a vicious circle. This decrease of social cohesion presents risks for health and well-being that might be cushioned by introducing social robots. Objective What potentials and challenges for older people result from their interaction with social robots? Material und methods The objectives are approached via a rapid review. The systematic search resulted in 433 unique articles. Of these 11 articles were included in the analysis. Results Social robots have the potential to reduce loneliness, reinforce (interpersonal) communication, enhance the mood while reducing stress. Challenges lie in the social embedding of the interaction with robots. Authors suggest principles such as charity, autonomy, and privacy as helpful guidelines for the design and use of social robots to prevent a loss of social relationships. Conclusion The results present corridors for the viable use of social robots for older adults offering to exploit existing potentials. At the core lies a view on the individual case with its unique circumstances and predispositions, because social robots bear positive and negative outcomes regarding social relationships. The identified studies focused on deficient settings (e.g., particular disorders within care facilities). Thus, research on the use of social robots by healthy adults should add to the existing literature.

ZusammenfassungEinzelberichte deuten auf die Verwendung von Vernehmungstaktiken in Deutschland hin, die die Schwere der Tat und die Konsequenzen eines Geständnisses herunterspielen (Minimierung) und die vorhandenen Beweise und die Schwere der Konsequenzen von bestreitenden Aussagen übertreiben (Maximierung). Forschungsarbeiten zeigen jedoch, dass solche Taktiken die Rate falscher Geständnisse erheblich erhöhen. Es wird im vorliegenden Beitrag argumentiert, dass Minimierungs- und Maximierungstaktiken darauf abzielen, eine Aussagemotivation bei Beschuldigten (Zwischenziel) herzustellen, die in eine Geständniserlangung übergehen soll (Hauptziel). Diese Annahme gründet auf einer vorgenommenen Systematisierung und Abgrenzung einzelner Vorgehensweisen dieser Taktiken. Außerdem erklärt der Beitrag kursorisch die sozialpsychologischen Wirkungsweisen dieser Taktiken auf Geständnisentscheidungen. Dies soll helfen, zukünftig Wirkungsweisen einzelner Vorgehensweisen differenzierter wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen, besser zu verstehen und theoretisch zu begründen.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Es sind unterschiedliche Knochenleitungshörgeräte (KLHG) verfügbar, die auf unterschiedliche Art mit dem Stimulationsort in Kontakt stehen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine experimentelle Evaluation eines neuen transkutanen KLHG, das ohne Anpressdruck an die Haut angekoppelt wird. Material und Methoden Die Messungen wurden an einem Thiel-konservierten Ganzkopfkadaver durchgeführt. Zur Stimulation zwischen 0,1 und 10 kHz wurde ein Adhear verwendet, das über einen Signalgenerator und Verstärker direkt mit 1Vrms aktiviert wurde. Die Kopplung des KLHG erfolgte am Mastoid über ein Hautpflaster. Die Vibrationen des Schädels wurden am ipsi- und kontralateralen Promontorium und an der ipsi-, top- und kontralateralen Schädeloberfläche mittels 3D-Laser-Doppler-Vibrometers registriert. Insgesamt wurden ~200 Punkte auf der Schädeloberfläche (~15–20 mm Abstand) gemessen. Die Daten wurden mit entsprechenden Messungen verglichen, bei denen ein Baha Power als KLHG verwendet wurde. Dieses wurde am Mastoid über einen 5-Newton-Stahlbügel an die Haut gekoppelt. Ergebnisse Die ipsi- und kontralateralen promontorialen Vibrationen bei Stimulation mit dem Adhear sind in ihrer frequenzspezifischen Amplitude und Phase wie auch in der Zusammensetzung der Bewegungskomponenten mit der Stimulation mittels Baha Power am Stahlbügel vergleichbar. Ebenso erfährt die Schädeloberfläche unter beiden Ankopplungsarten eine vergleichbare komplexe räumliche Bewegung. Schlussfolgerungen Obwohl das Adhear ohne Anpressdruck und das Baha Power am Stahlband mit 5N an die Haut über dem Mastoid gekoppelt werden, unterscheiden sich die untersuchten Parameter kaum.

Zusammenfassung. Schlafstörungen sind im Erwachsenen- wie auch im Kindes- und Jugendalter weit verbreitet. Kinder und Jugendliche in kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer (KJP) Behandlung sind insbesondere davon betroffen. Die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie ist die Behandlung der ersten Wahl bei Schlafstörungen, der eine standardisierte Schlafdiagnostik vorangehen sollte. Im deutschsprachigen Raum fehlen bislang systematische Untersuchungen zur Schlafdiagnostik im teilstationären (TK) KJP-Setting. Für N = 46 Kinder/Jugendliche in TK-KJP-Behandlung wurde ein Schlafprotokoll (7 Tage), ein Schlafanamneseschema (Eltern & Kind/Jugendlicher) sowie ein klinisches Urteil zum Schlafverhalten (Diagnostiker_in) erhoben. Zudem wurde die Eltern-, Selbst- und klinische Beurteilung der psychischen Störung erfasst. Bei 52 % der Kinder/Jugendlichen wurden Schlafauffälligkeiten (= Schlafstörungssymptome im Rahmen komorbider Störungen) oder Schlafstörungen festgestellt, insbesondere Einschlafstörungen oder Ein- und Durchschlafstörungen (26 %). Zudem berichteten 33 % Albträume. Das Schlafverhalten korrelierte signifikant mit externalen Auffälligkeiten (r = .38 bis .61, p = 02 bis .04), auch beeinflussten Geschlecht (weiblich: p = .01 bis ≤ .001, |d| = 1.57 bis 2.50) und Alter (Ältere: p = .05, |d| = 0.78) das Schlafverhalten signifikant. Es scheinen insbesondere externale Auffälligkeiten einen Zusammenhang zu Schlafstörungen in der teilstationären Population aufzuweisen. Für die systematische Diagnostik der im TK-KJP-Setting vielfach vorliegenden Schlafauffälligkeiten, empfiehlt sich zusammenfassend ein Multi-Informant-Multi-Method-Vorgehen mit einer anschließenden individualisierten kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie der Schlafstörungen – gehäuft bei externalen Auffälligkeiten. Abstract. Sleep disorders are common in adults as well as children and adolescents. Children and adolescents in psychiatric treatment (CAP) are especially affected by sleep problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy represents the first-line treatment, preceded by a standardized procedure for sleep diagnostics. To date, no study has investigated sleep behavior in CAP day clinics in Germany. In this study, N = 46 children/adolescents receiving CAP treatment in a day clinic completed a sleep diary (7 days) and a sleep anamnesis scheme with the help of their parents, and their sleep behavior was assessed by a clinician. Furthermore, a parent- and a self-report questionnaire plus a clinical assessment of the mental disorders in the children/adolescents were collected. 52 % of the children/ adolescents exhibited sleep disorders or sleep abnormalities (= sleep disorder symptoms in the context of comorbid disorders), in particular problems falling asleep or to falling asleep and sleeping through the night (26 %). In addition, 33 % reported having nightmares. Their sleep behavior correlated significantly with their external behavior problems (r = .38 .61, p = .02-.04); their sex (female: p = .01–≤ .001, |d| = 1.57–2.50) and their age (older: p = .05, |d| = .78) also significantly influenced sleep behavior. Particularly external behavior problems were associated with sleep problems in this day-care population. In summary, a multi-method-multi-informant procedure should be established for the systematic diagnostics of sleep abnormalities, together with individualized cognitive-behavioral therapy of sleep problems, especially in patients with external behavior problems.

Objective: The use of corticosteroids might be associated with the sequelae of psychiatric comorbidity – manic and depressive symptoms, psychosis, and cognitive impairment. Case report: We report a case of the 35 years old man who presented seven months period of irritability, occasional low mood, and sleep disturbances without the concurrent hallucinations or delusions. The patient had a history of nephrotic syndrome and for this reason, required prednisolone. The corticosteroid induced irritability that has appeared three months after the treatment has started. The psychiatric examination showed neither the psychomotor retardation, manic or depressed mood, nor hallucinations and delusions. However, the level of irritability was undoubtedly increased. Conclusions: Corticosteroids are drugs commonly used in many systemic diseases. During a psychiatric examination, a careful evaluation is necessary to distinguish the side effects of corticosteroids from the primary psychiatric disorders.

BackgroundIn animal breeding, identification of causative genetic variants is of major importance and high economical value. Usually, the number of candidate variants exceeds the number of variants that can be validated. One way of prioritizing probable candidates is by evaluating their potential to have a deleterious effect, e.g. by predicting their consequence. Due to experimental difficulties to evaluate variants that do not cause an amino-acid substitution, other prioritization methods are needed. For human genomes, the prediction of deleterious genomic variants has taken a step forward with the introduction of the combined annotation dependent depletion (CADD) method. In theory, this approach can be applied to any species. Here, we present pCADD (p for pig), a model to score single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in pig genomes.ResultsTo evaluate whether pCADD captures sites with biological meaning, we used transcripts from miRNAs and introns, sequences from genes that are specific for a particular tissue, and the different sites of codons, to test how well pCADD scores differentiate between functional and non-functional elements. Furthermore, we conducted an assessment of examples of non-coding and coding SNVs, which are causal for changes in phenotypes. Our results show that pCADD scores discriminate between functional and non-functional sequences and prioritize functional SNVs, and that pCADD is able to score the different positions in a codon relative to their redundancy. Taken together, these results indicate that based on pCADD scores, regions with biological relevance can be identified and distinguished according to their rate of adaptation.ConclusionsWe present the ability of pCADD to prioritize SNVs in the pig genome with respect to their putative deleteriousness, in accordance to the biological significance of the region in which they are located. We created scores for all possible SNVs, coding and non-coding, for all autosomes and the X chromosome of the pig reference sequence Sscrofa11.1, proposing a toolbox to prioritize variants and evaluate sequences to highlight new sites of interest to explain biological functions that are relevant to animal breeding.

Introduction: The opinion prevailing in western culture is that overweight people should be ashamed of their weight and looks. The idea is supported by the way the society perceives overweight people. Evidence that obesity is associated with chronic illness and a short life span is the main justification. However, the distorted body image does not seem to facilitate weight control. Source and method: The purpose of the thesis is to present obese people body image. To present the data, the following electronic databases have been searched: PubMed, Elsevier, Cochrane Library. The bibliographic analysis of the selected studies has also been performed. The systematic literature search has been performed with the use of the following key words: “obesity” OR “overweight” AND “body image” OR “body dissatisfaction” OR “body acceptance” OR “body image”. Discussion: We present a discussion of the results obtained. Conclusions: The research indicates that negative body image can actually contribute to obesity-related health problems. Overweight and obese people, who accept their body weight, experience less physically and mentally “bad” days than people who are dissatisfied with their weight. Body dissatisfaction was identified as a psychological corellator of obesity related with eating disorders, low self-esteem and depression. However, not all obese people are equally affected by these correlates. “Normative dissatisfaction” also occurs in people with normal body weight. In this context, the complex correlation between body image and individual body weight seems to be a valuable research direction.

Background For health professionals working with older adults with physical and cognitive impairments, improving or maintaining clients’ quality of life and well-being is of crucial importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate validity and utility of assessments of quality of life and well-being in German suitable for this group of clients. Methods In an initial literature search, we identified potentially viable assessments based on existing systematic reviews. We then conducted a systematic literature search in the databases Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO using keywords related to validity, utility, client group, and German. Assessments for which sufficient evidence was found were evaluated regarding their validity and utility when used with older adults with physical and cognitive impairments. Results For 14 of 27 initially identified assessments, sufficient evidence was found to evaluate validity and utility with this client group. WHOQOL-BREF, WHOQOL-OLD, WHO-5, EUROHIS-QOL 8, SF-36, SF-12, EQ-5D, NHP, SEIQOL-DW, SWLS, PANAS, DQOL, QOL-AD, and QUALIDEM were evaluated based on 82 studies. Of these, WHOQOL-BREF, WHO-5, SF-36, SF-12, EQ-5D, NHP, QUALIDEM, QOL-AD and DQOL are presented here. Conclusion Assessments differed widely in the way they operationalized quality of life/well-being, use of self-evaluation or evaluation-by-proxy, and amount of available evidence for their validity and utility. On the basis of our results in regard to the assessments’ validity, utility, and appropriateness of operationalization of quality of life/well-being to the client group, three assessments were recommended for use: WHOQOL-BREF for self-evaluation, QUALIDEM for evaluation-by-proxy in case of severe dementia, and EQ-5D for cost-utility analyses.

Introduction: Recently the issue of emotional intelligence has become a widespread theme of discussion. This review paper is made a contribution to this debate. Discovering of effective predictive and protective factors for depression would have far-reaching consequences for society, science and economy. Material and Methods: To investigate this issue, we searched articles available in the Google Scholar and PudMed databases under the following terms: emotional intelligence, depression, emotional intelligence and depression for the years 1999-2019. Accessible literature allowed to show basic information of emotional intelligence, detect a system of relationships between emotional intelligence level and depression, and present recommendations. Results and Discussion: The result of this analysis is a statement that all components of emotional intelligence can be a defense against depression. People with high abilities in regulation their own emotions have large social support, what protect them against depression. The capable managing one’s own and others’ emotions create large and deep interpersonal relationships, what provide more emotional support and tangible assistance during everyday challenges. Stressful life events are among the most powerful predictors of depression, and high level of emotional intelligence enable to cope with them more effectively. Conclusions: The present text will constitute an impulse to explore this theme more. Moreover, there is a recommendation for researchers to create more effective and simplified tests for examining the level of emotional intelligence in case of spreading them much more and use them in a routine psychiatric practice. A confirmation of the title hypothesis can stand a key to struggle with depression.

Im Kontext von Open Science entstehen neue Anforderungen und Erwartungen an die Wissenschaftscommunities, was Kommunikation und Disseminierung von Forschungsergebnissen betrifft. Mit der steigenden Bedeutung von Mikro-Blogging, Social Media und anderen interaktiven Web 2.0 Anwendungen in der Kommunikation mit Zielgruppen auserhalb des akademischen Umfeldes steigt der Druck auf WissenschaftlerInnen vermehrt Marketing-orientierte Kommunikationsstrategien und Inhalte anzuwenden. In diesem Artikel diskutieren wir, wie sich Wissenschaftskommunikation sowie die Rollen von WissenschaftlerInnen und WissenschaftskommunikatorInnen durch Open Science verandern. Wir argumentieren, dass die Schaffung neuer Wissenschaftskommunikations-Rollen und Positionen zur Uberwindung aktueller Herausforderungen der Wissenschaftskommunikation notig ist.

Introduction: Nowadays more and more people struggle with mental problems associated with fast pace of life and overpowering stress. Individuals affected by mental disorders frequently apply ineffective methods of coping with stress, and their attitudes towards the disease in fact strengthen the psychopathological symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to compare disease perception and coping strategies for stress in Polish patients with various types of mental disorders. Material and Methods: The study involved 123 patients with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, alcohol related disorders, subjects detained due to psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorders and amnestic syndromes, staying at Mental Healthcare Centre. Measurements of the variables were carried out using COPE Inventory and Disease Perception Questionnaire. Results: The type of mental disorder differentiated the group with respect to the use of strategies aimed at seeking instrumental and emotional support, planning, positive reinterpretation, focus on emotions and substance use. There are significant differences between patients in the approach to illness as a task, weakness and threat. Conclusions: The results show that the type of mental disorder is important in the context of the strategies used for coping with stress and the patients' approach to their condition.

Die Finanzierung von innovativen Kooperationsprojekten der Universitätsbibliotheken an öffentlichen Universitäten aus zentralen Mitteln war lange Zeit ein Desiderat. Mit den Ausschreibungen der Hochschulraumstruktur-mittelprojekte 2013 bzw. 2017 durch das für die Wissenschaft zuständige Bundesministerium wurden Anschubfinanzierungen für universitäre Kooperationsvorhaben, auch für Projekte der Verwaltung, bereitgestellt. Unter den vom Bundesministerium ausgewählten förderwürdigen Projektanträgen der Universitäten befinden sich auch fünf Projekte, die auf Initiative des Forums Universitätsbibliotheken Österreichs konzipiert wurden. Die Themenpalette reicht von Repositorien und Forschungsdaten über Open Access und Open Educational Resources bis zum Vergaberecht für wissenschaftliche Fachliteratur. Die bereits vorgelegten Ergebnisse und die noch umzusetzenden Vorhaben leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag dafür, dass die Informationsinfrastruktur in Österreich für Forschung und Lehre im europäischen und internationalen Kontext konkurrenzfähig und zukunftsfit weiterentwickelt werden kann.

Die aktuelle Ausgabe der „Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare“ (Mitteilungen der VÖB) ist dem Schwerpunktthema Austrian Transition to Open Access, einem Hochschulraumstrukturmittelprojekt mit der Laufzeit 2017 bis 2020 gewidmet, an dem alle 21 öffentlichen Universitäten in Österreich beteiligt sind. Die Schwerpunktausgabe beinhaltet einen Übersichtsbeitrag zu Projekt, Beiträge zu den vier Teilprojekten sowie einen Überblick über die vom Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft geförderten Hochschulraumstrukturmittelprojekte (2014–2020), an denen Universitätsbibliotheken der öffentlichen Universitäten beteiligt waren bzw. sind.

Introduction: Smoking is a huge medical and social problem in Poland, with as many as about 24% of Poles being addicted to nicotine. Approximately 6 million people worldwide die every year from conditions that are closely related to tobacco addiction, such as cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic or lung diseases. The difficulty in combatting nicotine dependence is largely due to the complex mechanism of this addiction. The motivation of a patient to quit smoking is of great importance in the difficult withdrawal process. Strengthening this motivation is one of the most important tasks of physicians and addiction therapists. Overview of literature: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been the most widely known way to break away from smoking addiction for many years now. It involves delivering nicotine to the body in ways that are less harmful than through tobacco smoke. As a consequence, the cravings for nicotine are reduced, making it easier for the patient to break with the addiction. Clinical trials have shown that the use of NRT is associated with a 50-70% increased chance of maintaining abstinence from smoking compared to placebo. There are many NRT products, including nicotine chewing gum, nicotine patches, lozenges, dissolvable nicotine sticks, or inhalers. Bupropion is a selective dopamine–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. This drug is one of the most commonly used in the pharmacotherapy of depression in the United States. At the same time, it has been found to have a positive effect on people trying to break up with the habit of smoking cigarettes. The mechanism of action remains unknown in this case, but studies clearly indicate the efficacy of bupropion, which is comparable to the efficacy of NRT. Varenicline is a partial agonist selective for α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It has a higher affinity for these receptors than nicotine. By stimulating them, it causes an increase in dopamine secretion (but to a lesser extent than cigarette smoking), helping in this way ease withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: Varenicline has higher efficacy than bupropion and NRTs. Simultaneous use of two NRT forms increases the effectiveness of this method to a level comparable to varenicline. Contrary to previous reports, it seems that varenicline does not increase self-aggressive behaviour and the risk of suicide. The effectiveness of antinicotinic drugs depends on the sex of the patient. For both sexes, the most effective drug is varenicline. It is slightly more effective in women than in men. By contrast, NRT and bupropion show greater therapeutic potential in men.

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with undetermined etiology. Due to diverse symptomatology, it requires a thorough differential diagnosis, with consideration of conversion disorders. The presented thesis describes a case of a young man hospitalized in the Department of Psychiatry in order to verify the possible psychogenic basis of his symptoms, which previously were considered to be a manifestation of neurological disease with an unfavorable prognosis. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to raise the issue of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnostic process in medicine, as well as taking into account the legitimacy of including psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychotherapists in diagnostic teams. Case study: We present a case report of a man who has been experiencing progressive feeling and walking problems for the past several years, which originally suggested a neurological or rheumatological disease. Earlier observations and medical tests had led to a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. After several years, the diagnosis was excluded, and the patient was referred to the Department of Psychiatry to determine the possible psychogenic basis of his symptoms. Diagnostic methods used during the patient’s hospitalization confirmed the conversational nature of his symptoms, and both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment caused reduction of severity of his symptoms and allowed him for a gradual return to independent functioning. Conclusion: Analysis of the collected data, including patient’s life history and a course of his treatment, indicates the validity of a holistic approach to medical problems, which implies the inclusion of specialists in the field of psychiatry, psychology, as well as psychotherapists in diagnostic teams. Such a multidimensional view of the patient and the source of his symptoms may allow for faster diagnosis and may also contribute to reducing the risk of making mistakes such as an incorrect assessment of factors triggering the disease process.

„Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy“ (SUDEP) ist der plötzliche, unerwartete Tod eines Epilepsiepatienten, der unter „gutartigen“ Umständen und ohne typische Todesursachen auftritt. SUDEP betrifft alle Epilepsiepatienten. Das individuelle Risiko hängt vor allem von Merkmalen der Epilepsie und Anfälle sowie von Lebensumständen ab. Fokale zu bilateral bzw. generalisierte tonisch-klonische Anfälle (TKA), nächtliche Anfälle und fehlende nächtliche Überwachung erhöhen das Risiko. In den meisten SUDEP-Fällen kommt es nach TKA zu einer fatalen Kaskade mit Apnoe, Hypoxämie und Asystolie. Wahrscheinlich könnten zwei Drittel der SUDEP-Fälle bei nicht überwachten Epilepsiepatienten mit TKA verhindert werden. Mobile Geräte („wearables“) können nächtliche TKA erkennen und Hilfspersonen benachrichtigen. Eine SUDEP-Aufklärung wird von den meisten Patienten und Angehörigen gewünscht, beeinflusst Therapieadhärenz und Verhalten günstig und hat keine negativen Auswirkungen auf Stimmung oder Lebensqualität. Empfehlungen der Kommission „Patientensicherheit“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epileptologie: Therapieziel ist Anfallsfreiheit. Wenn dies nicht möglich ist, soll versucht werden, zumindest TKA zu kontrollieren. Alle Epilepsiepatienten und ihre Angehörigen sollen über SUDEP und Risikofaktoren aufgeklärt werden. Patienten und Angehörige sollen über Maßnahmen informiert werden, die einem erhöhten Risiko bzw. einem drohenden SUDEP entgegenwirken. Die Aufklärung soll in einem persönlichen Gespräch erfolgen, bei Diagnosestellung oder später. Die Aufklärung sollte dokumentiert werden. Wearables zur Detektion von TKA können empfohlen werden. Bei persistierenden TKA sollen Therapieversuche zur Anfallskontrolle fortgeführt werden. Nach SUDEP sollten Hinterbliebene kontaktiert werden. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the sudden and unexpected death of an epilepsy patient, which occurs under benign circumstances without evidence of typical causes of death. SUDEP concerns all epilepsy patients. The individual risk depends on the characteristics of the epilepsy and seizures as well as on living conditions. Focal to bilateral and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (TCS), nocturnal seizures and lack of nocturnal supervision increase the risk. Most SUDEP cases are due to a fatal cascade of apnea, hypoxemia and asystole in the aftermath of a TCS. Two thirds of SUDEP cases in unsupervised epilepsy patients with TCS could probably be prevented. Wearables can detect TCS and alert caregivers. SUDEP information is desired by most patients and relatives, has a favorable impact on treatment adherence and behavior and has no negative effects on mood and quality of life. Recommendations of the committee on patient safety of the German Society of Epileptology: the ultimate treatment goal is seizure freedom. If this cannot be achieved, control of TCS should be sought. All epilepsy patients and their relatives should be informed about SUDEP and risk factors. Patients and relatives should be informed about measures to counteract the elevated risk and imminent SUDEP. The counselling should be performed during a face-to-face discussion, at the time of first diagnosis or during follow-up visits. The counselling should be documented. Wearables for TCS detection can be recommended. If TCS persist, therapeutic efforts should be continued. The bereaved should be contacted after a SUDEP.

ZusammenfassungObwohl bei einer Untergruppe psychisch kranker Menschen ein erhöhtes Gewaltrisiko verortet werden kann und Patienten der Maßregelvollzugskliniken in der Regel eine allgemeinpsychiatrische Vorgeschichte haben, existieren bislang nur vereinzelt präventiv ausgerichtete Behandlungsmodelle an der Schnittstelle zwischen forensischer und allgemeiner Psychiatrie. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden unterschiedliche Ansätze einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit vorgestellt und das Angebot des forensisch-psychiatrischen Konsildiensts der Fachstelle Forensic Assessment & Risk Management (FFA) der Klinik für Forensische Psychiatrie (KFP) der Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik Zürich (PUK) beschrieben.

Differential diagnosis of muscle pain and weakness is extensive, including neurological, vertebral, arthrogenic, vascular, traumatic, immunological, endocrine, genetic and infectious aetiologies, as well as medication or toxin-related causes. Muscles are highly sensitive to a large number of drugs, especially with high doses. Although many drug classes can cause toxic myopathy, a significant number of cases are caused by lipid-lowering drugs, long-term use of corticosteroids, and, most often, alcohol misuse. Some drug interactions, e.g. those that are metabolised via the enzyme CYP3A4, can increase the serum levels of the drugs and drug-induced toxicity. A careful history of patient's drug and alcohol consumption is therefore vital. Clinical symptoms depend on the drug, dosage and patient's sensitivity. They can vary from asymptomatic increase in serum levels of creatine kinase, mild myalgia and cramps to muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure and even death. The pathogenesis is often only partially known and multifactorial. Toxic myopathy is often reversible once the drug is discontinued, alternative drug therapy is started or a different dosage regimen is chosen. Complications such as acute kidney failure must be avoided, and analgesic therapy may be indicated.Die Differenzialdiagnose von Muskelschmerzen und Muskelschwäche ist umfangreich und umfasst neurologische, vertebragene, arthrogene, vaskuläre, traumatische, immunologische, endokrine, genetische und infektiöse Ätiologien sowie medikamentöse oder durch Toxine bedingte Ursachen. Die Muskeln reagieren sehr empfindlich auf eine Vielzahl von Arzneistoffen, insbesondere bei hohen Dosen. Obwohl viele Wirkstoffklassen eine toxische Myopathie verursachen können, wird diese vor allem durch Statine, langfristig eingenommene Kortikosteroide und am häufigsten durch Alkohol hervorgerufen. Einige Wechselwirkungen zwischen Arzneimitteln, die z. B. über das Enzym CYP3A4 metabolisiert werden, können die Serumspiegel und damit die Toxizität der Substanzen erhöhen. Eine sorgfältige Anamnese des Medikamenten- und Alkoholkonsums ist daher geboten. Die klinischen Symptome hängen vom Arzneistoff ab, von der Dosierung und von der individuellen Empfindlichkeit. Sie reichen von asymptomatisch erhöhten Kreatinkinase-Serumspiegeln, leichten Muskelschmerzen und Krämpfen bis hin zu Muskelschwäche, Rhabdomyolyse, Nierenversagen oder sogar Tod. Die Pathogenese ist oft nur z. T. bekannt und multifaktoriell. Die toxische Myopathie ist häufig reversibel, sobald das Medikament abgesetzt, eine alternative medikamentöse Therapie gestartet oder ein anderes Dosierungsschema gewählt wird. Ein akutes Nierenversagen muss verhindert werden. Eine analgetische Therapie kann indiziert sein.

Sprach- und Sprechstörungen kommen bei zahlreichen Kindern vor und werden in der ICD-11 analog zur ICD-10 als Entwicklungsstörungen im Kapitel 6 (Psychische, Verhaltens- und Entwicklungsstörungen) klassifiziert. International sind bislang die ICD-10-Kriterien nicht von allen Professionen, die sich mit Sprach- und Sprechstörungen klinisch oder im Rahmen der Forschung beschäftigen, akzeptiert. Sie werden einerseits als zu wenig differenziert hinsichtlich der unterschiedlichen Sprachkomponenten vonseiten der Linguistik, Sprachtherapie oder Logopädie erlebt. Zum anderen wird die unklare Abgrenzung organisch bedingter Sprach- und Sprechprobleme von der Sprachentwicklungsstörung vonseiten der Medizin teilweise kritisch bewertet. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird deshalb einerseits die Klassifikation von Sprach- und Sprechproblemen und -störungen in der ICD-11 im Vergleich zur ICD-10 vorgenommen. Wesentlich erscheint hier die in der ICD-11 neu eingeführte Differenzierung in „primäre“ und „sekundäre“ Neuroentwicklungsstörungen. Zum anderen erfolgt aber auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem DSM-5 sowie anderen Klassifikationsvorschlägen vonseiten der englischsprachigen Sprachtherapie (CATALISE-2) und der deutschsprachigen Pädaudiologie („phonologische Wahrnehmungsstörung“) sowie der Vorschlag einer Ergänzung der aktuellen ICD-11-Klassifikation hinsichtlich konkreter sprachlicher Einschränkungen bei einem Kind mit Sprachentwicklungsstörung, basierend auf einer ausführlichen Diagnostik. Wir hoffen, mit dem Artikel so den Weg für eine berufsübergreifende Klassifikation von Sprach- und Sprechstörungen nach ICD-11 zu bahnen, damit perspektivisch alle Berufsgruppen, die Diagnostik und Therapie der betroffenen Personen anbieten, eine vergleichbare Terminologie verwenden. Diese vergleichbare Terminologie soll sowohl die klinische Versorgung verbessern als auch die unterschiedlichen Forschungsansätze und -richtungen vergleichbarer machen. In ICD-11, similar to ICD-10, speech and language disorders are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders, which are part of ICD-11 Chapter 6 (Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders). The ICD-10 criteria were not well accepted by many professionals in research and clinic who work with children with speech and language disorders. Especially linguists and speech and language therapists see ICD-10 as too crude and lacking specification of individual language problems. Medical professions in turn criticize the missing aspect of organically caused speech and language problems. This paper presents the classification of speech and language problems or disorders according to ICD-11 compared to ICD-10. One essential aspect lies in the differentiation between “primary” and “secondary” neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, we compare and discuss other recent classification approaches, such as DSM-5, CATALISE-2, and the classification “Auditory Processing Disorder” by pediatric audiologists. We present a classification approach based on ICD-11, supplemented by an additional specification of the respective impaired speech or language area in the individual child and based on a thorough speech and language assessment. We thus hope to pave the path for an interdisciplinary classification of speech and language disorders according to ICD-11, our aim being to establish a common terminology that can be used by all professions. We expect this common terminology to improve clinical care and to allow for the integration and comparability of speech- and language-related research efforts.

Zielsetzung Polizistinnen und Polizisten haben in ihrem beruflichen Alltag häufig Kontakt zu psychisch erkrankten Menschen. Mithilfe dieser Untersuchung sollten diese Kontakte einer genaueren Analyse unterzogen werden. Methode Mittels einer fragebogengestützten Erhebung wurden Polizeibedienstete der Schutz- und Kriminalpolizei aus Baden-Württemberg befragt (n = 2228, 28,2 % weiblich, 71,8 % männlich), wie sie diese Kontakte erleben. Ergebnisse Insgesamt schätzen Polizeibedienstete 18,2 % ihrer Kontaktpersonen als psychisch krank ein. Die häufigsten Kontakte hatte diese Berufsgruppe nach eigenen Angaben zu Personen mit Suchterkrankungen, Depressionen und Schizophrenie. Suchterkrankungen werden in der polizeilichen Wahrnehmung am häufigsten verknüpft mit Eigentumsdelikten, Schizophrenie mit Gewalt- und Körperverletzungsdelikten, Depressionen mit Suiziden oder Suizidversuchen. Die beiden größten beruflichen Herausforderungen sehen die Befragten in der durch sie eingeschätzten Gefährlichkeit der Personen sowie in der schwierigen Vorhersagbarkeit des Verhaltens von psychisch erkrankten Menschen. Für mehr als die Hälfte der befragten Polizeibediensteten (56,7 %) stellen Reaktionsweisen wie beruhigen, empathisch sein, Kommunikation, ruhig bleiben sowie Vertrauen aufbauen im direkten polizeilichen Kontakt zu psychisch erkrankten Menschen eine Herausforderung dar. Polizeibedienstete äußern den deutlichen Wunsch nach Fortbildung bezüglich des Umgangs mit psychisch kranken Menschen (50,4 %) sowie verbesserter Vernetzung zu professionellen Helferinnen und Helfern (39,1 %). Schlussfolgerung Etwa jeder fünfte Kontakt im beruflichen Alltag von Polizeibediensteten erfolgt zu einem psychisch kranken Menschen. Aus Sicht der Polizei stellen psychisch kranke Menschen einerseits eine besonders gefährliche und im Verhalten schwer vorhersagbare Personengruppe dar, andererseits scheint es deutlichen Bedarf an Fortbildung und professioneller Vernetzung zu geben. Eine Thematik, der multiprofessionell begegnet werden sollte., Objective Police officers often have contact with mentally ill people. The aim of this study was to analyze these contacts for better understanding of these interactions. Method This study systematically surveyed how police officers experience these contacts. A total of 2228 German police officers filled out a questionnaire (28.2% female, 71.8% male). Results Estimations of police officers suggest that 18.2% of their daily work contacts are to persons with mental disorders. The most common mental disorders police officers seem to be confronted with are addiction, depression and schizophrenia. In the perception of police officers, addiction problems are frequently linked with property offences, schizophrenia with violence and assault offences and depression with suicide or suicide attempts. According to the police officer’s opinions, the biggest challenges in policing concerning people with mental disorders are risks and dangers and the prediction of their behavior. More than half of the participating police officers (56.7%) experienced the challenges in encountering mentally ill people with calming down, being empathetic, communication, staying calm and building trust. The majority of the law enforcement officers (50.4%) see potential improvements in the expansion of specialized training programs and more than one third recommended the increase of collaborations with professional helpers (39.1%). Conclusion Approximately one in five contacts of a police officer concerns a person with a mental disorder. These contacts are, in the opinion of police officers, frequently experienced as dangerous and unpredictable, while at the same time sufficient training for law enforcement and networks to professionals are lacking. A topic which should be addressed in a multiprofessional appraoch., publishedVersion

Die Ätiologie der Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) ist in genetischen Risikofaktoren sowie der Interaktion von genetischen und biologisch wirksamen Umweltrisikofaktoren begründet. ASS werden aufgrund von Verhaltensmerkmalen, nämlich bleibend eingeschränkter sozialer Kommunikation, sowie durch stereotypes Verhalten, sensorische und Sonderinteressen diagnostiziert. Hinsichtlich des genetischen Hintergrundes besteht eine hohe genetische Heterogenität, d. h., die genetischen Ursachen sind vielfältig und individuell oft sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Allerdings konvergieren diese Ursachen in bestimmten biologischen Mechanismen und überlappenden biologischen Endstrecken, deren Veränderung sehr wahrscheinlich den autismusspezifischen Verhaltensmerkmalen zugrunde liegt. Die vorliegende, selektive Literaturübersicht summiert die genetischen Befunde und fokusiert sich insbesondere auf Mechanismen und Endstrecken, die aufgrund der neueren Forschung immer besser charakterisiert werden. Der Artikel schließt mit Hinweisen zur klinischen Relevanz der aktuellen Befunde sowie offenen Fragen der translationalen Forschung. Autism spectrum disorders are etiologically based on genetic and specific gene x biologically relevant environmental risk factors. They are diagnosed based on behavioral characteristics, such as impaired social communication and stereotyped, repetitive behavior and sensory as well as special interests. The genetic background is heterogeneous, i. e., it comprises diverse genetic risk factors across the disorder and high interindividual differences of specific genetic risk factors. Nevertheless, risk factors converge regarding underlying biological mechanisms and shared pathways, which likely cause the autism-specific behavioral characteristics. The current selective literature review summarizes differential genetic risk factors and focuses particularly on mechanisms and pathways currently being discussed by international research. In conclusion, clinically relevant aspects and open translational research questions are presented.

Introduction Oxygen saturation in retinal vessels can be non-invasively measured by a new method. It is known that oxygen extraction is lowered in diabetic retinopathy. In the cross-sectional study presented here, it has been investigated whether diabetes-specific changes and typical accompanying diseases could influence the measurements in oximetry. Methods During a time span of seven months, 237 diabetics were included who came to our clinic for an intravitreal injection, who met the inclusion criteria, who showed no exclusion criteria and gave written consent. 203 eyes of 203 patients were evaluated. The oxygen saturation (SO2) was measured in digitally stored fundus images taken with a fundus camera (Zeiss 450 FF). In its illumination beam, a filter was inserted with two transmission maxima at 584 nm and 610 nm (bandwidth 10 nm). With the program “Oximetry” (Imedos Systems, Jena, Germany), the venous and the arterial SO2 were measured. The values were stored in a spreadsheet. Diabetes related data, clinical parameters and accompanying diseases were documented in the predefined scheme. Results In the whole patient sample, the venous oxygen saturation (vSO2) was 69 ± 12%, the arterial saturation (aSO2) 99 ± 5% and the arteriovenous difference 31 ± 9%. A statistically significant association could not be found between the measurement values of oximetry and age, duration of diabetes and HbA1c (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA: p > 0.05). The differences in oximetry values between units of analysis (UOA) e.g. hypertension and non units of analysis (NOA) were analysed. Descriptive testing showed significant differences in vSO2% in the following units of analysis: allergies n = 47: UOA vs. NUOA: 64 vs. 69 (t test: p Conclusion The clinically observed improvement in the retinal state situation after intravitreal injections with VEGF inhibitors may be seen in association with the improved oxygen extraction. It seems reasonable to study whether a switch to sartans in the therapy of hypertension may improve retinal function.

Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure of unknown etiology. Main symptom is headache which has a characteristic similar to other headache diseases, therefore the idiopathic intracranial hypertension often remains undetected. The incidence is 1/100 000 with the number of unreported cases being much higher. This article highlights the essential role of MRI in the differential diagnosis. A literature search was carried out on idiopathic intracranial hypertension and Pseudotumor cerebri in English and German. Original and Review articles as well as case reports were taken into account. Since the main focus of the article is MRI diagnostics, some images were selected to illustrate the characteristic MRI morphological features. The diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is based on an exclusion procedure. Most common syndromes are headache, transient visual obscurations, pulsatile tinnitus and nausea. In the presence of an underlying cause for the increased intracranial pressure one speaks of a secondary intracranial hypertension. The diagnostics include a detailed medical history, neurological and ophthalmic examination, lumbar puncture, and neuroradiological imaging procedures. MRI, in particular, has become increasingly important in recent years, since signs for changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure are now detectable and well-defined. The therapeutic approaches are symptom-oriented and aim to lower the pressure. With a precise diagnosis and timely start of therapy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension has a good prognosis, especially with regard to the preservation of eyesight. · The idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an important differential diagnosis for unspecific headache and impaired vision. · Overweight women in childbearing age are particularly affected. · The most important component in diagnostics is MRI.· Juhász J, Hensler J, Jansen O. MRT-Befunde bei der idiopathischen intrakraniellen Hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri). Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1269 - 1276. Der Pseudotumor cerebri, auch idiopathische intrakranielle Hypertension genannt, ist eine Erkrankung mit erhöhtem Liquordruck unklarer Genese. Leitsymptom sind Kopfschmerzen, dessen Charakteristiken anderen Kopfschmerzerkrankungen ähneln, weshalb die idiopathische intrakranielle Hypertension oft unerkannt bleibt. Die Inzidenz wird mit 1/100 000 angegeben, wobei die Dunkelziffer wesentlich höher liegt. Dieser Artikel weist auf die essenzielle Rolle der MRT-Bildgebung in der Differenzialdiagnostik hin. Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche zu dem Syndrom IIH und Pseudotumor cerebri in englischer und deutscher Sprache durchgeführt. Berücksichtigt wurden sowohl Original- und Übersichtsarbeiten als auch Fallbeispiele. Da der Schwerpunkt des Artikels die MRT-Diagnostik ist, wurde eine Bilderauswahl getroffen, um die charakteristischen MR-morphologischen Merkmale zu veranschaulichen. Die Diagnose der idiopathischen intrakraniellen Hypertension beruht auf einem Ausschlussverfahren. Die typischen klinischen Symptome sind Kopfschmerzen, Sehstörung, pulsatiler Tinnitus und Übelkeit. Findet man eine zugrunde liegende Ursache für den erhöhten intrakraniellen Druck, spricht man von einer sekundären intrakraniellen Hypertension. Die Diagnostik beinhaltet eine ausführliche Anamnese, neurologische und ophthalmologische Untersuchungen, Lumbalpunktion und neuroradiologische bildgebende Verfahren. Insbesondere die MRT hat in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen, da mittlerweile gut erkennbare Zeichen einer Liquordruckänderung definiert sind. Die Therapieansätze sind symptomorientiert und haben das Ziel der Drucksenkung. Bei genauer Diagnostik und rechtzeitigem Therapiebeginn hat die idiopathische intrakranielle Hypertension eine gute Prognose, besonders was die Erhaltung der Sehfähigkeit betrifft. · Die idiopathische intrakranielle Hypertension ist eine wichtige Differenzialdiagnose bei unspezifischen Kopfschmerzen und Sehstörungen.. · Betroffen sind v. a. übergewichtige Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter.. · Wichtigster Baustein in der Diagnostik ist die MRT..· Juhász J, Hensler J, Jansen O. MRI-findings in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri). Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1269 – 1276.

In recent years, the sacroiliac joint has become increasingly important as a generator of low back pain with and without pseudo-radicular pain in the legs. Up to 27% of reported back pain is generated by disorders in the sacroiliac joint.This review is based on a selective literature search of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) as a possible pain generator. It also considers the anatomical structures and innervation of the sacroiliac joint.The SIJ is a complex joint in the region of the posterior pelvis and is formed by the sacrum and the ilium bones. The SIJ is very limited in movement in all three planes. Joint stability is ensured by the shape and especially by strong interosseous and extraosseous ligaments. Different anatomical variants of the sacroiliac joint, such as additional extra-articular secondary joints or ossification centres, can be regularly observed in CT scans. There is still controversy in the literature regarding innervation. However, there is agreement on dorsal innervation of the sacroiliac joint from lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves S I-S III with proportions of L III and L IV as well S IV. Nerve fibres and mechanoreceptors can also be detected in the surrounding ligaments.A closer look at the anatomy and innervation of the SIJ shows that the SIJ is more than a simple joint. The complex interaction of the SIJ with its surrounding structures opens the possibility that pain arises from this area. The SIJ and its surrounding structures should be included in the diagnosis and treatment of back and leg pain. Published literature include a number of plausible models for the sacroiliac joint as pain generator. The knowledge of the special anatomy, the complex innervation as well as the special and sometimes very individual functionality of this joint, enhance our understanding of associated pathologies and complaints.Dem Iliosakralgelenk (ISG) wird in den letzten Jahren ein zunehmender Stellenwert als Schmerzgenerator von Kreuzschmerz mit und ohne pseudoradikuläre Ausstrahlung in die Beine zugeschrieben. Es wird heutzutage davon ausgegangen, dass bis zu 27% der beklagten Rückenschmerzen durch Störungen im Bereich des Iliosakralgelenks generiert werden.Übersichtsarbeit auf Grundlage einer selektiven Literaturrecherche zum ISG als möglichem Schmerzgenerator unter Berücksichtigung der anatomischen Strukturen und der Innervation des ISG.Das ISG ist ein komplexes Gelenk im Bereich des hinteren Beckens und wird aus dem Sakrum und dem Ilium knöchern gebildet. Das ISG ist fähig, Bewegungen mit sehr geringem Ausmaß in allen 3 Ebenen des Raumes durchzuführen. Die Gelenkstabilität wird durch die Form und insbesondere durch starke interossäre und extraossäre Bänder gewährleistet. Anatomische Besonderheiten im Bereich des ISG, wie zusätzliche extraartikuläre Nebengelenke oder Ossifikationszentren, können regelmäßig in CT-Untersuchungen beobachtet werden. In Bezug auf die Innervation besteht weiterhin in der Literatur eine Kontroverse. Einig ist man sich jedoch über eine dorsale Innervation des ISG aus lateralen Ästen der dorsalen Rami der Spinalnerven S I – S III mit Anteilen von L III und L IV bzw. S IV. Auch in den umliegenden Bändern konnten Nervenfasern und Mechanorezeptoren nachgewiesen werden.Die genauere Betrachtung der Anatomie und der Innervation des ISG zeigt, dass das ISG mehr ist als ein einfaches Gelenk. Das diffizile Zusammenspiel vom ISG mit seinen umgebenden Strukturen lässt die Möglichkeit einer Schmerzentstehung aus diesem Bereich und damit ggf. der umgebenden Strukturen plausibel erscheinen und sollte zwingend bei der Diagnostik und Behandlung von Kreuz- bzw. Beinschmerz miteinbezogen werden. Die Literatur zeigt eine Reihe nachvollziehbarer Erklärungsmodelle für das ISG als Schmerzgenerator. Das Wissen um die besondere Anatomie, die komplexe Innervation sowie die spezielle und z. T. sehr individuelle Funktionalität dieses Gelenks erlauben ein besseres Verständnis assoziierter Pathologien und Beschwerden.

ZusammenfassungDieser Reviewartikel gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen in der Reproduktionsmedizin zum Einsatz kommenden Arten der hormonellen Stimulation der Eierstöcke. Der Artikel ist in 3 Teile gegliedert: Zunächst werden prognostische und prädiktive Parameter für den Erfolg einer hormonellen Stimulationstherapie aufgelistet, die es erlauben sollen, ein zu geringes („low response“) oder ein zu starkes Ansprechen der Ovarien („high response“) zu antizipieren. Anschließend werden die Formen der ovariellen Stimulation mit den verfügbaren Stimulationsmedikamenten und -protokollen dargestellt. Den Abschluss bildet ein Fazit für die reproduktionsmedizinische Praxis. Der Beitrag soll einen kompakten Überblick über die Thematik geben und praktisch tätigen Reproduktionsmediziner(inne)n eine schnelle Orientierung im klinischen Alltag ermöglichen.