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Résumé : Dans un pays fort ancré dans la civilisation orale comme Madagascar, les objets rituels, tels que le zébu et l’alcool, sont inséparables dans le système de communication sociale. De manière intertextuelle, ils sont l’interface de l’homme dans ses discours socioreligieux ; ils sont récupérés par la littérature orale et moderne pour marquer la trace de la civilisation dans la production littéraire. L’objectif de cet article consiste à évoquer à travers le texte ethnographique et littéraire les divers enjeux du zébu et de l’alcool dans la communication intertextuelle à Madagascar. Pourquoi les Malgaches ont besoin d’interface pour bien assurer la circulation de son message lors de leur communication intertextuelle ? C’est parce qu’ils croient que dans cette communication, on a besoin d’une métaphore ou d’un symbole dans le domaine socioreligieux pour assurer sa fluidité dans divers contextes de communication. Ces objets religieux figurent dans la représentation sociale. Dans ce discours, ils se présentent sous forme de métalangage.

Although the chronic consumption of alcohol and sedatives, and increasingly opioids, represents a major problem in old age with consequential damage for those affected, little attention has been paid to the substance abuse disorders in old age. The aim of the present recommendations, a collaboration work of the Swiss Society for Geriatric Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SGAP), Swiss Nurses Association (SBK) and Swiss Society of Addiction Medicine (SSAM), is to summarize the current state of knowledge in prevention, diagnostics and therapy of substance abuse disorders in old age for an interprofessional clinical team. They are intended to help strengthen prevention and early diagnosis, and consciously emphasize psychotherapy and nursing intervention options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the chronic consumption of alcohol and sedatives, and increasingly opioids, represents a major problem in old age with consequential damage for those affected, little attention has been paid to the substance abuse disorders in old age. The aim of the present recommendations, a collaboration work of the Swiss Society for Geriatric Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SGAP), Swiss Nurses Association (SBK) and Swiss Society of Addiction Medicine (SSAM), is to summarize the current state of knowledge in prevention, diagnostics and therapy of substance abuse disorders in old age for an interprofessional clinical team. They are intended to help strengthen prevention and early diagnosis, and consciously emphasize psychotherapy and nursing intervention options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O álcool é a substância mais consumida entre os jovens. Os prejuízos da utilização do álcool nesta fase podem causar sérios problemas neurobiológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as consequências neuronais causadas pela ingestão de álcool pelos adolescentes e o papel dos pais e da escola neste contexto. Com o estudo, verificou-se que o álcool é sempre depressor do sistema nervoso central e causador de alterações orgânicas, cognitivas e comportamentais. A integração entre pais e escola será o fator determinante para ajudar este adolescente a construir sua identidade sem que o álcool seja o principal elemento para isto.

The 2007 Swiss Health Survey is the fourth survey conducted on a random sample of nearly 19'000 adults, living in Switzerland. 37% are overweight or obese, but between 2002 and 2007 no increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity were observed anymore. Overweight and obesity are associated with a number of socio-demographic and life-style factors. 9% of 15 to 34 years old women are underweight. Of the group of 15 to 49 years old men and women, 52% would like to change their body weight (to loose weight 87%, to gain weight 13%). 20% of them eat very irregularly and binge eating happens to 22%. In summary, life-style modifications are needed in relation to overweight, underweight and eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommendations for the Prevention, Diagnostics and Therapy of Addiction Disorders in the Elderly Abstract. Although the chronic consumption of alcohol and sedatives, and increasingly opioids, represents a major problem in old age with consequential damage for those affected, little attention has been paid to the substance abuse disorders in old age. The aim of the present recommendations, a collaboration work of the Swiss Society for Geriatric Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SGAP), Swiss Nurses Association (SBK) and Swiss Society of Addiction Medicine (SSAM), is to summarize the current state of knowledge in prevention, diagnostics and therapy of substance abuse disorders in old age for an interprofessional clinical team. They are intended to help strengthen prevention and early diagnosis, and consciously emphasize psychotherapy and nursing intervention options.

In respect of demographic change, the number of older patients with substance abuse and addiction is on the raise. In this review we present important clinical and therapeutic aspects of substance abuse and addiction in the elderly and focus on alcohol, benzodiazepines and opioids. Daily and risky alcohol consumption is common among older people. They also have an increased risk getting alcohol-related complications. For early detection, laboratory parameters and questionnaires such as the AUDIT-C are suitable. Therapeutically brief interventions have been proved successful. Also, abuse of benzodiazepines, especially low-dose addiction, is widespread among older persons, although often overlooked, and patients often do not recognize their addiction. The physician has to know the correct indication, adequate dosage and pharmacological interactions. A slow-dose reduction is recommended in case of addiction. Thanks to opioid substitution therapy, patients with an opioidaddiction can reach a higher age. Age influences the effects of the substitute, which may require an adjustment of the dosage. Treatment of elderly patients should be based on their needs and resources and is usually very effective.