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Copyright of Westfälische Forschungen is the property of Aschendorff Verlag GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The compulsory military service was introduced in Spain in 1837. Resistance to “serving the King” in the countryside adopted sometimes collective forms such as draft riots, but eventually young men tried mostly to evade it through individual acts such as self-mutilation or illegal migration. These strategies contributed to erode the internal solidarity and cohesion of village communities, which had no legal recognition at all in spite of their actual weight in everyday life. The events after the coup of July 1936 and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War must be understood against the background of that tradition. Our case-study is Galicia (NW Spain), a predominant rural region which was controlled by the perpetrators of the coup in a few weeks. Many people, fearing for their lives, fled to the woods, some of them soon creating the first resistance groups against the military Junta and others fleeing into exile. Archival and oral sources allow us to understand their survival strategies. The guerrilla’s action lasted until the mid-1950s and in some individual cases even well into the 1960s. Their survival depended on the local solidarity networks, which were again tested against the State power but at this juncture under the form of a ruthless dictatorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the trial of László Rajk and its preliminary outcome in Hungary, which include death sentences and two military court convictions. Topics include the trial aims to eliminate who oppose the accelerated Sovietization or imminent incorporation of Hungary and to justify the rupture of friendship with Western imperialists; and insight into revolutionary movements, conspiracies, underground movements, and intelligence services in Europe since the Spanish Civil War.

In this article, the author visited the doctor from Frankfurt am Main, Germany and outlines how the largest private collection on the subject in Germany came into being from childhood holiday memories and what value the digital will have in the future. It mentions Dictatorship and Democracy in Spain amid Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939.

In the course of human history, the League of Nations represents a crucial experience. Due to its penchant for deciding conflicts by violent means, the international order in the twentieth century destroyed itself twice, once in 1914 and again in 1939. The League provided forthe building of networks among administrators, experts, civil society, and political decision-makers thereby laying the groundwork for multilateralism. However, it failed in its task to ensure collective security as the new peaceful order paid too little attention to the stabilization of new democracies. Furthermore, the great powers continued to pursue their imperial style of politics and missed the opportunity to activate the kind of solidarity required to make this states' system work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte: Internationale Zeitschrift für Theologie und Geschichtswissenschaft is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

»Politicians called him an excellent writer but a bad politician, writers called him an excellent politician but a bad writer«. This formula, quoted in a letter by the famous expressionist dramatist Ernst Toller (1893 -1939) about a fellow writer is often applied to Toller himself. It is far too narrow as his impact both on literature and on politics endures. Since his recently published 1700 letters focus mostly on his politics, this paper will investigate two of his most notorious political activities: his leading involvement in the Bavarian revolution of 1919 and his political activities on the side of the Spanish Republic during the civil war. It reveals both the extent as well as the limits of one writer's impact on the course of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung is the property of Leipziger Universitaetsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses censorship of women foreign correspondents during the Spanish Civil War with a focus on the censorship of Austrian journalist Ilse Kulcsar at the Spanish Press Office in Madrid and the activities of war correspondents Milly Bennett, Kitty Bowler, and Kate Mangan in Valencia. Alleged subjectivity and bias on the part of journalists covering the war is scrutinized along with their respective backgrounds, nationalist influences on their reporting, and economic conditions faced by the reporters.

The article discusses the role of milicianas militiawomen during the Spanish Civil War with a focus on women irregular infantry and their taking up arms against fascism. Intersectionality of gender and class is investigated as a a means of group identity formation among Spanish guerilla fighters, the war is characterised also as a social revolution, and the symbolic representation of miliciana fighter within Spanish politics is evaluated. Attempts at legal restriction of women's abilities to fight are examined along with captured women fighters' treatment by the government forces of Francisco Franco.

Article in the September 2016 issue of the history periodical "Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften" are introduced on topics including women militia fighters in the Spanish Civil War, social conditions for unemployed men and women in fascist Austria, and Austrian legal restrictions on "deviant sex" and birth control.

The topic of the June 2016 issue of the regional history periodical "Storia e Regione" is introduced as the Italian occupation of Ethiopia and Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

The article sheds light on the biographies of Tyrolean and South Tyrolean members of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War and compares them with the official image of anti-fascist resistance in the region. The authors demonstrate that the commitment on behalf of the Spanish Republic was largely removed from the regional history of resistance. They identify the reasons for this situation as lying both in the ideological circumstances of the Cold War and in the predominance of a spatially narrowly focused tradition of local history-writing. However, the life-histories of the International Brigade members substantially expand the regional history of resistance by making evident the existence of an early form of socialist anti-fascism, whose history involved precisely the spiritual and physical overcoming of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on revolution and civil war in Spain during 1936 to 1939. Topics discussed include the memories of the events involving the Spanish Left-wing incidents; how the workers' movement towards them in the following decades remembered and processed; and assumption that history is a very important resource for the left.

The article presents a report on a conference on fascism in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century, held at the Freie Universität (Free University) of Berlin, Germany, from June 19-21, 2014. Topics of discussion included fascist propaganda, international participation in the Spanish Civil War, and antifascist movements.

The article presents a report from a June 22-24, 2012 conference in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany on depictions of history in mass media. Topics of presentations given included the use of radio in education in Germany during the 1950s, depictions of the Spanish Civil War, republic, and dictatorship in Spanish television series, and the German television program "Die Deutschen."

The article discusses the history of origin and iconography of the cubist oil painting "Guernica" which was painted by Spanish Pablo Picasso in 1937. A Spanish delegation allegedly asked the artist to paint a picture to be hung in the Spanish at the world exhibition in Paris, France in 1937. The picture "Guernica" depicts the victims of the Spanish Civil War and the defense of freedom. The author presents several preparatory drawings for the painting. Other topics mentioned in this article include the political messages of "Guernica", sculptors executed by Picasso, and the European art of the 1930s.

The article discusses a conference for historians that had the theme "Ist eine Welt möglich" ("Is one World possible") and was held in Linz, Austria from September 29 to October 1, 2011. Topics discussed at the conference included the changing definition and significance of the term "international solidarity," the instances of international solidarity during the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s, and the role of solidarity in helping developing countries politically and economically.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Katalanistik is the property of Zeitschrift fur Katalanistik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the participation and influence of Romanian volunteers in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. The overwhelming number of the Romanian soldiers were members of the Romanian Communist Party (KPR) and are said to have been important as members of the Spanish Republican army's artillery, which fought in key battles, and an influence on leftist and anti-fascist factions elsewhere in Europe. The volunteers' autobiographical writings are employed to analyze those soldiers' motives and later life directions.

The article presents a report from November 27-28, 2015 conference in Berlin, Germany held by the Arbeitskreis Historische Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung e.V. women's history society. Topics of presentations delivered include "Heimatfeste" celebrations of the homeland around the turn of the 20th century, World War I in German collective memory of the interwar and World War II periods, and the exile of Spanish Republicans to Mexico following the Spanish civil war.

Seventy years after the insurrection of Spanish military forces against the democratically elected government of the Second Republic, several political, cultural and scientific initiatives have set out to reinforce the historical memory of the Spanish Civil War. An objective historical debate about the war was impossible in Spain under the Franco regime and quite difficult during the transition period to a democratic state because of the ongoing conflict between Francoists and democrats, which led to an attempted military coup against the new Spanish democracy in 1981. The stable democracy Spain now enjoys allows us to revisit the history of the Civil War from a republican and democratic point of view, in order finally to offer a just remembrance of the war's victims on the Republican side, something which has been neglected for decades. This paper explores the representation of the Spanish Civil War in children's drawings, which were collected by several institutions, among them the Biblioteca Nacional de Espana. The existence and preservation of these drawings is the result of unique circumstances. The Spanish Civil War was the first conflict in which modern arms were intentionally used against the civil population on a large scale, so that children became eyewitnesses of military attacks. The government of the Republic organised the evacuation of the civilian population, especially children, from the war zones, using an existing system of school colonies. Guided by their educators, these children started to reflect on their new experiences - the bombardments, the evacuation, the separation from their parents, but also the games, lessons and other activities in the school colonies - in their drawings. These drawings had a double purpose. On the one hand, they were designed as a therapeutic measure to help the children to overcome the traumas produced by the war. On the other hand, these drawings were used as propaganda in order to convince the Western democracies to support the legitimate Spanish government and to stop their policy of non-intervention, which only favoured the military rebels and their supporters, National-socialist Germany and Fascist Italy. Today, the children's drawings of the Spanish Civil War represent a valuable and direct testimony of different aspects of this conflict: life before the war, the breakdown of the Lebenswelt of the children, the presence of the war in daily life, humanitarian support and evacuation, organisation and life in the school colonies and the politicisation of the children. Nowadays, children who suffer the horrors of war continue to draw their experiences. The only difference with the drawings of the children of the Spanish Civil War is that today there is more blood, weapons are more powerful, and society is indifferent and has become accustomed to coexisting with injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including childhood holiday memories; Spanish Civil War; and objectivity.

The article presents a report from an October 24-25, 2014 conference on women's history and gender studies between the Austrian annexation and the outbreak of World War II in Vienna, Austria. Topics of presentations delivered included the role of women in the Austrian resistance movements Rote Hilfe and Sozialistische Arbeiterhilfe, pro-democracy women soldiers in the Spanish Civil War, and the history of women's soccer.

The article reviews the book "Spanienkämpferinnen: Ausländische Frauen im spanischen Bürgerkrieg 1936-1939," by Renée Lugschitz, volume 7 in the book series Politik und Zeitgeschichte.

The article summarizes an international workshop for sociologists and historians, titled "Politicization in Rural Societies: Concepts and Uses in History," that was held in Seville, Spain from February 24-25, 2011. Topics discussed included the agricultural and political history of Southern Spain, the causes and effects of the Civil War that took place in Spain during the 1930s, and the European historiography that focused on rural politicization.

The article deals with a May 1978 ruling of Germany's Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVG - Constitutional Court) denying disability benefits to a German veteran of the International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War. The veteran became an ex-patriot in 1939 because a return home then promised concentration camp internment. Germans in the Nazi-supported Condor Legion in the conflict received such benefits, however, by dint of being supported by the government of that time. The author is appalled.