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1954 was the year of publication of the magazine Gazeta Literară, which was styled after the most important Soviet magazine Literaturnaia gazeta and includes features about socialist realism in literature. Scânteia was the press organ of the Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Român) until the fall of the political regime and reported on socialism in Romania and other countries. The aim of the paper is to highlight how the term "literature" was interpreted in this literary magazine and in the main political newspaper in 1954. The article examines similarities and differences that can be found between the definitions of the term, which literatures are cited as examples, and what role the political power played in their selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The topic of digital transformation in our country has had a major impact on both society and the economy, with all its sectors being a paradigm for them. At the same time, the digital transformation of our country is one of the most important components of the National Recovery and Resilience Plans. This fact is also due to the position on which Romania is ranked within the hierarchy based on the Digital Economy and Society Index (European Commission, 2021. Referring to it, we observe a less favorable position of our country, ranking 27th out of the 27 member states of the European Union (European Commision, 2022) with an annual growth lower than the other countries and less convergent. Thus, in order for the European Union to fulfill its objective of the digital decade, Romania must create the ideal context for a significant change in the pace of training and acquisition of basic digital skills. We therefore observe how the introduction of digital technology has corroborated the way tourism companies assert themselves. Digital technology has become an invaluable business tool widely used in the travel and tourism sector Lee & Wicks (2010). We are talking about an economic-social phenomenon reflected in one of the basic sectors of many nations, whose expansion was particularly pronounced in 2019, 2020, as a result of the collapse left in this industry by the COVID19 pandemic. Digital transformation represents a substantial challenge for both organizations and national economies, being a topic that has sparked interest for academic studies and researchers. Starting from this necessity and carrying out a review of the existing works on the market, it was found that there are no studies related to the digitalization level of tourism businesses in Romania. Thus, the present work evaluates, measures and quantifies the level of digitization of small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of tourism, with Băile Felix resort in Bihor county as a working sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the topic of eugenics ("Erbgesundheitslehre" or "Rassenhygiene") among the Germans in Romania, which was mainly carried by Transylvanian Saxon actors. Based on Tudor Georgescu's monograph The Eugenic Fortress: The Transylvanian Saxon Experiment in Interwar Romania (2016), the topic is analyzed in depth for the 1920s. Using Heinrich Siegmund's Sächsisches Wehr- und Mehrbuch, which was published in 1914 and in a revised form in 1922, as well as other source examples, it is shown that the eugenic discourse was not only a transfer from the "West" to Transylvanian Saxony, but took on a specific form. The central actors of the biopolitical discourse among the Transylvanian Saxons, especially Heinrich Siegmund and later Alfred Csallner, acted in an interpersonal and intertextual network, especially one supported by institutions, that was primarily connected to Germany--the exchange on eugenics was thus a reciprocal process, not an exclusively one-sided "import" from the "West." However, it is further noted that there was relatively little demonstrable exchange with Romanian and Hungarian eugenicists. The implementation of the teachings of eugenics was intended to counter a demographically induced decrease in the population of the German minority. The main target was the younger generation, especially in rural areas--this milieu was seen as having the best chances of resisting the "decline" by means of biopolitical measures. On the one hand, the analyzed discourse reveals the intertwining of traditional and contemporary topoi; on the other hand, a radicalization of biopolitical concepts can be seen parallel to political developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper begins by discussing the loyalty-faith-betrayal triad in relation to the Crown, the empire, and one's one nation, and then it proceeds to analyze the situation of the Banat region in the aftermath of World War I and the attitude of the local German population towards the tumultuous events that took place after November 1918. Among the elements thus highlighted we find the confusion experienced by the region's multiethnic population (Romanians, Germans, Serbs, and Hungarians), the intervention of the Entente forces, as well as the attempts made by the authorities in Budapest to maintain control over Banat--among other things, by trying to set up an administrative unit of Banat sometimes referred to as a "republic," which was never actually proclaimed, was never granted international legal status and never acquired its own institutions or distinct legislation, and was therefore ephemeral and practically non-existent. The authors then examine the options available to the German population in what concerned their chances of still living as Germans in a land they had profoundly shaped in economic and cultural terms for the past 200 years, at a time what the Romanians had clearly opted for a union with Romania, the vacillations of a population that included a modest intellectual class between the old loyalty towards the Hungarian state, the loyalty towards one's own community (amid the renewed hope of a German revival), and also the loyalty expected by the Romanian state (of which they knew little, and the little they knew tended to be mostly negative), without forgetting the decision--otherwise influenced by the Saxon leaders (Rudolf Brandsch)--to accept the union with Romania and to support this decision at the Paris Peace Conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper presents the latest book Literatur im Streiflicht of Carmen Elisabeth Puchianu, associate professor of the Transilvania University of Brasov. The paper makes a short presentation of all chapters included in Puchianu's collection of studies. The aim is to give an overview to the specific aspects that the author is dealing with in her research: the literature of Thomas Mann and Franz Kafka, the German-language Literature in Romania setting the main focus on Joachim Wittstock and on the German poetry written in Romania during the oppressive 80ies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper looks into the question of whether Romanian is a mono- or a pluricentric language and investigates its relation to so-called Moldovan. The first part outlines the formation of the Romanian Academy as a standardizing authority. It was founded in the second half of the 19th century when the territory of today's Republic of Moldova did not belong to Romania but to Russia. The second part therefore casts an eye over the linguistic situation in this region which has gone through a varied history during the last 200 years. As a result, it appears that the efforts to establish Moldovan as a separate language were politically motivated. The question - if we have to deal with two languages (Romanian, Moldovan), one (Romanian) with two centres (Bucharest, Chişinău), or one language with only one centre (Bucharest) - is therefore also a political question which creates different answers depending on political constellations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the Papers of the International Colloquium of Romance Civilizations, Literatures and Languages (Bucharest, 14--27 Sept. 1959)--held under the aegis of the Romanian National Commission for UNESCO and of the Academy of the Popular Republic of Romania--as well as on an unpublished document from the private archive of Alphonse Dupront, the present article describes the visit to communist Romania made by the Sorbonne historian, the former director of the French Institute in Bucharest (1932-1940/1941). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss Bulgarian and Romanian balkanisms in legal terminology in the context of the European Union. To begin, I will give a short overview of the importance of balkanisms and I will discuss Bulgarian and Romanian in the context of Balkan languages in the European Union. Following Schaller (2012, 2018), I will comment on different features of Balkan languages. As Lyutakova (2017, 2018) puts it, the recent development is characterized by significant political, social and economic changes, which are taking place in both Bulgaria and Romania. This development is important in shaping both Bulgarian and Romanian languages, and is therefore important in shaping legal language in both countries. Thus, I will characterize legal language as a technical language, and present its particularities. I will highlight (un)intelligibility, (in)comparability, and (un)translatability as main features of legal documents. Then, I will analyze examples from the Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The main scope is to discuss balkanisms in this Treaty, and to regard balkanisms in the European legal language as EUbalkanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will present the customs regarding the Hungarian reformed funeral songs in the area by the stream Nádas, an area that is located in the heart of Kalotaszeg in Romania. The paper follows a theoretical and a practical thread. In the theoretical part I examined the funeral song-material of old Hungarian song collections, while the practical part describes my visits to a number of villages with significant folk traditions, inhabited by Hungarians, where I collected and summarized the musical traditions associated with funerals. In this paper I will shortly report on my findings, observations and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde is the property of Romanian Academy Publishing House / Editura Academiei Romane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde is the property of Romanian Academy Publishing House / Editura Academiei Romane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the request of the Jewish Middle/ Middle-East-European immigrants for images, impressions, feelings and memories from their native lands, which Aaron Lebedeff masterfully captured in his American-Jewish musicals. The paper focuses on multiculturalism and multilingualism in overlapping regions of extended cultural areas, particularly in territories along the borders of Middle/Middle-East-European states, which don't form any abrupt cultural barriers. Using the example of a in our time in Jewish milieus worldwide frequently played quadrilingual song from Aaron Lebedeff about Romania (with the German translation of the complete version from 1925), the paper conveys the role of Yiddish as a major dialect of the German as a worldwide carrier of this language as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper was presented within the 13th International Conference of German Studies in Brasov and aims at the analysis of myths during the Ceausescu regime and their literary representation in three texts written by the author during the late eighties and published at the beginning of 1990 in the literary magazine “Neue Literatur” (Bucharest). The analysis is based in the idea that any dictatorial system needs specific myths, such as that of the heroic leader. The paper points out, the way in which German language writers in Romania could successfully reverse such a myth by means of irony and the grotesque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to analyze those procedures, compositional techniques and means of artistic expression of Franz Liszt, which are aimed to reflect and to embody the ethical and aesthetic values of macabre and obstiné. The analyzed opuses are four piano dances, dating from Liszt's late composition period. The piano pieces are: Csárdás macabre, Csárdás obstiné, Mephisto-Walzer Nr. 3 and Bagatelle sans tonalité. These laconic, concentrated and bizarre compositions show also a diabolical virtuosity, due to their Mephistophelian program. A few of the compositional techniques used for the musical expression of the macabre and obstiné character are already known from the Wiemar-period, but there are a few new lisztian procedures, which occur in these late pieces, and which increase progressively the distances between his style and Romanticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate, based on a special digital program containing the lists of telephonic customers from 2005 in Germany, that the family names and ethnonyms Sass/Saß in German, the Romanian Sas, Sas(s)u, Sascu, the Hungarian S(z)asz, whose origin is first of all the name of the old tribe of Northern Saxons (Nieder)sachsen (old German sahso, middle German sachse, northern German sasse), based on this, the German colonists who came in Transylvania in the 12th century were called in Latin Saxones, in German Siebenbüger Sachsen, in Romanian saşi, their geographic spreading in Germany is different due to the fact that, in the case of names such as Sass/Saß, we can speak about indigenous names, formed on the territory of Germany, especially in northern lands Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein (see Map 1), while in the second case, we are dealing with names having a foreign origin (Romanian or Hungarian) that appeared in Transylvania and then reached Germany due to the phenomenon of migration from east to west, specific to the 20th and the 21st centuries for political-economic reasons (spreading in the richly industrialized lands of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen and Nordrhein-Westfalen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the 1970s, the literature in German language from Romania went through a radical process of change that transformed a largely epigonic and obedient literature into a dynamic, original and subversive one. The following paper analyses the context, the causes, and the mechanisms of this innovative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses and analyses the importance of oral history in offering a true image of reality. Referring to the tragic destiny of the German ethnic group in Romania after the second world war - their deportation in the Soviet Union - it presents an excerpt of the narration of contemporary witnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to analyze the barely known literary personality of Carmen Sylva, the first Romanian queen. Since Carmen Sylva was a German-born princess, yet lived almost her entire life in the Romanian cultural environment, the main point of this paper is to analyze the idea of writing while being split between two different cultures. Carmen Sylva's self-assumed role of cultural mediator is in this respect obvisouly worth mentioning. However the main question of this study lies not necessarily in the role, but rather in the place of this writer with two homelands. Did she indeed manage to become a cultural mediator or was she her entire life nothing more than an outsider? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]