Search

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the coverage of recent events in Hungary and Egypt in the British press. It mentions that "The Times" cautiously defends the British action in Egypt, suggesting that the events in both countries should not be measured on the same scale given the violent situation in Hungary. It also mentions conservative papers like the "Daily Mail" strongly support the Hungarian freedom fighters and the military action in Egypt.

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the medieval ecclesiastical boundaries' formation in the Hungarian Kingdom on the example of the Provostship of Spiš. This case is particularly valuable because it offers insight into this issue at a time when historians can rely on a greater number of surviving sources. On the basis of a broad sources' heuristic, the different sections of the Provostships' boundaries are analysed successively. The analysis reveals that the key factors in the boundaries creation were the progression and the expansion of settlement in particular areas. There were modifications of the boundaries in the later period, whereby the boundaries of the dioceses were aligned with the boundaries of the secular administrative units -- kingdoms and Hungarian counties. The process throughout the 13th and 14th centuries gave rise to ecclesiastical boundaries which, in most cases, survived several major reforms (e. g. erigation of new bishoprics in 1776) and have persisted to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a research area of the ERASMUS+ project Developing Teaching Competencies for Extensive Reading Programs (LEELU, 2016-2019), an international teacher training intervention on the topic of extensive or free voluntary reading. Subject-specific pedagogy experiences and insights of teachers who established this programme in German as a foreign language in grade 10 are highlighted. In Italy, the Netherlands and Hungary, teachers brought principles of free voluntary reading into practice and developed them further cooperatively. An open-ended teacher survey reveals the success of the programme. Interview transcripts deepen the results of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The states have to use public funds. It is a fundamental problem how can a state acquire money for fulfilling its obligations and tasks and how can it spend these funds properly. Basically two sides can be separated and scrutinized: the expenditures and the revenues. During the historical development the monarchs had fundamentally the power to make decisions in fiscal questions: they could prescribe taxes (contributions) and spend money without any restriction, public finances and the private wealth (expenditures) of the ruler weren't separated. Later the orders and the parliaments vindicated different rights to restrict the power of the monarchs: they could offer the taxes and since than the rulers couldn't impose taxes without their contributions. These very important restrictions appeared in different fundamental laws (for example in the Magna Charta Libertatum in England). It was very essential that the expenditures should be controlled as well. The next huge step was accordint to that the acquisition of the right to make detailed prescriptions on the field of expenses. In constitutional democracies many legal resources regulate the field of budgets in modern states: different principles and detailed provisions prescribe the requirements of acquisition and the spending of funds. The current financial decisions appear in the annual detailed budgets which are accepted and their execution are controlled by the parliament on the base of publicity and transparency. This paper scrutinizes the development of the legal frames of the budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides an analysis of the most current issues of the law of succession in Hungary. The paper takes into consideration the regulation of the New Civil Code, also paying attention to the historical traditions of this part of the civil law in Hungary, referring to the roots in Roman law, too. The paper tries to identify and introduce the challenges, with which the law of succession is facing in the 21st century either in Hungary or in Europe. The author attempts to demonstrate the differences of the regulation between the former Civil Code (Act No. IV of 1959) and the new Civil Code (Act V of 2013). The essay pays attention to the economic factors of the law of succession, referring to the most important social phenomena of the recent decades. The study also analyses the most important findings of the case law in Hungary, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on Austria and Hungary after the World War I. Topics discussed include researches on World War I, Italian army in Austria during the war, diplomatic corps of Italian government, participation of British trade unions in the war, territorial claims of Italy for separating Romania with Austria.

One of the most important challenges in urban design is planning an appropriate street network, satisfying the demand of users with different transport modes. Understanding the nature of road networks has been thoroughly studied problem for many years and extensive professional literature is now available in this respect. In this study, five different micro-districts and their road networks have been analyzed in Budapest. Therefore, this paper is aimed at providing a contribution to the knowledge of comparing road networks of different residential estates under different traffic loads. Moreover, significant similarities and differences were identified among urban street layouts in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents opinions on the liability for crime with unintended results formed before 1848 in Hungarian criminal jurisprudence and codification. It analyses the four tendencies (dolus indirectus, culpa dolo determianata, aggravation, transient category) of German criminal law, which was used as a model in the literature of Hungarian criminal law published from the middle of the 18th century to 1848 (manuals, studies), as well as in textbook manuscripts and bills. The transient category does not occur among these, and aggravation can only be found in one bill (1843). The wide-spreading of Feuerbach's theory started with a textbook manuscript in 1813, and it has become known and at least partly accepted by every author since 1820. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction is the edited version of the opening speech delivered at the scientific conference and exhibition commemorating the bicentenary of Miklós Ybl's birth (1814-1891). As the first representative of the professional architect emancipated from the guild organization, Ybl still enjoys a quasi symbolic prestige in the Hungarian architectural community. Instead of becoming a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he owed his success and great influence - upon determining the stylistic character of the Hungarian capital, Budapest from 1873, for example - to the confidence placed in him by the liberal aristocrats who played a leading role in the management of the scholarly institution. Since in the early 20th century the historicism of renaissance inspiration which he represented was discarded as eclectic academism, and in the decades of socialist realism the style was condemned for class-struggle reasons, it was only in the past two or three decades that the positive evaluation of the principle of style choice and pluralism of styles could gain ground. The paper stresses the continuity of neo-classicism and historicism reviving the gothic and the Romanesque styles as well as the neo-renaissance mode in the tradition of the academic theory of architecture. It does not deny the importance of function but reckons with an iconological interpretation of function which is contradictory to 20th century functionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual history of "anancasm" in psychiatry remains almost unexplored and this article will help to remove this deficit. It was the Budapest-based neuropsychiatrist Gyula Donáth (1849-1944) who first proposed this Greek-rooted term in 1897 as an international term for compulsive symptoms and as an independent mental illness similar to present-day obsessive compulsive disorders (ICD-10). By suggesting this term Donáth wanted to extend the concept of compulsion as proposed by his teacher Carl Westphal to other compulsive phenomena, psychomotor impulses and restrictions including echolalia, coprolalia, echokinesis, echopraxia, contemporary maladie des tics (present day Tourette's syndrome) and even intermittent dipsomania (craving for alcohol), paraphilias, sexual fetishes and homosexuality. In 1923 Kurt Schneider used this term for a subgroup of psychopathic personalities, the so-called insecure anancastic psychopaths. His concept was much different to that suggested by Donáth, with the only thing in common being the compulsory component. Schneider's anancasts suffered from feelings of insecurity and insufficiency and were forced to try to overcompensate by being excessively careful, meticulous and hyper-correct. Based on Schneider's concept anancasm has survived as a name for a subdivision of compulsive personality disorders in ICD-10; however, these rather complex personality defects were not what Donáth had in mind when he first suggested the term anancasm. The paper discusses further discrepancies between Donáth, Schneider and ICD-10.

The article examines the 16th- and 17th-century history of portraits and portrait painting in the kingdom of Hungary. The importance of patronage for artists of the time including Elias Widemann is described, portraits of members of the Habsburg monarchy are analyzed, and the social significance of portraits in the homes of commoners and nobles is compared. Iconography in portraits of the time is discussed.

This paper aims at giving an overview of the main traditional tendencies and new trends in historical Slavic linguistics in Hungary. Traditionally; since the end of the 19th century, the main goal of investigations has been the interpretation of the Slavic linguistic and cultural influence on the Hungarian language and culture, having continuously been present in the Carpathian basin for more than a thousand year. The language contacts resulted in a vast number of lexical borrowings, calques, and toponyms of Slavic origin in Hungarian, and also in the appearance of Church Slavonic written sources of local redaction. The author describes the process of the methodological progress in the research of these areas and presents the most important results. Since the 1990's, new trends have emerged in historical Slavic linguistics in Hungary that can be identified as the application of methods and frameworks of areal and theoretical (cognitive and generative) linguistics, which makes the renewal of this discipline possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the Hungarian system change in 1989. Contrasting the events with Poland, it seeks to find elements of the present political cleavages in a lack of symbolical power. Of equal importance is the fact that during the negotiations at the Round Table, the Hungarian communist party had already surrendered its power, so that the cleavages between the opposition parties already became visible. During the following elections, the voters experienced democracy as a power struggle among competing democratic parties, rather than as the downfall of communism. The leftist-liberal coalition in 1994 reshaped the political landscape and cemented the cleavages which haunt the Hungarian political system until the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the European policy pursued by the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. Having won a two-thirds majority in the 2010 elections, the new Orbán government went on to make its mark in the European Union. This was all the easier as, in the first half of 2011, Hungary held the rotating presidency of the European Union. Hungary conducted a fairly successful presidency, but the whole affair was overshadowed by the disputes on the Hungarian media law and the new Constitution. After the EU presidency the government mostly focused on the negotiations about the EU budget for 2014-2020 and the continuation of the enlargement policy - with some success. The third part of the article focuses on Viktor Orbán's perception of the EU in the light of his public speeches and interviews, and shows that there are at least three different discourses which the Hungarian Prime Minister applies in regard to the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a conference on the connection between sports and nationalism in historical perspective, held in Prague, Czech Republic, from June 28-30, 2012. Papers and discussions revolved around the political aspects of sports, exemplified with such case studies as soccer in Denmark during the German occupation in World War II, the participation of the Soviet Union in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland, and international soccer matches between Hungary and Romania from 1936-2009.

The article reports on the panel "Entgrenzungen (nationaler) Geschichte und Erinnerung: Historische Deutungskonflikte und Aussöhnung im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Öffentlichkeit und Politik," part of the Historikertag (Annual Meeting of the German Historians' Association [VHD]) in Berlin from September 29 to October 1, 2010. The papers discussed several cases of conflict and reconciliation regarding the interpretation of history after 1945, including Spain, East Asia, and Hungary.

This paper details 1) the attempts of Berlin analysts to ferret out information about Rank's technique by interviewing one of his analysands, and 2) Berlin plans to found a new journal called Psychoanalytische Klinik.

The paper deals with current controversies between Slovakia and Hungary from a discourse-theoretical point of view. It argues that controversies like those about the Hungarian law on dual citizenship, and many more, result from antagonistic discourses about the role of state and (ethnic) nation. While the Hungarian discourse stresses the ethnic nation's priority over state interests and therefore claims the Hungarian state's responsibility for the ethnic Hungarians abroad, the Slovak discourse stresses the state's priority over ethno-national interests and therefore tries to reduce any influence of Hungarian nationals and their kin state in Slovakia. The article concludes that without overcoming these discourses, real solutions to the political controversies are quite improbable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the recent parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia are often referred to as a "right shift" - meaning the success of far right parties on the one hand or the success of center-right parties on the other. A differentiated analysis of "left" and "right" in Slovakia, distinguishing between an economic, value and nation-orientation level as well as cleavages not overlapping with the "left-right" continuum, shows a complicated pattern which does not allow for a one-dimensional evaluation of the results. ]he election in Slovakia in June 2010 marked a historical victory of a social democratic party, which however is relativized by its nationalist rhetoric in the past years as well as cooperation with nationalists and Vladimir Meciar in the past government. The losses of Meciar, nationalists, as well as the more radical of Hungarian parties seem to mark the end of "Meciarism" in Slovakia and a shift away from far right. A shift to the right on the economic level seems obvious, but the old Christian democrat parties in fact experienced losses or only minor gains. Two new parties on the other hand, a liberal one and a party seeking to overcome the ethnic cleavage in Slovakia, surprised with high gains. ]'he future of the new government remains unclear, as it has to face the financial crisis as well as the rising poll numbers of social democrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present paper the author analyses four aspects of timesharing contract: Applicable law (in European Union law and national legislation) 2. The Notion of Timesharing 3. System of Timesharing 4. Recognition of contract. The European Parliament and Council have on 24th October, 1994 adopted the Directive 94/47/EC on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis. The aim of the Directive was to bridge the existing differences between national legislations in respect of this contract that are likely to create barriers to the proper operation of the internal market and distort the competition. The purchasers of an immovable property ought to enjoy the highest standards of legal protection (right to information on the constituent parts of contract, right to restitution), just as the vendors are entitled to collect payment for the transferred rights. Since the legal nature of the rights subject of timesharing contracts varies considerably from one Member State to another, it proved necessary to establish a minimum basis of common rules. The Directive itself has the aim to bring under overall regulation the timesharing contract, especially in respect of its essential elements, purchaser's right to information and protection of his interest in property. The Member States took different paths in respect of implementation of this contract in the national legislation. Some included it in the branch of consumer protection law (for instance, Scandinavian countries, United Kingdom, Germany or Austria), while others in the domain of tax law (such as Greece, Portugal, Spain or France). There are, however, differences at national level for example in respect of form and essential elements, parties to the contract or consumers' right to restitution. The timesharing contract has its most important role in transfer of rights to temporary use of touristic facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper deals with European language policies and their implementation with respect to the Hungarian language. Since its accession to the EU in 2004, Hungary has committed itself to the Treaty of Amsterdam and the principle of equalisation. Because of this, Gender Studies finally found an interesting field of research concerning Hungary and the Hungarian language. Although the language has no grammatical gender (neither for nouns nor for pronouns), some discriminating language use can still be perceived: the disregard of women in language use, descriptions of women involving dependency upon men, expressions that refer negatively to women, proverbs that describe women in a negative way, etc. Thus, it is just as important to show sexism in Hungarian language use and to work against it, as it is in other (European) languages. The objective of this study was to identify sexism in general language use, translations and the media, and to discuss what further developments can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive industry is one of the industries reflecting most clearly the process of globalization and its effects on national labour relations and labour standards, in a comparison of four countries - Germany, Italy, Spain and Hungary, we try to analyse the changes of labour relations and standards in the industry. The analysis reveals that in the age of globalization trade unions as supporters of collective social standards are on the defensive. However, the different national paths of this process also show that states and trade unions are more than mere victims of the pressures of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the development of homeopathy in Hungary between 1820 and 1871. A brief account of the spread of this new method during the 1820s is followed by a history of the foundation of homeopathic hospitals in the first half of the 19th century and the publication of homeopathic self-help books for lay-persons. The attempts to establish an homeopathic association and an university chair of homeopathy which were to succeed ultimately are discussed. The homeopaths conflicts with allopaths and the difficult situation presented to homeopaths after the revolution of 1848/1849 are analysed. The paper concludes with a short representation of five of the most famous homeopaths in Hungary during the period under discussion.

The paper attempts to conceptualise the observations made in therapies of Holocaust survivors. The first case studies of child therapies were published in 1982, demonstrating the induced trauma transference and the three-generational neurosis model, i.e. the transfer of the trauma from the traumatised grandparent through his/her child to the grandchild. The first generation survivor syndrome was first experienced with patients who themselves had suffered deportation or had survived the ghetto, and after several decades, came for treatment to the KUT Psychotherapeutical Clinic. that has been operating for 4 years now.

By the end of World War I the Hungarian Psychoanalytic movement was strong and deeply integrated into the cultural and intellectual life of Budapest. The city was ready to be the center of the European psychoanalysis. The paper discusses how Budapest lost its growing eminence as a center, but because of the political-social changes in Hungary in the years 1918-1920. The paper will examine the two waves of Hungarian emigration between the world wars, the first in the early twenties to the Weimar Republic, and then in the thirties, to the United States and Australia. These movements of important Hungarian psychoanalysts, account both becoming weaker of the Budapest School and at the same time its influence in other countries. The author highlights the outstanding role of the American Psychoanalytic Association's setting up the Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration in saving the lives of many European colleagues. America was open to European psychoanalysis at that time and in return immigrants facilitated the development of modern psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. The influence of Vienna, Budapest and Berlin can be traced in contemporary psychoanalytic culture in the United States. The documentation for this paper was researched in Washington, D.C., New York and London, supported by fellowships and grants from the Woodrow Wilson International Center and the Soros Foundation.

The paper is focused on the theory of regression formulated by the Budapest School of psychoanalysis, first of all by Michael Balint, which is closely related to the idea of primary love, the dual union of the mother and the child. The contribution of the Budapest School to the establishment of object relational theory and self psychology is recapitulated. Based on the work of Freud, Ferenczi, Balint and Kohut, the history of the term regression from the initial negative connotations to its interpretation as an indispensable skill of the healthy Ego is surveyed. Finally, the issue whether regression is an enemy or a helper is addressed, its manifestations in everyday life and applicability in self psychology oriented psychoanalytic therapy are discussed. Self psychology investigates regression in the mirror of the integrity of self formation: it considers the capacity for benignant regression as an indispensable condition of the healthy self, and blames the defense against regression for certain problems, most particularly for sexual orgasm disorders. In the paper, this interpretation is traced back to the theory of Balint, postulating a close relation between self psychological approach and the Balintian theory of benignant regression. The author argues that the resulting consequnces can be directly applied in psychoanalytic therapy, and demonstrates this statment by two case reports.

The essay discusses the manifestation of clinging instinct in psychosomatic skin diseases, conceptualised by Imre Hermann. Psychosomatic skin diseases show symptoms, which prove their connection to clinging. The question is how mothers become the cause of frustration. Finally the paper points to the fact that in the analytic situation the unsatisfied needs, resulting from the frustration of clinging, appear in form of body feelings and skin sensations.

The Budapest model of supervision has been left out from the renewed discussions and research projects. The author highlights some historical backgrounds in the development of the practice of supervision, which are connected with the organisational development of the international psychoanalytical movement. He explores Vilma Kovacs seminal paper on the Hungarian model of supervision. He points out that the therapeutic moment, due to the psychoanalytic technique, is unavoidable, and the different models offer only practical, but no optimal solutions to this inherent conflict. Changes in psychotherapy knowledge of candidates before entering psychoanalytic training, and other factors allow us to review the different models of supervision from a fresh point of view.

The paper compares the new results of infant observation and research with the view of the Budapest School of psychoanalysis and some later approaches of the theory of object relations about the early infant development. The author states that the Hungarian psychoanalysis, by focusing on the early object relations, could theoretically describe some phenomena which were empirically validated only later and thereby it could create traditions which can serve as a basis for the child psychotherapy and current mother-infant consultation.

In his last works, Ferenczi emphasizes the suffering of the child, who is a victim of the seductive parent, and environment. In the Clinical Diary he writes about the consequences of the trauma more dramatically. A part of the personality dies but can be alive again in psychoanalysis. The author tries to examine whether the appearance of these topics in Ferenczi's late papers is connected with sensing the illness, and imminent death. If this theory is correct, we must see a high elaboration level in Ferenczi's reaction. The heavy symptoms of the illness did not lead to narcissistic regression, but to a deepening of empathy, and of the experience of human solidarity.

Copyright of Berliner Journal für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the year 1987, 218 centenarians lived in Hungary. First the main demographic data were reported by the surveyors of the Central Statistics Office. The basis of the experience was gained on a limited population (123 subjects). The physicians' team was organized by the Gerontology Center of the Semmelweis University of Medicine. They carried out the detailed medical and environmental check-up. The medical and environmental experiences of the gerontologists were published (1). In our present paper we would like to show the different familial and other relationships of the oldest people. The 123 centenarians were scattered over the whole country, altogether in 67 larger or smaller settlements. More of them lived with a daughter (42%), with a son (14%), with a grandchild (7%), with other relatives (5%) and 3 persons lived together with their wives. We found that the subjects who lived with relatives had a better chance to live an active and meaningful life. The co-existence of several generations, the multilateral contacts of centenarians have a beneficial effect on the quality of life.

We summarize our results with the adaptation of the so called diversity indexes, often used in the statistical ecology. We refer to the sexual difference of the diversity of death causes, and the specific formation of the diversity of morbidity and mortality by the years of life. We mention the possible explanation of this. It is also a new observation the characteristic change in the concentration of the causes of death measured by diversity indexes. In the second part of the paper we enumerate some possible new branches of research, which should develop the investigations on the epidemiological diversity.

In three subway stations, which are "sub-pavement" stations (Budapest), microbiological air analyses were simultaneously carried out by means of sedimentation and by the use of Krotow's impactor. In the course of the examinations, which lasted eight months, the following max. values were obtained on the agar plates: 78 colonies/dm2/h and 239 colonies/m3; the rates of incidence for pathogenic and indicator bacteria were 2.7 and 1.7 per 10 plates. The strongest airflow was 0.7 m/sec. These values were obtained at the "Nagy-várad tér" station, which forms a transition to the subway stations. The "stopper effect" was found to exist here as well, although not to such an extent as in the deep subway stations, but still more pronounced than in the other two "subpavement" stations "Esceri ut" and "Határ ut". The microbiological values are at any rate more favourable than in the subway stations dealt with in an earlier paper.

Both Budapest and Vienna played a dominant role in the life of Semmelweis and this fact should mean connection and not separation in scientific research and interpretation. The Hungarian capital was his birth place, the scene of his education and partly also of his university studies, the city where he became professor, wrote his papers, propagated his doctrine and became a partaker of the spiritual workshop of the Pest medical school. Vienna was the city where--impressed by the second Vienna medical school--his medical view was formed, the place of the conception of the "Semmelweis doctrine" and also of his tragic death. Born in a German speaking family which was deeply rooted in historical Hungary, he was bilingual through all his life, avowed himself however as Hungarian. It should be avoided to make him either a hero of the barricades or an opportunist. By defining the etiology of puerperal fever and by elaborating the methods of its prevention he became a great figure of scientific research. As to the essence of the Semmelweis doctrine there is no place for debates of priority. The doctrine was confirmed in the era of bacteriology.

The effects of socio-demographic factors on children's growth and maturation have been analysed by means of cross-sectional growth study. 4517 boys and girls between 4 and 18 years from Eger (North Hungary) were investigated anthropometrically. In this paper it is shown how far body height, body weight, and menarcheal age are depending on socio-demographic factors. No significant differences were seen with regard to body measurements in children of the same age, but belonging to different socio-demographic groups. Menarche was found to be earlier (about 4 months) in first borns as compared to second borns. In single children it occurred earlier (about three months) than in those having brothers and sisters.

A ten-year record of experience obtained from an outpatient centre of paediatric gynaecology is reported in this paper. Reference is made in greater detail to organisational setup, examination techniques, diseases established, and principles of the therapy. A new instrument for vaginal discharge sampling is described.

The present paper deals with the qualitative and quantitative distribution of tumour patients treated at the Budapest Clinic Maxillofacial Surgery in the east 30 years. These patients suffered from: odontogenic tumours, 135 cases: non-odontogenic benign tumours, 1219; and malignant tumours, 1238. Compared to previous data, the present findings evidence the upward trend of the frequency of tumours and of the malignant ones among them.

In a former paper the authors had investigated the fluorine intake per kilogram body weight and its extreme possibilities. This study includes 97 workers of a steel foundry. The amount of liquid ingested during working hours was measured, for 30 persons in summer during 90 days and 67 persons in winter during 201 days. Inside and outside temperatures were recorded. The mean age was 40,02 years. The mean intake of drinking water was, in summer 3732 ml (+/- s 1176 and +/- sx 123 ml) and in winter 1835 ml (+/- s 684 and +/- sx 48 ml). The mean value was 2422 ml and the extreme values were 500 and 8500 ml. The calculation of the individual mean values showed however, that the water intake follows an irregular pattern of distribution. About 11% consumed more than 41, and about 2% more than 51 per day continuously. In this study, there are those who consume habitually little, more and a lot of drinking water. With the results, the authors are examining the possibilities of the maximum fluorine intake.