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This article analyses the importance of paper in the context of early modern warfare. During the war against the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th century, the Habsburgs were establishing a new administration in Hungary, which served both military and civil purposes. Not only did administrative tasks have to be organized, but the very success of military operations depended on the well-ordered work of the administration: communication had to be smooth, and a wide variety of tasks had to be properly and reliably processed. To fulfil these requirements, the administration needed large quantities of paper. This study follows the traces of paper in the records of the Chamber Administration in Buda and points to the vital need for paper at the heart of the new Habsburg rule. The challenges of acquiring and producing paper themselves became crucial aspects of the administration’s work. The article argues that a reliable supply of paper competed even with the distribution of arms and food to become an essential resource in warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1785, Joseph II set out to introduce „a new judicial order" (Novus ordo iudiciarius) in the Kingdom of Hungary and its neighbouring lands (Regnum Hungariae partes et eiusdem adnexas), as well as the Grand Principality of Transylvania (Magnus Principatus Transilvaniae). As a result of the Emperor's comprehensive and rapid judicial reform, which went against the historical constitution of the country and was therefore opposed by Hungarian and Transylvanian estates, new subordinate or subaltern (first-instance) courts (iudicia subalterna) were established in Hungary and Transylvania. On 1 September 1787, 38 courts in the Kingdom of Hungary and its neighbouring lands and 11 courts in the Grand Principality of Transylvania officially had to start their operation. The new judicial bodies took over the place of the former country courts (sedes iudiciariae i. e., sedriae), which were terminated on 31 August 1787. Although the iudicia subalterna were „short-lived" because the entire judicial system known as Novus ordo or Justitia Josephina collapsed in 1790, shortly after the death of Joseph II, the more in-depth examination of the josefinist first-instance courts is still considered a research field that has not been fully explored yet. However, the new judicial reform removed the sedriae, in fact, the distinction between iudicia subalterna and sedriae was not as sharp as it appeared, at first glance, from the rules related to the new first-instance courts. By analyzing archival sources of some iudicia subalterna and relevant secondary literature, the paper aims to shed light on the dual nature of these courts. The research uses the term „two-faced" to describe how the dividing line between iudicia subalterna and sedriae, royal court and municipal court, politica and iuridica could become blurred in Novus ordo. To illustrate this phenomenon, the paper primarily relies on the general concepts applied in studies that focus on the history of the court system and it uses the various names of the iudicia subalterna as a guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the specific linguistic situation of print media in German language abroad based on the example of the "Batschkaer Spuren", a regional newspaper of the German minority in Hungary. The goal is a linguistic assessment of the current manifestations of the used media language regarding its typological structures and fundamental characteristics. Additionally, journalistic possibilities and types of procedures, specifically with regards to regionalisms (informed by local dialects), multilingualism, and inter- as well as transculturality are discussed. The study identified a spectrum of minority-specific patterns und types of linguistic composition with highly variable characteristics of German. The analyzed linguistic practices of the newspaper show a type of dynamic multiliteracy that in itself causes an emergence of new patterns. The majority of findings can be attributed to multilingual or language-contact induced phenomena on different levels: from word to text/discourse (the text routines are occasionally influenced by the contact language Hungarian). The other central aspect of the analyzed text world lies in the regionalisms that are influenced by local dialects. The complete picture is determined by heterogeneity and inconsistency and presents itself as a mixture of linguistic and stylistic forms. Especially noteworthy is the established conflict between orality and scribality i.e., between a "language of proximity" and a "language of distance". Hence, the analyzed newspaper articles present a large quantity of forms and structures of every-day written language that metaphorically can be termed "Parlando texts". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides an analysis of the most current issues of the law of succession in Hungary. The paper takes into consideration the regulation of the New Civil Code, also paying attention to the historical traditions of this part of the civil law in Hungary, referring to the roots in Roman law, too. The paper tries to identify and introduce the challenges, with which the law of succession is facing in the 21st century either in Hungary or in Europe. The author attempts to demonstrate the differences of the regulation between the former Civil Code (Act No. IV of 1959) and the new Civil Code (Act V of 2013). The essay pays attention to the economic factors of the law of succession, referring to the most important social phenomena of the recent decades. The study also analyses the most important findings of the case law in Hungary, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the medieval ecclesiastical boundaries' formation in the Hungarian Kingdom on the example of the Provostship of Spiš. This case is particularly valuable because it offers insight into this issue at a time when historians can rely on a greater number of surviving sources. On the basis of a broad sources' heuristic, the different sections of the Provostships' boundaries are analysed successively. The analysis reveals that the key factors in the boundaries creation were the progression and the expansion of settlement in particular areas. There were modifications of the boundaries in the later period, whereby the boundaries of the dioceses were aligned with the boundaries of the secular administrative units -- kingdoms and Hungarian counties. The process throughout the 13th and 14th centuries gave rise to ecclesiastical boundaries which, in most cases, survived several major reforms (e. g. erigation of new bishoprics in 1776) and have persisted to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the pupils of three Jesuit grammar schools (Gymnasia) in Western Hungary by electronically processing data to create databases of the schools' registers (Győr 1630–1773, Bratislava 1650–1772, Trnava 1616–1618, 1625–1772). In the time-span considered, more than 70,000 pupils were matriculated in these three schools. After introducing the basic principles of digitally processing and recording the registers and outlining the institutional framework of the Jesuit grammar schools, the development of the numbers of pupils, their distribution in cohorts by year, age and social background, their distribution according to nationality and places of birth (i. e. the outreach of the schools) are presented. First analyses show that, contrary to widespread assumption, there was no majority of noble families. Instead, the high numbers of non-noble pupils prove the schools' role of a kind of social melting pot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a research area of the ERASMUS+ project Developing Teaching Competencies for Extensive Reading Programs (LEELU, 2016-2019), an international teacher training intervention on the topic of extensive or free voluntary reading. Subject-specific pedagogy experiences and insights of teachers who established this programme in German as a foreign language in grade 10 are highlighted. In Italy, the Netherlands and Hungary, teachers brought principles of free voluntary reading into practice and developed them further cooperatively. An open-ended teacher survey reveals the success of the programme. Interview transcripts deepen the results of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important challenges in urban design is planning an appropriate street network, satisfying the demand of users with different transport modes. Understanding the nature of road networks has been thoroughly studied problem for many years and extensive professional literature is now available in this respect. In this study, five different micro-districts and their road networks have been analyzed in Budapest. Therefore, this paper is aimed at providing a contribution to the knowledge of comparing road networks of different residential estates under different traffic loads. Moreover, significant similarities and differences were identified among urban street layouts in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The states have to use public funds. It is a fundamental problem how can a state acquire money for fulfilling its obligations and tasks and how can it spend these funds properly. Basically two sides can be separated and scrutinized: the expenditures and the revenues. During the historical development the monarchs had fundamentally the power to make decisions in fiscal questions: they could prescribe taxes (contributions) and spend money without any restriction, public finances and the private wealth (expenditures) of the ruler weren't separated. Later the orders and the parliaments vindicated different rights to restrict the power of the monarchs: they could offer the taxes and since than the rulers couldn't impose taxes without their contributions. These very important restrictions appeared in different fundamental laws (for example in the Magna Charta Libertatum in England). It was very essential that the expenditures should be controlled as well. The next huge step was accordint to that the acquisition of the right to make detailed prescriptions on the field of expenses. In constitutional democracies many legal resources regulate the field of budgets in modern states: different principles and detailed provisions prescribe the requirements of acquisition and the spending of funds. The current financial decisions appear in the annual detailed budgets which are accepted and their execution are controlled by the parliament on the base of publicity and transparency. This paper scrutinizes the development of the legal frames of the budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction is the edited version of the opening speech delivered at the scientific conference and exhibition commemorating the bicentenary of Miklós Ybl's birth (1814-1891). As the first representative of the professional architect emancipated from the guild organization, Ybl still enjoys a quasi symbolic prestige in the Hungarian architectural community. Instead of becoming a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he owed his success and great influence - upon determining the stylistic character of the Hungarian capital, Budapest from 1873, for example - to the confidence placed in him by the liberal aristocrats who played a leading role in the management of the scholarly institution. Since in the early 20th century the historicism of renaissance inspiration which he represented was discarded as eclectic academism, and in the decades of socialist realism the style was condemned for class-struggle reasons, it was only in the past two or three decades that the positive evaluation of the principle of style choice and pluralism of styles could gain ground. The paper stresses the continuity of neo-classicism and historicism reviving the gothic and the Romanesque styles as well as the neo-renaissance mode in the tradition of the academic theory of architecture. It does not deny the importance of function but reckons with an iconological interpretation of function which is contradictory to 20th century functionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at giving an overview of the main traditional tendencies and new trends in historical Slavic linguistics in Hungary. Traditionally; since the end of the 19th century, the main goal of investigations has been the interpretation of the Slavic linguistic and cultural influence on the Hungarian language and culture, having continuously been present in the Carpathian basin for more than a thousand year. The language contacts resulted in a vast number of lexical borrowings, calques, and toponyms of Slavic origin in Hungarian, and also in the appearance of Church Slavonic written sources of local redaction. The author describes the process of the methodological progress in the research of these areas and presents the most important results. Since the 1990's, new trends have emerged in historical Slavic linguistics in Hungary that can be identified as the application of methods and frameworks of areal and theoretical (cognitive and generative) linguistics, which makes the renewal of this discipline possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the European policy pursued by the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. Having won a two-thirds majority in the 2010 elections, the new Orbán government went on to make its mark in the European Union. This was all the easier as, in the first half of 2011, Hungary held the rotating presidency of the European Union. Hungary conducted a fairly successful presidency, but the whole affair was overshadowed by the disputes on the Hungarian media law and the new Constitution. After the EU presidency the government mostly focused on the negotiations about the EU budget for 2014-2020 and the continuation of the enlargement policy - with some success. The third part of the article focuses on Viktor Orbán's perception of the EU in the light of his public speeches and interviews, and shows that there are at least three different discourses which the Hungarian Prime Minister applies in regard to the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the Hungarian system change in 1989. Contrasting the events with Poland, it seeks to find elements of the present political cleavages in a lack of symbolical power. Of equal importance is the fact that during the negotiations at the Round Table, the Hungarian communist party had already surrendered its power, so that the cleavages between the opposition parties already became visible. During the following elections, the voters experienced democracy as a power struggle among competing democratic parties, rather than as the downfall of communism. The leftist-liberal coalition in 1994 reshaped the political landscape and cemented the cleavages which haunt the Hungarian political system until the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with current controversies between Slovakia and Hungary from a discourse-theoretical point of view. It argues that controversies like those about the Hungarian law on dual citizenship, and many more, result from antagonistic discourses about the role of state and (ethnic) nation. While the Hungarian discourse stresses the ethnic nation's priority over state interests and therefore claims the Hungarian state's responsibility for the ethnic Hungarians abroad, the Slovak discourse stresses the state's priority over ethno-national interests and therefore tries to reduce any influence of Hungarian nationals and their kin state in Slovakia. The article concludes that without overcoming these discourses, real solutions to the political controversies are quite improbable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present paper the author analyses four aspects of timesharing contract: Applicable law (in European Union law and national legislation) 2. The Notion of Timesharing 3. System of Timesharing 4. Recognition of contract. The European Parliament and Council have on 24th October, 1994 adopted the Directive 94/47/EC on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis. The aim of the Directive was to bridge the existing differences between national legislations in respect of this contract that are likely to create barriers to the proper operation of the internal market and distort the competition. The purchasers of an immovable property ought to enjoy the highest standards of legal protection (right to information on the constituent parts of contract, right to restitution), just as the vendors are entitled to collect payment for the transferred rights. Since the legal nature of the rights subject of timesharing contracts varies considerably from one Member State to another, it proved necessary to establish a minimum basis of common rules. The Directive itself has the aim to bring under overall regulation the timesharing contract, especially in respect of its essential elements, purchaser's right to information and protection of his interest in property. The Member States took different paths in respect of implementation of this contract in the national legislation. Some included it in the branch of consumer protection law (for instance, Scandinavian countries, United Kingdom, Germany or Austria), while others in the domain of tax law (such as Greece, Portugal, Spain or France). There are, however, differences at national level for example in respect of form and essential elements, parties to the contract or consumers' right to restitution. The timesharing contract has its most important role in transfer of rights to temporary use of touristic facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper deals with European language policies and their implementation with respect to the Hungarian language. Since its accession to the EU in 2004, Hungary has committed itself to the Treaty of Amsterdam and the principle of equalisation. Because of this, Gender Studies finally found an interesting field of research concerning Hungary and the Hungarian language. Although the language has no grammatical gender (neither for nouns nor for pronouns), some discriminating language use can still be perceived: the disregard of women in language use, descriptions of women involving dependency upon men, expressions that refer negatively to women, proverbs that describe women in a negative way, etc. Thus, it is just as important to show sexism in Hungarian language use and to work against it, as it is in other (European) languages. The objective of this study was to identify sexism in general language use, translations and the media, and to discuss what further developments can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the coverage of recent events in Hungary and Egypt in the British press. It mentions that "The Times" cautiously defends the British action in Egypt, suggesting that the events in both countries should not be measured on the same scale given the violent situation in Hungary. It also mentions conservative papers like the "Daily Mail" strongly support the Hungarian freedom fighters and the military action in Egypt.

The article discusses a legal case that involves the interpretation of value added tax (VAT) rules and their alignment with fundamental legal principles. It centers on a VAT dispute from 2009 to 2013. It questions revolve around whether tax authorities can deny VAT deductions based on service-related violations, the extent of a taxpayer's duty to monitor these violations, and whether they can disregard national laws to establish fraud.

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most recent studies on multilingual writing deal with literature by first- or second-generation immigrants. This article responds to debates about multilingual literature by examining the asymmetrical, historically-rooted multilingualism of minority groups in East-Central Europe. It does so by exploring linguistic diversity and its effects in the novels of the bilingual Serbian-Hungarian author Petar Milošević, novels that put the Serbian minority in Hungary centre stage. It is argued that Milošević's prose fiction not only invites the reader to rethink the nature of script, standard language and cultural identity as historically contingent and multiply entangled, but also effectively refashions the cultural memory of the Serbian minority in Hungary. The novels' broader relevance lies in their foregrounding of the minority's cultural and linguistic doubleness, both in relation to the nation-state in which they live and to the external homeland. As such, they also potentially illuminate the position of other linguistic minorities in former Habsburg borderlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Berliner Debatte Initial is the property of Berliner Debatte Initial e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on a conference on the connection between sports and nationalism in historical perspective, held in Prague, Czech Republic, from June 28-30, 2012. Papers and discussions revolved around the political aspects of sports, exemplified with such case studies as soccer in Denmark during the German occupation in World War II, the participation of the Soviet Union in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland, and international soccer matches between Hungary and Romania from 1936-2009.

The article reports on the panel "Entgrenzungen (nationaler) Geschichte und Erinnerung: Historische Deutungskonflikte und Aussöhnung im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Öffentlichkeit und Politik," part of the Historikertag (Annual Meeting of the German Historians' Association [VHD]) in Berlin from September 29 to October 1, 2010. The papers discussed several cases of conflict and reconciliation regarding the interpretation of history after 1945, including Spain, East Asia, and Hungary.

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Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on Austria and Hungary after the World War I. Topics discussed include researches on World War I, Italian army in Austria during the war, diplomatic corps of Italian government, participation of British trade unions in the war, territorial claims of Italy for separating Romania with Austria.

The study presents opinions on the liability for crime with unintended results formed before 1848 in Hungarian criminal jurisprudence and codification. It analyses the four tendencies (dolus indirectus, culpa dolo determianata, aggravation, transient category) of German criminal law, which was used as a model in the literature of Hungarian criminal law published from the middle of the 18th century to 1848 (manuals, studies), as well as in textbook manuscripts and bills. The transient category does not occur among these, and aggravation can only be found in one bill (1843). The wide-spreading of Feuerbach's theory started with a textbook manuscript in 1813, and it has become known and at least partly accepted by every author since 1820. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the 16th- and 17th-century history of portraits and portrait painting in the kingdom of Hungary. The importance of patronage for artists of the time including Elias Widemann is described, portraits of members of the Habsburg monarchy are analyzed, and the social significance of portraits in the homes of commoners and nobles is compared. Iconography in portraits of the time is discussed.

The results of the recent parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia are often referred to as a "right shift" - meaning the success of far right parties on the one hand or the success of center-right parties on the other. A differentiated analysis of "left" and "right" in Slovakia, distinguishing between an economic, value and nation-orientation level as well as cleavages not overlapping with the "left-right" continuum, shows a complicated pattern which does not allow for a one-dimensional evaluation of the results. ]he election in Slovakia in June 2010 marked a historical victory of a social democratic party, which however is relativized by its nationalist rhetoric in the past years as well as cooperation with nationalists and Vladimir Meciar in the past government. The losses of Meciar, nationalists, as well as the more radical of Hungarian parties seem to mark the end of "Meciarism" in Slovakia and a shift away from far right. A shift to the right on the economic level seems obvious, but the old Christian democrat parties in fact experienced losses or only minor gains. Two new parties on the other hand, a liberal one and a party seeking to overcome the ethnic cleavage in Slovakia, surprised with high gains. ]'he future of the new government remains unclear, as it has to face the financial crisis as well as the rising poll numbers of social democrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive industry is one of the industries reflecting most clearly the process of globalization and its effects on national labour relations and labour standards, in a comparison of four countries - Germany, Italy, Spain and Hungary, we try to analyse the changes of labour relations and standards in the industry. The analysis reveals that in the age of globalization trade unions as supporters of collective social standards are on the defensive. However, the different national paths of this process also show that states and trade unions are more than mere victims of the pressures of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual history of "anancasm" in psychiatry remains almost unexplored and this article will help to remove this deficit. It was the Budapest-based neuropsychiatrist Gyula Donáth (1849-1944) who first proposed this Greek-rooted term in 1897 as an international term for compulsive symptoms and as an independent mental illness similar to present-day obsessive compulsive disorders (ICD-10). By suggesting this term Donáth wanted to extend the concept of compulsion as proposed by his teacher Carl Westphal to other compulsive phenomena, psychomotor impulses and restrictions including echolalia, coprolalia, echokinesis, echopraxia, contemporary maladie des tics (present day Tourette's syndrome) and even intermittent dipsomania (craving for alcohol), paraphilias, sexual fetishes and homosexuality. In 1923 Kurt Schneider used this term for a subgroup of psychopathic personalities, the so-called insecure anancastic psychopaths. His concept was much different to that suggested by Donáth, with the only thing in common being the compulsory component. Schneider's anancasts suffered from feelings of insecurity and insufficiency and were forced to try to overcompensate by being excessively careful, meticulous and hyper-correct. Based on Schneider's concept anancasm has survived as a name for a subdivision of compulsive personality disorders in ICD-10; however, these rather complex personality defects were not what Donáth had in mind when he first suggested the term anancasm. The paper discusses further discrepancies between Donáth, Schneider and ICD-10.

This paper details 1) the attempts of Berlin analysts to ferret out information about Rank's technique by interviewing one of his analysands, and 2) Berlin plans to found a new journal called Psychoanalytische Klinik.

This paper analyses the development of homeopathy in Hungary between 1820 and 1871. A brief account of the spread of this new method during the 1820s is followed by a history of the foundation of homeopathic hospitals in the first half of the 19th century and the publication of homeopathic self-help books for lay-persons. The attempts to establish an homeopathic association and an university chair of homeopathy which were to succeed ultimately are discussed. The homeopaths conflicts with allopaths and the difficult situation presented to homeopaths after the revolution of 1848/1849 are analysed. The paper concludes with a short representation of five of the most famous homeopaths in Hungary during the period under discussion.

In his last works, Ferenczi emphasizes the suffering of the child, who is a victim of the seductive parent, and environment. In the Clinical Diary he writes about the consequences of the trauma more dramatically. A part of the personality dies but can be alive again in psychoanalysis. The author tries to examine whether the appearance of these topics in Ferenczi's late papers is connected with sensing the illness, and imminent death. If this theory is correct, we must see a high elaboration level in Ferenczi's reaction. The heavy symptoms of the illness did not lead to narcissistic regression, but to a deepening of empathy, and of the experience of human solidarity.

The paper is focused on the theory of regression formulated by the Budapest School of psychoanalysis, first of all by Michael Balint, which is closely related to the idea of primary love, the dual union of the mother and the child. The contribution of the Budapest School to the establishment of object relational theory and self psychology is recapitulated. Based on the work of Freud, Ferenczi, Balint and Kohut, the history of the term regression from the initial negative connotations to its interpretation as an indispensable skill of the healthy Ego is surveyed. Finally, the issue whether regression is an enemy or a helper is addressed, its manifestations in everyday life and applicability in self psychology oriented psychoanalytic therapy are discussed. Self psychology investigates regression in the mirror of the integrity of self formation: it considers the capacity for benignant regression as an indispensable condition of the healthy self, and blames the defense against regression for certain problems, most particularly for sexual orgasm disorders. In the paper, this interpretation is traced back to the theory of Balint, postulating a close relation between self psychological approach and the Balintian theory of benignant regression. The author argues that the resulting consequnces can be directly applied in psychoanalytic therapy, and demonstrates this statment by two case reports.

By the end of World War I the Hungarian Psychoanalytic movement was strong and deeply integrated into the cultural and intellectual life of Budapest. The city was ready to be the center of the European psychoanalysis. The paper discusses how Budapest lost its growing eminence as a center, but because of the political-social changes in Hungary in the years 1918-1920. The paper will examine the two waves of Hungarian emigration between the world wars, the first in the early twenties to the Weimar Republic, and then in the thirties, to the United States and Australia. These movements of important Hungarian psychoanalysts, account both becoming weaker of the Budapest School and at the same time its influence in other countries. The author highlights the outstanding role of the American Psychoanalytic Association's setting up the Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration in saving the lives of many European colleagues. America was open to European psychoanalysis at that time and in return immigrants facilitated the development of modern psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. The influence of Vienna, Budapest and Berlin can be traced in contemporary psychoanalytic culture in the United States. The documentation for this paper was researched in Washington, D.C., New York and London, supported by fellowships and grants from the Woodrow Wilson International Center and the Soros Foundation.

The essay discusses the manifestation of clinging instinct in psychosomatic skin diseases, conceptualised by Imre Hermann. Psychosomatic skin diseases show symptoms, which prove their connection to clinging. The question is how mothers become the cause of frustration. Finally the paper points to the fact that in the analytic situation the unsatisfied needs, resulting from the frustration of clinging, appear in form of body feelings and skin sensations.