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Presents an abstract of the article "Von der Fachbibliographie zur Dokumentation erlautert am Beispiel der Entwicklung der deutschen eisenhuttenmannischen und verwandten Bibliographien," published in "Nachrichten fur Dokumentation." Includes an historical treatment of published documentation on metallurgy since the 18th century in Germany.

Presents an abstract of the article 'Fotocopie en Auteursrecht,' by A.M.W. Jordans, published in the journal "Bibliotheekleven." Description of the position regarding copyright and the photographic reproduction of printed material in England, Germany, Austria, France, U.S. and Switzerland; Discussion of the general copyright laws; Photocopying as an essential aid to research; Suggestion that the present practice is justified on the grounds that copying is undertaken instead of borrowing, rather than buying the original

The article discusses the loss of insurance papers during World War II in Germany and the effects of this on pension allocation after the war. Various methods of calculating pensions, including the waiting and entitlement period are outlined. In addition, calculating provisions for widows and orphans is discussed.

A position paper is presented from Dr. W. W. Schütz, member of the Kuratorium Unteilbares Deutschland (Curatorship of Indivisible Germany). The author argues that the desire for independence and national self-determination is universal in the world and that political efforts to date toward German reunification have been halting and effete. He urges a sense of unity and political will among global groups who share the view of a partnership of ideals leading to those goals' fulfillment.

The article discusses a February 1972 seminar on the theme of "Der Allgemeine Teil des Sozialgesetzbuches" ("The General Section of the Social Security Law Code"). A welcoming address by Dr. Wilhelm Wertenbruch is presented in which he reviews personnel deficits and the need for interdisciplinary approaches. Five speaker presentations follow the welcoming address.

The article discusses the November 1972 position paper on worker-governed asset building from the Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände (BDA - Federation of German Employers' Associations). The BDA opinion was that a new model of individual asset building as proposed by the labor interests was not necessary and that workers should use the normal wage negotiation and contract process as a means to personal prosperity.

Carl Hohnbaum was the founder of what is now the Hildburghausen District Mental Hospital. He was born at Coburg in 1780, called to Hildburghausen in 1805 after having been active as a general practitioner for a short time, and appointed chief medical officer of the former Duchy. He devoted much of his time and effort to improving medical care for the inmates, and he thus made a meritorious contribution to the treatment of mental and emotional disorders. Hohnbaum was one of the most productive medical writers of his time. He died in 1855. In an obituary published in the Village Paper he was designated as one of Hildburghausen's "most distinguished and eminent" citizens.

The article reports on a February 1976 conference of the Institut für Sozialrecht der Ruhr-Universität, Germany, on the theme "The Concept of Illness." Three papers from the conference are presented exploring various historical and more contemporary definitions of disease and the role of health insurance. The interplay among the findings of biology, psychology, and social psychology in the etiology of illness is discussed. Several viewpoints are represented.

The article presents the text of a talk by Helmut Rohde, Bundesminister für Bildung und Wissenschaft (Federal Minister for Education and Science) at a November 1976 conference of the Deutscher Gerwerkschaftsbund (DGB - German Labor Federation). The author discusses the complex relationship between German educational and occupational systems and policies.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena it is perhaps appropriate to pay tribute to the extraordinary merit due to this firm for the publication of the Anatomischer Anzeiger established by Karl von Bardeleben in 1886. This contribution shows that the viability and great international regard enjoyed by the journal are due not only to the advanced ideas upon which it was based but also to the publishing spirit exhibited by the original publisher, Gustav Fischer. The Anatomischer Anzeiger will retain its international character in future and will remain a versatile anatomical journal publishing profound and scientifically stimulating papers in all fields of anatomy.

It is reported the history of the eldest anatomical journals and their precursors, the periodicals of scientific societies and academies (part 1). The first anatomical periodical striktly speaking is the Archiv für die Physiologie founded in 1795 by the famous neuronanatomist REIL in Halle/Saale. Subsequently the genealogy of several journals founded in the 19th century is represented and continued up to our days. In the same way it is proved the history of the refering and abstracting publications. The eldest refering magazine is the Bericht über die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie published by HENLE and MEISSNER in 1856--71. The Publisher GUSTAV FISCHER in Jena takes a leading part in publication of anatomical periodicals, esp. Anatomischer Anzeiger and his supplements Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, and of annual reports in anatomy. In the centre of this paper it is standing the importance of the Anatomischer Anzeiger founded by KARL VON BARDELEBEN in 1886 and published by the Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena. Reporting the fateful history of Anatomical Recorder and of the Proceedings of the Anatomical Society until 1945 (part 2) and since the last world war (part 4) it is told about the editors follows one upon another. The Anatomischer Anzeiger represented a central paper of the entire scientific anatomy and in a body one of the most spreaded and versatilest anatomical journals in the world. Important stages in the history of anatomy are formed by the Anzeiger till our days.

The article discusses the legacy of Paul Mayet, a German consultant to the Japanese government in the Meiji era, who in 1888 introduced crop insurance to Japan. A brief biography of Mayet is presented along with an account of his initial patents in paper technology. Mayet's contributions to Japanese social security plans, farming policy, and agricultural insurance during the years 1876-1887 are highlighted, as well as his contributions to social security's development in Wilhelminian Germany.

This paper is dedicated to Martin Kirschner one of the outstanding German surgeons of the first half of this century. Many of the inventions and improvements Kirschner made have stood the test of time till today. It was Kirschner who recommended to stretch the stomach for replacing the oesophagus. He practiced for the first time successfully an embolectomy out of the pulmonary artery (1924!). Kirschner improved the wire traction procedure decisevely. Of the same importance is his literary work.

Presents results from a questionnaire concerning provision for foreign language teaching in the various states of West Germany. The questionnaire was based on the assumption that school radio is a valuable feature in the diversification of foreign language teaching. (IFS/WGA)

The article discusses a position paper of Germany's Free Democratic Party (FDP) presenting concrete proposals for social pension insurance. Key elements included the strengthening of the administrative self-government of social security, partial pensions for those employed past age 60, and women's pension premium credits for years spent in child-rearing.

The article focuses on an international symposium entitled "Language and Gender" held between March 29-31, 1979 at the Universität Osnabrück, Germany. The article presents information about several papers discussed at a symposium sponsored by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk. Topics include communication norms in verbal and nonverbal communication, linguistic socialization, and language acquisition.

It is outlined the history of the Anatomische Gesellschaft - founded in 1886 by anatomists of the German-speaking area especially - with special consideration of the international colours and trends as well as the essential possibility to read the papers during the meetings not only in the German language but also in English, French, Italian, Latin and (since 1976) Russian. According the Herrlinger (1965) this history is divided in following parts: 1. from foundation to the world war I, 2. between the 2 world wars, and 3. after the world war II. Although the Anatomische Gesellschaft is resident in Germany (today in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic) it never has been a German society. This important and most famous anatomists of all nations, countries and continents as well as representative scientists of other special branches interesting in morphology had been and now are members of this society. Hitherto the annual meetings of the Anatomische Gesellschaft are presided over by prominent American, Austrian, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Swedish and Swiss anatomists.

The history of modern cardiology begins with William Harvey, the history of cardiodiagnostics, however, with William Heberden and the inaugurators of percussion and auscultation. Nearly all methods needed a long initial period, before they stood the test as routine measures. The revision of positive judgments of their value became necessary whereever new methods entered into competition with techniques which proved their value for long years and which apparently could not be renounced. Up to now schemes of thinking remained characteristic for the heart, the historical basis of which was shown in the present paper.

25 years ago the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz (1874-1955), the founder of the cerebral angiography and Nobel Prize laureate of the year 1949, died in Lisbon. Narrow 15 years before his German partner and competitor Wilhelm Löhr (1889-1941), surgeon in Mageburg, died. Löhr was the first physician, who applied and extended the carotis angiography in Germany, to begin together with the neurologist Walter Jacobi (1889-1937). For many important reasons and informations in cerebral angioarchitectonics it is indebted to the achievement of Moniz and Löhr. On this occasion a ramble set out through the history of discovery of the brain vessels. Beginning in the antiquity (Herophilos, Galen) via the considerable anatomists in the 16th and 17th century. (Berengario, Vesal, Wepfer, Willis, Sylvius and others) to the discoveries and the specifications in the late 19th and 20th century it is shown, that in the research of cerebral vessels a change of guidance is performed in the first half of our century, from the classic morphologists of the "anatomists" at the operating table and at the X-ray screen, i.e. to the neurosurgeons, neurologists and radiologists. In this connection the present paper is not only an essay about the history of brain research but also a contribution to the history of neuroradio-diagnostics. Such excellent textbooks and atlases as Becher, Braus/Elze, Ferner/Kautzky, Krayenbühl/Yaşargil, Wolf-Heidegger and especially Ferner (1979) reflect the high level of evolution of the theoretical and applied neuroanatomy.

On the occasion of the edition of the 150th volume of the Anatomischer Anzeiger a survey is given on some important papers in neuroanatomy and especially brain research, published in the first 50 volumes of this journal. Such excellent workers in neuroscience as Albert Koelliker, Wilhelm His, Camillo Golgi, Carl Weigert, Aleksander Dogiel,Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Ludwig Edinger, Ferdinand Hochstetter, Fridtjof Nansen, Adolf Wallenberg, Theodor Ziehen, Stephan von Apáthy, Michael von Lenhossék, Gheorghe Marinesco, Korbinian Brodmann, Max Bielschowsky, Oskar Vogt, Grafton Elliot Smith, Giuseppe Levi, Cornelius Ariëns Kappers and many others are contributors to the Anatomischer Anzeiger during the first 32 years of its existence (1886-1918). In particular the long-lasting struggle for a general acceptance of the "neurone doctrine" (Neurohenlehre) is reflected by the Anatomischer Anzeiger before and after the turn of century.

Actual anniversaries with the 350th return of the birthday of Johann Kunckel and the 300th birthday of Johann Theodor Neukrantz give rise to recall the early history of the Wittenberg Collegium chymicum and to analyse its value in the medical education. At the university of Wittenberg this tutorial which is significant for the progress of medicine and which has been quickly acknowledged as highly important by other universities has been neglected by the state in most cases. But the more remarkable are the individual achievements of a number of specialists engaged in chemistry, whose practices in teaching and research are described in this paper.

This paper is mainly based on the biographical publications of prominent pupils of Bonhoeffer's, Bonhoeffer's own memoirs and his scientific works as well as documents that still exist at the Berlin clinic. The proposal is made that on the occasion of the awarding of the Karl-Bonhoeffer Prize, which takes place every three years, a Karl-Bonhoeffer memorial lecture be read dealing with a subject connecting psychiatry and neurology.

The history of research in hepatology reflects the development of medicine as a whole. Both demonstrate the importance of technical equipment as a prerequisite and the dependence upon the level of the adjoining sciences. The prominent achievements of some scientific schools and of outstanding scientists--concentrated in their publications--can be compared with annual rings of the permanently growing tree of knowledge in hepatology. In the presented paper the author outlines the essential scientific periods and the results achieved within two thousand years considering their close interrelations.

The paper presents a brief survey of Robert Koch's brilliant achievement in medicine, with particular emphasis being placed on his discovery of the tubercle bacillus made known on 24th March, 1882, his information about the aetiology of anthrax in 1876, and the pathogens of wound infection (1878), as his most valuable contributions to medical research and practice. Robert Koch can truly be regarded as one of the great benefactors of mankind. He was a genius endowed with spiritual and practical abilities allowing him to rise from a simple practioner to a scientist of world-wide fame and recognition. In 1905 Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel-prize, he died in 1910 from a heart attack.

In the present paper is pointed out that J. Donath and K. L. Landsteiner on no account discovered (as most of modern immunologists are pretending emphatically) the autohemolysin which is still connected with their names; neither can this discovery be attributed to Paul Ehrlich as some modern authors are confirming. The later publications of Donath and Landsteiner following their first famous paper from 1904 which hitherto never was drawn attention to by historians or immunologists clearly demonstrate that both of them thought of a toxin theory in regard to the pathogenesis of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, and yet in 1925 they explicitly denied any kind of immune reaction or autoimmunization being involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. The myth of their supposed discovery was performed by well-known and highly estimated scientists in the field of research in autoimmunity problems based on the psychological well-known motivation to create pioneers and heroes that mark the starting point of their science.

The paper gives a bioergographical survey on the German obstetrician and gynaecologist Wilhelm Liepmann. He was Ass. Professor at the Berlin university. Later he became director of the German Women-Institute, which was founded by the Hauptverband der Krankenkassen. In 1933 Liepmann had to emigrate to Turkey, where he got the chair of gynaecology at the university of Istanbul.

n the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his death, the scientific work of the famous German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel (1781 to 1833) in Halle is appreciated. The Younger Meckel is counted to the most outstanding figures in the history of anatomy and medicine in the first third of 19th century. According to his founded knowledges in the normal, comparative, and pathologic anatomy and embryology he was able to give a scientific argument of malformations first of all in the history of medicine and biology. The edition of Meckel's Handbook of Pathologic Anatomy (in German language; 1st vol. 1812) is the birth of scientific teratology. Through his contributions to teratology Meckel directly participated in the raising of general pathology and pathologic anatomy to scientific disciplines. Meckel's interceding for C. F. Wolff's theory of epigenesis, not at last by translation of Wolff's paper "De formatione intestinorum" (1768 to 1769) into the German language, accelerated the development of the general and special embryology during the 19th century. In the contemporary medicine the succeeding eponyms are reminding of the imposing German physician and anatomist: the Meckel's diverticulum of ileum (1809), the Meckel's cartilage of the mandibular arch (1820) and the so-called Meckel syndrome (1822).

To reveal the morbidity of George Christoph Lichtenberg, his skeleton was exhumed in May 1983. This paper deals with the identification of the skeleton as well as with its pathology. Since Lichtenberg left detailed knowledge about his bodily appearance in his own writings, and so did his contemporaries, the identity of the skeleton can be taken for sure because of the good correspondence of several morphological and pathological features.

On the occasion of the 575th anniversary of Leipzig University in the present paper the development of the subject of physiological chemistry up to the foundation of an independent institute of physiological chemistry is explained. The name physiological chemistry first appears in Leipzig by 1850 under C. G. Lehmann who had a private laboratory in his house. A "zoochemical laboratory" in St. Jacob's Hospital was granted to his successor Funke, which was put under the control of the medical clinic after Funke's departure with Huppert as head of the laboratory. In 1865 Carl Ludwig was appointed to a professorship of physiology in the university of Leipzig. By making available proportionate place in the "new physiological institution" and by co-opting qualified assistants Ludwig furthered the subject physiological chemistry with great prevision. The department of physiological chemistry created by him was in turn conducted by Hüfner, Drechsel and Siegfried. On April 1st 1916 the independent institute of physiological chemistry was founded. For the sake of his merits Max Siegfried was appointed its firsts director.

This paper reviews the body height data of middle and low social classes of North and Central European populations from the early Middle Ages until the beginning of the 17th century. It is mainly based on anthropological data from the ancient Germans, but considers also some historical reports. From the data presented here it is seen that the initially rather considerable body heights in these two social groups are decreasing during the Middle Ages. This could be observed on population samples from the Central German Highlands and from Southern Germany as well as on samples from the utmost Western Teutonic settlement: Greenland. The reasons for these variations are most likely to be seen in nutritional changes, in increasing hard physical work due to the transition to predominating agriculture, in biological effects of birthrights, and in deteriorating hygienic conditions.

On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the liberation of Germany from the fascist dictatorship, a survey is presented on the hitherto existing investigations into the various forms of the abuse of psychiatry for the purposes of the fascist system. The paper deals with forced sterilization, the murders of children and of adult mental patients and with the attempted legalization of so-called "active euthanasie". The causes of this development are discussed and the ethical consequences for the present.

In ancient medicine the skin was regarded as an organ in and of itself, as "soma organikon," and even as the largest organ of all. Keeping in mind the historical background, we examine: 1. skin as reflected by speech and proverbs; 2. skin as a world of its own, concerned with feeling, grasping, comprehension; 3. skin, according to tradition, as an organ reflecting almost every pathological and regenerative process. The paper is presented in the form of an essay and a historical survey is given; there is no intent to provide information on systematic or specific problems of dermatology.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper gives a survey on development of teaching in obstetrics and gynaecology at German universities in 19th century. Three aspects of these part of medical education are described: the establishment of obstetrics and gynaecology in the medical curriculum and orders of examination, institutional development of obstetrics and gynaecology as an obligatory part of medical education, the growth of specific methods of teaching in obstetrics and gynaecology.

Damage caused to patients by medical treatment, including surgery, used to be covered by penal law for long periods in the past. This had entailed considerable difficulties primarily in surgical practice. Reported in this paper are court rulings in the course of history. This is out of question in the GDR. Surgical interventions cannot be penalized.

Tracheotomy is one of the oldest operations. Indications for and methods of the operative technique are reported already from the ancient times. The following outline - subdivided in three parts - tries to give a comprehensive survey of the development of tracheotomy throughout the centuries. The first part is concerned with the role of tracheotomy in antiquity, in Greek and Roman medicine and in the medicine of the Arabians at the turn of the millennium according to our time. The first tracheotomy is said to have been performed by Asklepiades of Bythinien, who lived in Rome during the last century before the Christian era. The question whether tracheotomy would be of use or not was highly controversal in the following centuries. There were advocates of the operation (for example Antyllus, Paulus von Aegina), but there were strict antagonists, too (for example Aretaeus). In Arabian medicine finally, tracheotomy had an important rank in theory, but probably it had never been performed in humans. The second part of this paper is occupied with the establishment of tracheotomy in the medicine of the European middle ages. Despite many ethical reservations, it became generally accepted as the last live-saving method in certain syndromes. Protagonists of the method included Ambroise Paré, Thomas Fienus, Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Julius Casserius, and Johannes Scultetus. A new method of performing tracheotomy, the opening of the trachea with the use of a trocar, was first described by Sanctorius Sanctorius (1561-1636). The third part of this outline describes the development of the method of tracheotomy in the last 400 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Up to now, research on antisemitism in Germany has exhibited distinct weaknesses: it understood the concept of "latency" almost exclusively from a psychological perspective; it assumed that antisemitism had continued unchanged from its earlier forms; and it failed to place it into the political history of post-war Germany, In contrast, psychical latency must be differentiated from social latency. This allows to separate individual or private antisemitic attitudes from the public injunction against expressing antisemitism, and reveals the dynamic aspects in the relationship of these two modes of antisemitism. The paper suggests that the repression of antisemitism acquired a function for the domestic integration of German politics as well as for the Federal Republic's foreign relations. The analysis of the structure of German politics reveals the mechanism through which German society dealt with the holocaust and the repressed prejudice of antisemitism. Central to this function is the moral definition of communication, which only permits one opinion in relation lo antisemitic themes, finally, the functionally differentiated treatment of the holocaust theme in several societal subsystems is analyzed, because many problems are arising from the clash between the political, economic, legal, moral and scholarly perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes and appreciates the merits of Max Bürger who--as a clinician--realized very early the preventive and health-promoting role of regular physical training which can be principally carried out, from his point of view, up to the older age. He proved this opinion over more than 3 decades by numerous results of examinations especially in the field of the cardiopulmonary system and metabolism. Max Bürger became in several ways one of the forerunners of modern sports medicine by his important publications (among others "Normale und pathologische Physiologie des Blutkreislaufes bei sportlichen Anstrengungen", "Die Methodik der körperlichen Leistungsprüfungen mit Einschluss der Eignungsprüfungen für Beruf und Sport") by influencing the development of new research apparatuses and the installation of a larger performance diagnostic unit within his hospital as well as by the understanding between his aging research and sports medicine promoted by him and by his inititative to invite interested sports physicians to the foundation session of a "working group for sports medicine" the 13th and 14th November 1954.

The presented paper shows an early publication of Harald Schultz-Hencke--one of the most disputed German psychoanalysts. It was written in 1921 and only recently rediscovered. Extraordinary political demands were listed such as a cut in working hours.

The centenary of the first monograph on children psychiatry gives occasion to stress the topicality of a syndrome-oriented children and youth psychopathology, as well as the special importance of anxiety symptomatology as an index symptom of depressive interrelational disorders within the psycho-social field of experience during development. The paper discusses both multi-dimensional and psychodynamic approaches.

Dermatological moulages rapidly lost their importance during the 1950s. The disadvantages of the classical moulage materials, plaster of Paris and wax, are pointed out. In the 1960s and 1970s modern plastics were introduced to moulage technology at the Linden Dermatological Clinic in Hannover. Silicon-caoutchouc and Vestolit-PVC were the substances used. This paper describes how the Hannover collection of plastic models was assembled and presents its current status. Wax and plastic models are set against each other in the illustrations.