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This paper presents a pilot study of audioguides concerning paintings from museums in Italy, Germany and Denmark. The study combines an analysis of speech actions based on categories from the theory of Funktionale Pragmatik with a frame-oriented analysis of knowledge relevant for understanding the audioguide texts, which can be assessed from the formulation choices made by the authors. The focus of the paper is on building a descriptive and analytical tool to identify characteristics of German, Danish and Italian art audioguides. The aim of the study is to establish first results to be substantiated in future work also concerning the receiver modelling (Hörer:innen-Modellierung) in the investigated audioguides and furthermore to see whether intercultural differences are visible in the texts. The study shows that the same speech actions are present in audioguides from different cultures, but that they occur in different proportions according to the specific culture. Along similar lines, it was possible to create a consistent coding system concerning types of knowledge conveyed in the audioguides that enables us to assess and compare the results of analysing the texts. This analysis, too, indicates intercultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Subject of the paper is a pile dwelling in the lake Werbellin near Altenhof, district of Barnim (Brandenburg). In the light of older and younger research (the latter carried out in 2018-2020), it can be considered as a late medieval princely site of the 'Kemlade' type. 'Kemladen' were small castles on post platforms, known from lakes and other waters of Northern Germany, Denmark and Northwestern Poland. The Altenhof complex consisted of a central, roughly rectangular post platform, further post structures (auxiliary buildings, jetties) and an oval post enclosure of approximately 35-40 m in diameter. Presumably the main building was a kind of residential tower in half-timbered construction. Archaeological observations at the shore of the lake, in particular a wooden cellar with rich find materials excavated in 1991, indicate an outer bailey. In the area of the pile dwelling late medieval pottery sherds, metal tools, animal bones, etc. were found, but also things typical for fortified sites with elitist background: arrowheads and crossbow bolts, a fragment of a horseman's spur, a 'pomander' or 'musk apple' of the time around 1300, made of a tin-lead alloy. The tree ring data indicate that the 'Kemlade' was built in the last third of the 13th century. It was probably abandoned before c. 1330. It probably served as a hunting seat of the Askanian Margraves of Brandenburg, namely Otto IV, 'žwith the arrow' (' 1308/1309), and Waldemar (' 1319), who - according to numerous documents - often stayed in the vast forests of the area (mentioned Schorfheide) for hunting purposes. They owned three castles or manors here: Grimnitz, Werbellin and Breden. Altenhof is often identified with Breden in regional historical research, but the recent dating suggests that Altenhof could be rather identified with Werbellin. The paper deals not only with Altenhof lake dwelling and its regional historical context, but reconsiders also general aspects of the 'Kemlade' castle type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In this paper experiences of Danish children born of war will be analysed. The question is to what extent the biological background as a child fathered by a German soldier has been of importance for the child's life course. Firstly, the military context of the occupation will be summarised. Thereafter, information on the Danish women who had relationships with German soldiers will be presented as well as their position within Danish society during and after World War II. This is important in order to understand which options the fraternising women had, in particular when pregnant or mother of a child born of war. Finally, the situation and experiences of the children of German soldiers and local Danish women during the occupation of Denmark will be discussed. In summary, the results indicate a differentiated picture of this group, both in relation to experiences and life situation as well as with regard to attitudes towards their own biological origin and the impact this has had on their life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: Patients expect a lot from doctors. They expect doctors to be trustworthy and competent, to discuss all treatment options with them, to inform them about mistakes made during the treatment and to put their interests before their own interests. This paper examines how the population of Europe assesses doctors in this respect and whether there are countries where the assessments are similar., Methods: In the "International Social Survey Programme - ISSP" the population in 32 countries was asked to assess the doctors in their respective countries. For this paper, data of 27,772 respondents from 18 European countries were analysed. The respondents were asked to rate 5 statements about doctors on a 5-point scale, with 1 indicating a positive assessment and 5 indicating a negative assessment. For each country, the mean values for the statements were calculated and grouped using cluster analysis to identify countries with similar assessments., Results: "Doctors can be trusted" is the statement with the highest approval across all countries, with means ranging from 2.0 in Denmark to 2.7 in Russia. In most countries, the means of the following statements were close to each other: "Doctors discuss all treatment options with their patients", "The medical skills of doctors are as good as they should be", and "Doctors do not care more about their earnings than about their patients." In almost all countries, respondents were particularly skeptical about the statement "Doctors would tell their patients if they had made a mistake during treatment". Four clusters were identified, but there was no cluster that rated among the best for all five statements. With regard to trust, the discussion of treatment options and the pursuit of self-serving interests, doctors in Germany were not rated particularly well or particularly badly. In Germany, the population was more likely to think that doctors would not inform their patients about mistakes during the treatment., Conclusions: Trust in doctors seems to reflect the general level of trust in a country. The question arises why trust in doctors is high across countries if the respondents are much more skeptical regarding the other statements., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

The author compares the history of human genetics in the Federal Republic of Germany and Denmark from the 1950s to the 1980s. The paper combines a discourse analysis with the exploration of human genetics experts' subject forms along the lines of current considerations within cultural studies. In the 1950s and 1960s, human geneticists acted in close cooperation with other political, judicial and administrative expert groups. They monitored the 'overall genetic development' of the population and cautioned about 'genetic crises'. Laypersons were supposed to submit to 'objectively reasonable' behavioral patterns--to their own as well as society's benefit. In the 1970s, the experts turned into 'providers' of a 'precise, purely medical, diagnostic service'. The patients mainly appeared as 'de-personalized' sources of a common human demand for 'safe eugenic information'. In the 1980s, the demand and supply paradigm manifested psychological and ethical side effects. Human geneticists became aware of the social and historical interrelations of their research and practices. The results of this study contribute to a more complex understanding of the dominant 'individualization narrative' of human genetics history. In this context, the development in Germany and Denmark displays two complementary forms of a transnational discourse.

Priority setting in medicine helps to achieve a fair and transparent distribution of health-care resources. The German discussion about priority setting is still in its infancy and may benefit from other countries' experiences. This paper aims to analyse the Danish priority setting debate in order to stimulate the German discussion. The methods used are a literature analysis and a document analysis as well as expert interviews. The Danish debate about priority setting in medicine began in the 1970s, when a government committee was constituted to evaluate health-care priorities at the national level. In the 1980s a broader debate arose in politics, ethics, medicine and health economy. The discussions reached a climax in the 1990s, when many local activities - always involving the public - were initiated. Some Danish counties tried to implement priority setting in the daily routine of health care. The Council of Ethics was a major player in the debate of the 1990s and published a detailed statement on priority setting in 1996. With the new century the debate about priority setting seemed to have come to an end, but in 2006 the Technology Council and the Danish Regions resumed the discussion. In 2009 the Medical Association called for a broad debate in order to achieve equity among all patients. The long lasting Danish debate on priority setting has entailed only very little practical consequences on health care. The main problems seem to have been the missing effort to bundle the various local initiatives on a national level and the lack of powerful players to put results of the discussion into practice. Nevertheless, today the attitude towards priority setting is predominantly positive and even politicians talk freely about it., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Within the EU, Denmark belongs to the countries with the highest health status of pig herds. The paper describes, apart from the general animal disease control strategy, particularly the control of Aujeszky's Disease and the prevention of the importation of porcine epidemics. Finally, the Danish "antiporcine-salmonellosis-programme" is explained and general remarks on the minimization of health risks to pig herds are discussed.

The paper describes organization and clinical aspects of Danish psychiatry seen from the view of a psychiatrist trained in Switzerland. Differences of the two societies, the description of the hospital, the psychiatrist's daily work as well as juridical aspects and their effects to the work on a psychiatric ward form the main themes of this article. At the end the author tries to value the two different systems.

Medical geneticists invest a great part of their resources towards the prevention of the birth of children with trisomy 21. Since, however, it will never be possible to monitor all pregnancies and, moreover, rejection of prenatal diagnosis on ethical grounds is widespread, this paper discusses the possibilities of lightening the burden on relatives of children with Down's syndrome. The contrast of the negative example shown by Switzerland with positive experiences achieved in Denmark serves to show that highly beneficial results can be obtained by humanizing the school system. This holds true not only for the severely retarded and their families, but also for children with minor learning disabilities as well. Such changes in the school system, when correctly applied, are of advantage to more gifted students as well.

Papers in respect to the topic "On the possibility of influencing the course of psychiatric illness" which were presented at the 5th Steinhof Symposium, October 1979 in Vienna, are summarized with the aim to focus on and to support necessary efforts for an improvement of psychiatric care. Investigations in inpatient populations (Strömgren, E.: Past and future changes in inpatient population; Gabriel, E.: Modifications in inpatient populations of big psychiatric hospitals) showed the importance of institutional differentiation and the similarity of problems in different countries, e.g. Denmark and Austria is mentioned. The papers of Ciompi (Prognosis in rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients) and Pfolz et al. (Factors preventing discharge of long-term inpatients from hospital) summarize concepts of inpatient care. In the papers of Schöny et. al. (Ward group therapy--its importance for the opening of psychiatric wards) and Lyon (Supervision of community--auxiliary lay workers) modern concepts of a pragmatic psychiatry are described. Trends in psychiatric inpatient care are becoming apparent which raise the hope that psychiatric hospitals will provide--through the aforementioned differentiation--more adequate care for the individual patient.

It is relatively easy to obtain a survey of the tuberculosis situation in the geographically demarcated countries of Europe. On the other hand it is impossible to acquire reliable and representative information on the majority of developing countries. Also the concept of a developing country cannot be accurately defined: the geographical, ethnic and cultural conditions predominating there may be diametrically different. In addition the paper is intended not only to take into account the present tuberculosis situation, but also to say something on the future development of tuberculosis in Europe and the developing countries during the next few years.