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Approximately 50 million ethnic Chinese live outside the borders of China. Not surprisingly, the country aims to reach out to and control »its« diaspora: According to Beijing, all overseas Chinese – regardless of their citizenship – belong to China. By incorporating Chinese living beyond its borders, Beijing seeks to foster the country’s economic and political ascendency. This paper focuses on China’s recent policies towards overseas Chinese as well as on Chinese migrants’ responses towards these policies. It show that, instead of fulfilling the predefined role of »serving the country«, Chinese migrants sometimes turn out to be a double-edged sword: Different groups use and exploit state discourses for own purposes that are not necessarily in line with those of the Chinese state – but that conversely can exert great pressure on the very state that tries to embrace them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the description of China in leading German daily and weekly newspapers during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. On the basis of a brief outline of the main China narratives in German media since the 1950s, this paper analyses China-related articles which were published during the period August 8-15, 2008. It argues that reports on China are mostly based on well established German notions of China and centre around the image of a despotic and/or dangerous China. Therefore, they primarily refer back to the source culture and contain little information of value regarding the target culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CHUN Chinesisch-Unterricht is the property of Iudicium Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

China became Brazil’s most important trading partner in 2009. For the South American country, this new situation implies lower levels of economic dependency on the USA. But does this new situation automatically translate into a more equitable axis of South-South relations? And, to what extent can Sino- Brazilian trade be reconciled with the vision of a global, low-carbon bioeconomy? This article addresses these questions by means of a qualitative analysis of the trade relations between China and Brazil over the period 2000-2018. The Sino-Brazilian case is interpreted as an important axis of South-South relations in the context of the emerging bioeconomy. The paper shows that, despite greening policies on both sides, trade relations between the two countries are by no means developing in the direction of a low-carbon transition. Although Sino-Brazilian trade is treated bilaterally as an expression of South-South cooperation, its constitutive elements and dynamics do not break with classical centre-periphery hierarchies. Instead, the article highlights the construction of new inequalities, with much relevance for the bioeconomy in the making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its "unlimited" supply of low cost and unorganized peasant workers, China has become a global manufacturing centre. The potential ability of Chinese workers to change this situation has significant meaning for global labour politics. Through ethnographic case studies, this paper examines the extent to which working class power in Southern China has managed to improve in recent years. The author contests the dominant current in labour studies, which announces "the death of the working class" and privileges non-class identities, and instead argues that the expansion of global production into China has intensified class struggles in the workplace and beyond -- even though workers' class formation has been dislocated by the state's labour regulation strategy. It is argued that without class-based organisations, the emergence of a labour movement is unlikely; nonetheless, unstable relations in workplaces and in the labour market present a challenge to both state and management and are leading to the steady improvement of general working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency of modernization forced upon China means that the pride and sovereignty of China could only be maintained by becoming the Other in its „best“, that is, by adopting the criteria, norms and values of the developmentalism of the West that seemed to have made it so „successful“. However, it is exactly at a time when pride and sovereignty seem to be such a manifest reality for China that an „untimely“ rethinking of what most people regard as good and with reasons to be proud of is called for. The dangerous aspects of modernization in China today should be quite obvious to anyone willing to confront them. This paper aims to take some initial steps in dealing with the „main danger“ of the everyday life with a view to a form of activism not exhausted by the political binaries of oppositional politics. Part I of the paper examines how the media representations of the relations between modernization and rural poverty are framed by binary pairs, how the diminishing of the self legitimizes the violences of the modernization processes, and how modernization should be understood not merely as a domestic solution for domestic problems, but should be read together with the movements of colonization and globalization. Part II of the paper examines practices constituting a difference to the „dissemination“ and „over-determination“ effects of globalization on China's trajectory of modernization. One case in point is the rural reconstruction movement carried out in a relatively self-conscious manner in resisting the colonizing effects of processes of globalization and countering the very logic of this development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Root-knot nematode is one of the most serious causes of biotic stress that negatively affect tomato production in China. The robust methodology to overcome this problem is growing resistant cultivars. This study's core purpose is to identify new root-knot nematode (RKN) resistant tomato genotypes out of all 13 available under controlled environmental conditions. After nematode inoculation; morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis were performed. We observed obvious phenotypic changes in plant height, root length, and root dry weight among all13 genotypes. In comparison with control, nematode infection caused significant halt in plant height in all susceptible genotypes. Three genotypes M3, M7, and M11 were recorded with the lowest values of root gall index and reproduction index. These three genotypes displayed the significantly highest level of resistance compounds; total phenol, ortho-dihydroxy phenol, IAA oxidase, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid contents as compared to the susceptible M82 genotype. Following six molecular markers Mint-1, C&B, TG180, REX-1, JB-1, and Mi23were employed to amplify Mi-genes. Only Mint-1marker successfully amplified a 622bp fragment in M3, M7, and M11genotypes. These findings proved that M3, M7, and M11 harbour root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi 1.1. So, we recommend only M3, M7, and M11 genotypes of tomato for future cultivation to avoid losses caused by RKN infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese economy has developed rapidly during the past 30 years and a market-oriented state capitalism has emerged. The policies of the Chinese party-state have led to concentrating effects both in - and outside of China: Huge state-owned enterprises and conglomerates have emerged at the expense of smaller ones. With the support of state institutions, the remaining SOEs increasingly involve in overseas activities. Chinese outward foreign direct investment has grown considerably since the year 2000. This paper depicts Chinas capitalist development and illustrates underlying motives and effects of the "Go Global Strategy". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relation between daily life and the press in the context of Russian and Chinese newspapers in Harbin, China from 1900 to 1932. The notions of borders and sovereignty are addressed in light of Russian influence in Manchuria. Also discussed are the portrayals of the Manchurian plague epidemic of 1910-1911, economic conditions, and trade between China and Russia. Newspapers addressed include "Kharbinskii vestnik" ("Harbin Herald"), "Yuandongbao" ("The Far Eastern Paper"), and "Novyi krai" ("New Territory").

In the wake of the global slump, China emerged as a major „winner" of worldwide economic and political rebalancing. The paper tries to evaluate the effects of the ascent of China with special regard to current power relations in East Asia. Although China gains in importance and has spearheaded several of the steps toward regional cooperation, there will be no far-reaching political integration under the hegemonic leadership of Beijing in the foreseeable future. In a world marked by economic turbulence, nationalist backlash and American and Japanese challenges to „Sinocentered" Asian regionalism, disintegration tendencies and rivalries will not easily come to an end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Ethnologica Croatica is the property of Studia Ethnologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Local societies in the Tibetan Highlands are experiencing challenging transformations, recently expressed by a new and unprecedented scope of urbanization. State-driven economic liberalization combined with large-scale infrastructural upgrading of roads, railways and telecommunication systems are fostering new processes of labour mobility, migration and social differentiation among the peasant communities and nomadic peoples of the highlands. With local subsistence economies based on animal husbandry losing ground, the collection and marketing of a natural resource, the caterpillar fungus, is contributing to booming cash incomes in local societies, at least in the Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Yushu in Qinghai province. Against this background the paper argues that the conjunction of different regionalization processes, reflecting the local appropriation of the global, is structuring the conditions of livelyhood security and their territorial manifestations in one of the most remote landscapes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the birth of oral history research and biography research discussions on the epistemological value of these data sources has taken place. This paper discusses the knowledge, which could arise from the detailed analysis of autobiographical narratives. It will be shown how the memories of women who belong to the highly stereotyped and stigmatized generation of the so-called Zhiqing-Generation are influenced by different parameters like public discourse, individual sense-making ("Sinnstiftung“), their different status and "class background“ during the Cultural Revolution and identity formation. Further, it will discuss whether the different ways of remembering the Cultural Revolution are proof that there is no "master story“ of the Cultural Revolution and instead will highlight what are the driving forces for the different types of stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Coronavirus-Epidemie legt seit Januar dieses Jahres einen Großteil Chinas lahm. Sollte sich das Wachstum in China infolge der Epidemie in diesem Jahr um einen Prozentpunkt verlangsamen, würde der Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsprodukts in Deutschland um 0,06 Prozentpunkte gedämpft. Allerdings spricht einiges dafür, dass die deutsche Wirtschaft auch stärker beeinträchtigt werden könnte. So könnten größere Produktionsausfälle in der chinesischen Industrie die Auswirkungen der Coronavirus-Epidemie auf die deutsche Konjunktur spürbar verstärken [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper, based on the data obtained by the author in the extensive field work in Xinjiang, describes the practices of shamanism beliefs among the Uygurs, Kazakhs and Kirkiz whose religion is Islamism now. And the related practice of healing diseases, expelling evils, the devices that the shamans use, the ritual procedures and the lines of the ritual songs performed by the shamans during the rituals, are also described in detail. Then the author gives a comparatively thorough analysis on the shamanism belief of the peoples and Islamism. And in conclusion, the author points out there are mutual co-existent relations of Islamism and the multi-god belief of shamanism among the ethnic groups and the unique cultures of Islamism and shamanism exist among the peoples of Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author has been teaching psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy in mainland China for 20 years. The paper focuses on the problem of transferring an individual-centered therapeutic theory and technique to a culture with a collectivistic and Confucian tradition. The different structures of the Western and Asian selves with their specific styles to communicate are described as well as the tendency of the Chinese to be more prone to shamefulness. Basic psychoanalytic concepts such as abstinence, therapeutic ego-splitting, the capacity for introspection and transference, as well as the traditional Confucian longing for harmony, can meet culturally immanent therapeutic problems. A specific defense constellation, the Ah-Q mentality as a result of Daoist thinking is presented. Finally, the question is raised whether technical modifications make sense in less individualized cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The huge minerals demand of China led to tremendous problems in the supply with mineral raw materials worldwide. The paper deals with the main reasons and the problems arising. The situation of minerals supply of the European Union and Austria are discussed in detail. The Austrian Mineral Resources Plan is an important tool to solve the problems regarding minerals supply with special emphasis to construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ORDO: Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last several decades, the Chinese economic development has led to various environmental problems. The resultant high national health expenditures and economic risks have recently brought about a change in China's environmental and energy policy. However, it remains questionable if the country will be able to master the balancing act between the environmental challenges and the economic and social stability. Due to the great importance of china as a trading partner, the policy change may cause significant impacts on German companies operating in and with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Leviathan: Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nationalism in the sense of symbols or actions glorifying the fatherland can be detected in many Chinese commercials today. In the form of a mythical narration, various aspects of an idealized China image are communicated, an image designed to bring about a sense of identity for all Chinese people. While first and foremost serving consumer preferences, these emotionally charged constructions of a "super nation" can also be interpreted in an ideological sense. Seen against the background of the public discourse on patriotism underway since 1989, this "Sinization" of advertising suggests the more or less subtle influence of party-state propaganda. In analysing TV commercials and interpreting their content, the ambivalent position and general background of advertisers must, however, be kept in mind. Even as they attempt to address and leverage popular trends, these advertisers are part of the community that has shaped the worldviews and values (some of them ideological) that are also reflected in the ads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the long civil war, when waiting for substantive reconstruction aid proved futile, the Angolan government resorted to a comprehensive credit and cooperation agreement with China in 2004. Under this deal, rebuilding is financed by an initial oil-backed loan of 2.4 billion U.S. dollars repayable in 17 years and with an unbeatable interest rate of 1.5 percent. A »topping up« of two billion U.S. dollars was agreed in 2006 when Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited Angola in June 2006. Through this new cooperation Angola has risen to become the largest Chinese trading partner in Africa, with a volume of 9.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2006 (2005: 6.95 billion US dollars), even overtaking South Africa. In May of 2006 the southwest African country had already become China's largest supplier of crude, surpassing Saudi Arabia. At the same time, China overtook the U.S. as the largest buyer of Angolan oil. With the help of the oil-backed loans, huge reconstruction projects are being implemented, such as a new international airport for Luanda, a new production and broadcasting center for the state Television TVA, as well as the coastal North-South Highway between Lobito and Luanda. China is also a partner in the projected second Angolan refinery to be constructed in Lobito. Furthermore, the money is being put into the ailing electricity network of the overcrowded capital Luanda, several regional hospitals and schools in all provinces. A huge low cost housing project involving the construction of several satellite cities is to be implemented in all provinces. The Angolan Government hails the cooperation with China as the only way to quickly re-launch the essential infrastructure which is so important for the revival of the war-torn Angolan economy. The short implementation time for most of the projects will surely also help to improve the Government's image before the upcoming general elections projected for 2008 and 2009. This help comes at a crucial time, and apparently without strings attached. China is also seen as a new alternative to the West in international relations, creating a new balance with more weight for developing countries On China's side, the immediate economic interest is to secure the energy supply for the booming Chinese economy Apart from that, the deal is very profitable as China can provide its state firms with formidable projects, export some of its redundant manpower as well as goods and machinery to Angola. Most of the construction work is being carried out by Chinese firms and their imported workers, due to a clause stating that 70 percent of tenders will go to Chinese firms, with 30 percent going to Angolan firms. At the same time, it secures oil for some years to come, and at beneficial terms. While the immediate advantages for both sides are more than apparent, the medium-to long-term consequences of such a massive Chinese involvement in Angola are less clear. International critics fear first and foremost that this engagement will slow down efforts aimed at bringing about more transparency and economic reform. Apart from that there has been little discussion on the insertion of post-war Angola into the global economy. How will it be possible to revive and diversify local industry - outside of oil and diamond production - in order to compete internationally? In reality, the structure of trade relations with China will be almost identical to relations with the West, with Angola exporting natural resources and importing all kinds of consumer goods. Furthermore, there is no strong impulse for the local economy as Angolan firms and the national workforce are only marginally involved in the projects. Thus job creation and know-how transfer are minimal. Some also fear that there is not enough capacity on the Angolan side to effectively manage and monitor the projects, control their quality, and continuously maintain the infrastructure.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinas rapid pace of growth and the increasing wealth of its citizens has led to growing demand for raw materials and for oil in particular. In 1993 the country became an importer of oil, and since then imports have risen steeply. Today, China imports 40 percent of its oil supplies and its dependence on oil (and gas) imports will continue to grow. In response to this, the Beijing leadership has launched an all-out program of domestic reform as well as a global import-security strategy. China's economic growth, which is crucial for its internal (and thus regime) stability depends on secure (and affordable) energy supplies. With energy security now a top priority, Beijing has launched a global drive to secure the country's fuel supplies. The vulnerability of the sea routes from the Middle East and Africa is a major concern, and the fact that only the United States is able to control them makes it even more so. China is responding by pursuing a global energy policy based on a strongly neo-mercantilist approach aimed at acquiring direct control over foreign oil and gas fields by Chinese companies and through the conclusion of pipeline agreements with neighboring countries and by diplomatic means. The results of China's energy and resources diplomacy are being observed with growing unease, especially in Asia, but also in other parts of the world. China's impact on the world oil market is growing, as is, generally, its geopolitical impact. Competition for energy is exacerbating existing rivalries between China and a number if its neighbors. China's reliance on foreign oil imported from unstable regions over huge distances via sea-lanes that are difficult to control is having a notable impact on the country's military planning. China's new energy diplomacy also has an impact on the »international order« because the country has concluded energy alliances with, and in many cases invested heavily in; a whole series of international pariah states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last ten years China has considerably stepped up its economic and political relations with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Despite the rivalries in the region China today enjoys good relations with all potential energy providers, as well as with Israel. The main goal of its efforts is to satisfy its growing energy needs, which the Chinese government has identified as one of the critical factors in its economic development model. Through its large state energy companies, flanked by intensive "oil diplomacy" the leadership in Beijing has managed to conclude numerous long-term delivery contracts which will cover the bulk of Chinese oil imports. Although economically aggressive, China is politically moderate and seeks to keep out of disputes in this notoriously unstable region. However, in a series of conflicts, above all about the Iranian atomic program, but also developments in Iraq and Sudan, it is becoming clear that Beijing's different foreign policy goals are becoming increasingly difficult to reconcile. Between dependence on the region's resources and expectations of political support on the part of some Arab countries and Iran, as well as Beijing's pretensions to be a reliable partner in international politics, there will be little scope for China to maintain political neutrality in the future. China's engagement in the region will be substantially determined by Sino-American relations. China's reputation for standing up against the premises and goals of American foreign policy has proven advantageous in cultivating its bilateral relations. However, with regard to U.S. policy in the Middle East it has behaved rather as a free-rider that as a "spoiler." Beijing is basically prepared to recognize the U.S. as the most important power for the stabilization of the region, but at the same time it tries to curb U.S. dominance through a more visible presence. A policy of containment directed against China, demanded in a number of clubs around Capitol Hill, is therefore unlikely to succeed. Through closer integration in Middle East initiatives, however, China's responsibility for finding a solution to the region's problems could be boosted. Multilateral engagement must also be in accordance with Beijing's wishes; otherwise it would feel that it was confronted with the problems but without being in a position to exercise the same kind of political influence as the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past 2.500 years, the civilizations of Europe and China have integrated heterogeneous therapeutic systems. This paper discusses the circumstances that account for a) basic paradigmatic changes in health care and b) acceptance of mutually antagonistic health care systems within one society. A survey of European and Chinese medical history suggests that conceptualizations of disease and health, prevention and therapy, reflect the political and socio-economic environment affecting a given social group. As emerging concepts of threats, defenses and treatments relating to the social organism arise, they are projected onto the human organism and give rise to new notions of disease. While there are always those who insist on the exclusive validity of a specific theory or treatment, such claims have never been realistic. Both in Europe and in China, most people patronize various treatments, which rest on different and even contradictory conceptualizations of the organism, health and therapy.

A short introduction about common techniques of regional anesthesia and statistical data about the percentage of such procedures carried out in our institute are presented. Important techniques and aims of regional anesthesia are clearly pointed out. The results of our study are discussed in detail, as are the advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications of regional anesthesia. Finally the paper concludes with our impression of regional anesthesia, its significance and status in China.