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1. Research into Distance Education = Fernlehre und Fernlehrforschung.

Author

FernUniversitat, Hagen (West Germany). Zentrales Inst. fur Fernstudienforschung Arbeitsbereich., Holmberg, Borje, Ortner, Gerhard E., Holmberg, Borje, Ortner, Gerhard E., and FernUniversitat, Hagen (West Germany). Zentrales Inst. fur Fernstudienforschung Arbeitsbereich.

Abstract

The papers (from a symposium held at the Fern Universitat) included in this collection focus on distance education in theory and practice. Contributions are written in English or in German, with summaries available for each in the language not used for the paper concerned. Contributions are: (1) "Distance Education as Communication: The Impact of Research and the Requirements of Practitioners" (Borje Holmberg); (2) "Educational Theory and Its Application to Distance Education" (Borje Holmberg); (3) "The Study of Distance Education: Terminology, Definition and the Field of Study" (Desmond Keegan); (4) "Towards a Better Understanding of Distance Education: Analysing Designations and Catchwords" (Otto Peters); (5) "Distance Education as a Multi-Dimensional System of Communication and Production" (R. Manfred Delling); (6) "Distance Education and Communication Culture: Continuous Counselling and Two-Way Communication" (Gerhard E. Ortner); (7) "Distance Education in the Society of the Future" (Erling Ljosa); (8) "Communication in Distance Education: A Pre-Requisite of Democracy" (Gerhard Stroh); (9) "Independence and Interaction: Getting the Mixture Right for Institutions" (John S. Daniel); (10) "Group Studies and Course Incorporation: The Concept of a Multi-Campus Institution of Distance Education" (Nehemia Levtzion); (11) "Distance Education Research for Distance School Work: Requirements of Practitioners" (Heinrich Dieckmann and Bernd Schachtsiek); (12) "Testing Distance Education Programs: What Administration Expects from Theory" (Michael Vennemann); (13) "The Feasibility of a Predictive Theory of Distance Education: What Are We Allowed To Expect?" (Borje Holmberg); (14) "Autonomous Learning in Distance Education: Methodology and Results" (Helmut Lehner); (15) "Contract Learning: A Contribution To Promoting Autonomous Learning?" (Monika Weingartz); (16) "Drop In and Drop Out: The Need of Definition" (Helmut Fritsch); and (17) "Diagnosis and Therapy: Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Drop-Out Research" (Rudolf Schuemer and Herhard Strohlein). Each paper contains its own bibliography. The volume includes a list of the authors and their affiliations. (DB)

Published
1991

2. Der Kult des großen Plans um 1910. Gestaltung von Metropolregionen in historischer Perspektive.

Author

Engler, Harald

Subjects
*URBAN planning, *TWENTIETH century, *CONFERENCES & conventions, *HISTORY of urban planning, 20TH century urban planning
Abstract

The article reports on the conference "Der Kult des großen Plans um 1910: Gestaltung von Metropolen in historischer Perspektive," held on November 25-26, 2010, at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. The conference discussed philosophies and standards of urban planning in the early 20th century in cross-cultural perspective, with papers focusing on various cities, including Chicago, Illinois, Vienna, Austria, and Canberra, Australia.

Published
2011

3. [Authorization and reimbursement of orphan drugs in an international comparison].

Author

Roll K, Stargardt T, and Schreyögg J

Subjects
Australia, Canada, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Drug Industry economics, European Union, Humans, International Agencies, Rare Diseases economics, Rare Diseases epidemiology, United States, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Drug Approval economics, Drug Approval legislation & jurisprudence, Insurance Coverage economics, Insurance Coverage legislation & jurisprudence, Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services economics, Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services legislation & jurisprudence, National Health Programs economics, National Health Programs legislation & jurisprudence, Orphan Drug Production economics, Orphan Drug Production legislation & jurisprudence, Rare Diseases drug therapy
Abstract

Background: This paper analyses schemes to promote the authorisation of and reimbursement for orphan drugs., Methods: 8 countries - Australia, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Switzerland, USA - were studied to compare specific regulations for orphan drugs regarding drug admission, health technology assessment (HTA), decision-making for reimbursement, and off-label and compassionate use. Information was obtained by reviewing published and grey literature. Expert interviews were also conducted., Results: The comparison of orphan drug legislation reveals that the EU and the USA offer the greatest incentives for the development of orphan drugs, whereas there is a tendency for Australia and Switzerland to profit from incentives in other countries. Although not explicitly stated, economic evaluation of orphan drugs takes the special circumstances for orphan drugs into account. In addition to common reimbursement practices, special schemes or programmes for the reimbursement of high-priced orphan drugs exist in all countries that were analysed. Therefore access to orphan drugs seems to be warranted. However, due to co-payments of 5%, the USA may form an exception., Conclusion: On the one hand, the use of special criteria for drug admission, HTA, and reimbursement promotes R&D for orphan drugs. On the other hand, high opportunity costs arise, because huge efforts are made for a minority of patients. A solution for this moral dilemma may be the application of "rule of rescue" or of "no cure, no pay" programmes., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Published
2011
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