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Copyright of Technikgeschichte is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praktiker is the property of DVS Media GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

19th century brick façades between craft and industrialization: Towards an onsite reading of traces. Brick facades are one of the characteristic ingredients of 19th century architecture. They became ubiquitous during the period. The spread of visible brick and the development of heat-insulating façade claddings are intimately connected to the industrialization of the brick production, providing new moulding techniques such as extrusion, and new products such as hollow bricks. The present article presents the main steps of innovation, based on a review of contemporary technical literature, and establishes the direct link to traces which can be observed on site, providing necessary information for a first assessment, coarse dating and structural hypothesis on the basis of a visual inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical situation of China's peasants today is the consequence of a long transition process from an agrarian to an industrial society. Owing to the enormous dynamics of China's cities, peasants came to be invented as the backward part of the population and the countryside as an area that required modernization and reconstruction. Two approaches were developed, one stressing technological innovation and the other social revolution. After taking power, the Chinese Communists devised a strategy that integrated both approaches; at the same time, agriculture was subordinated to urban industrialization. From the late 1970s onwards, the new leadership unleashed the productive forces of the peasantry, yet proved unable to bridge the urban-rural divide. Deagrarianization, however, was not a linear process, but was marked by ruptures and contradictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on changes in the structure of the labor market, specifically highlighting the role of the industrial society and industrialization. Division of labor, technological innovations, capitalism, and wage labor are factors considered. Additionally, the author examines tertiary labor and focuses on rationalization as well as labor supply. He contends that industrialization is continuing in a new shape.