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In this paper we present our multicopter flight assistance software uavRC, which bears on a distributed system with interchangeable MAV-drivers and a browser-based user interface that can be used on any computer, tablet or smartphone. The software components can be distributed on different computers and are even executable on a Raspberry Pi. The components communicate over a well-defined interface. One module is the browser based user interface, another module is the MAV driver. There are additional modules like a task-scheduler, a path-planer and many more. Currently the software is in beta stage, so there is still a lot of work in progress. With this paper we focus on the software architecture.

Whereas in Standard High German (SHG) there is only one comparative particle, in Swiss German Dialects (SGD) different lexemes may fulfill the function of a comparative particle: (1) SHG: Sie ist grösser als ich SGD: Si isch grösser als / as / weder / wan / wie ig 'She is bigger than me' The present paper describes the geographical distribution of the comparative particles in the Swiss German area in contexts such as (1). Whereas in some small areas only one comparative particle is found, in the rest of the Swiss German speaking area several competing variants coexist. The data are taken from the third questionnaire of the Syntactic Atlas of Swiss German Dialects, where three different comparative constructions have been investigated. A sociolinguistic analysis of the data reveals differences in the use of the particles: On the one hand, older people tend to use only one comparative particle, whereas younger people show a higher degree of variation. Moreover, older people tend to use the particle weder, in contrast to younger people who tend to use the particle wie. On the other hand, higher educated people use more than one comparative particle, whereas less educated people tend to use one variant only. The analysis of two other constructions also shortly mentioned in the paper shows that syntactic factors have an impact on variant selection, too.

The potential for highly efficient and cost competitive solar energy collection at high temperatures drives the actual research and development activities for particle tower systems. One promising concept for particle receivers is the falling particle receiver. This paper is related to a particle receiver, in which falling ceramic particles form a particle curtain, which absorbs the concentrated solar radiation. Complex operation strategies will result in higher receiver costs, for both investment and operation. The objective of this paper is to assess the influence of the simultaneous variation of receiver costs and efficiency characteristics on levelized cost of heat (LCOH) and on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Applying cost assumptions for the particle receiver and the particle transport system, the LCOE are estimated and compared for each considered concept. The power level of the compared concepts is 125 MWel output at design point. The sensitivity of the results on the specific cost assumptions is analyzed. No detailed evaluation is done for the thermal storage, but comparable storage utilization and costs are assumed for all cases.

The increasing number of Smartphone-Apps and web-based tools, e.g. route planners, improve the transparency of taxi rides with regard to prices and routing. Trips can be planned easily and the payment is safe and uncomplicated. These innovations are very important in the recent discussion about the necessity of regulatory intervention in the taxi market. This is mainly because technical innovations reduce asymmetric distributed information between market participants. However, asymmetric information is not the only source of market failure that requires the state to interfere in market activity. The provision of taxis yields an externality that might legitimate market interference. In order to understand the mechanisms and theoretical arguments, the paper refers to a model by Cairns und Liston-Heyes (1994) as well as Frankena (1984) to generate empirically testable hypotheses. Importantly, the empirical part of the paper tests whether the regulator takes the costs structures into account and, therefore, acts for the purpose of either public or private interests. We analyze price differences in 393 tariff regulations with respect to several variables such as urban or rural area, western or eastern Germany, the existence of an airport or a fair, the validity of the tariff regulation as well as the density of population. The results suggest that the regulator for the most of the considered variables takes the cost structures in the taxi market into account. Nonetheless, the population variable seems questionable. The reasons for the puzzling results might refer to different perceptions with regard to waiting time in sparsely populated areas. In sum, the results implicate that technical inventions related to the taxi market do no longer justify an obligatory knowledge test of streets and important places (Ortskundeprufung). These reforms are likely to revolutionize the mobility market in large cities because the taxies are going to be superseded by livery vehicles (Mietwagen). In order to save the taxi sector from ruin, a regulation of both the taxi and the livery vehicle market seems to be an alternative.

In this issue are included scientific articles which debate problems from social science fields, engineering sciences fields, legal sciences and medical sciences fields: the failure of liberalism, cost of life in Romania, Romania-Rusia, the myth of democracy, economic and political crises, eastern europe, democratization, case o ukraine, kanban method, dental materials, judicial practice, human rights, art of expressing, education, greek verbs, byzantine diplomatic strategies, fertility, electrical status epilepticus, post surgery tromboflebits, Research and Science Today Journal is a publication founded in 2011 and it is dedicated to the students of all levels (license, master and doctoral) of faculties in the country and abroad. We want to offer the participants the opportunity to present their scientific works in the following areas: Social Sciences, Economic Sciences, Legal Sciences, Humanities, Education Sciences, Engineering, Medicine and Sport.This journal provides students the opportunity to create and/or to improve their abilities to write scientific papers. So each appearance (two appearances per year at which we can add supplements) contains a number of papers written by students, masters and doctoral from the faculties from the country or/and abroad. The journal promotes original studies contributing to the progress of knowledge and it is motivated by the need to address issues of theory and practice in the areas mentioned above.The Journal is a training means of the factors involved in the conceptualization, development, implementation and evaluation, aiming the formation of creative personalities who could be able to adapt through the changing conditions of life.Journal wants to be a forum for debates disciplinaries and interdisciplinaries theoretical topics, to become a research support, to leverage this work at regional, national and international levels. We believe that this gathering will enjoy the support from both parts of the researchers and of the practitioners, and will provide appropriate training sources held professional through the current problems.

Students in two graduate English seminars at Texas A&M were offered an introduction to TEI encoding and were surveyed as to their experiences. Four students presented short papers to the TEI meeting that incorporated both the survey responses and their own perspectives as relative newcomers to TEI. These papers demonstrate why it is important to incorporate TEI in the graduate curriculum, how that incorporation might best be approached, and what happens when TEI is viewed through a disciplinary lens.

In this paper, we report on the first steps in an empirical investigation into the nature of the laser survivability curve. The laser survivability curve is the onset threshold as a function of shot number. This empirical investigation is motivated by the desire to design a universal procedure for the measurement of the so-called S on 1 damage threshold. Analysis is carried on the test results for first results from a large set of planned measurements from identical samples produced for this investigation. The sample set and test conditions are discussed. A pair of measurements, one taken at atmospheric pressure and one at vacuum are introduced and analyzed as an example. Interim observations on the nature of the laser survivability curve, and its determination to be used in the remainder of this investigation based on this initial look, are presented at the conclusion of this paper.

In recent years, linear Fresnel (LF) collector systems have been developed as a technical alternative to parabolic trough (PT) collector systems. While in the past, LF systems focused on low- and medium-temperature applications, today, LF systems are equipped with vacuum receivers and, therefore, can be operated with similar operating parameters as PT systems. Papers about the technical and economical comparison of specific PT and LF systems have already been published (Dersch et al., 2009, "Comparison of Linear Fresnel and Parabolic Trough Collecor Systems—System Analysis to Determine Break-Even Costs of Linear Fresnel Collectors," Proceedings of the 15th International SolarPACES Symposium, Berlin; Giostri et al. 2011, "Comparison of Two Linear Collectors in Solar Thermal Plants: Parabolic Trough vs. Fresnel," ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Washington, DC; and Morin et al., 2012, "Comparison of Linear Fresnel and Parabolic Trough Collector Power Plants," Sol. Energy, 86(1), pp. 1–12). However, the present paper focuses on the systematic differences in optical and thermodynamic performance and the impact on the economic figures. In a first step the optical performance of typical PT and LF solar fields (SFs) has been examined, showing the differences during the course of the day and annually. Furthermore, the thermodynamic performance, depending on the operating temperature, has been compared. In a second step, the annual electricity yield of typical PT and LF plants has been examined. Solar Salt has been chosen as the heat transfer fluid. Both systems utilize the same power block (PB) and storage type. Solar field size, storage capacity, and PB electrical power are variable, while all examined configurations achieve the same annual electricity yield. As expected for molten salt systems, both systems are the most cost-effective with large storage capacities. The lower thermodynamic performance of the LF system requires a larger SF and lower specific SF costs in order to be competitive. Assuming specific PT field costs of 300 e/m2 aperture, the break-even costs of the LF system with Solar Salt range between 202 and 235 e/m2, depending on the site and storage capacity. In order to confirm the major statements, within a sensitivity analysis, it is shown that a variation of SF and storage costs does not have a significant impact on the relative break-even costs of the LF system. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4027766]

Straipsnio tyrimo objektas – statybos teisės pokyčiai, susiję su statinio definicija ir statinių klasifikacija. Straipsnyje istoriniu lyginamuoju aspektu nagrinėjami statybos teisės pokyčiai po naujos Statybos įstatymo redakcijos. Nustatyta, kad pasikeitus statinius apibūdinantiems požymiams, pasikeitė ir teisinių statybos santykių objektas. Kai kurie daiktai nustojo būti laikomi statiniais, kiti, atvirkščiai – jais tapo. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama statinių objekto problema. Nustatyta, kad Statybos įstatymo nuostatas šiuo klausimu aiškinant pažodžiui galima prieiti prie absurdiškų rezultatų. Po atvejo analizės daroma išvada, kad teismų praktika šiuo klausimu yra teisinga. Tyrimas atskleidė naujos statinių definicijos silpnąsias vietas. Statinių probleminis požymis – turėti bent vieną laikančiąją konstrukciją, sumontuotą statybos vietoje. Pagal galiojantį statinio apibrėžimą, norint nustatyti, ar daiktas yra statinys, be kitų požymių, reikia žinoti, kokiu būdu šis daiktas yra pastatytas (jo įrengimo technologiją). Taip pat nagrinėjamas statinių skirstymas į pastatus ir inžinerinius statinius. Nustatyta, kad naujoje Statybos įstatymo redakcijoje buvo pašalinta mišrios rūšies statinių rūšis. Tai reikėtų laikyti klaidos ištaisymu. Naujoje Statybos įstatymo redakcijoje taip pat patikslinta statinio definicija. Akivaizdžiai pasikeitė statinių priskyrimo nesudėtingiems statiniams požymiai. Statybos techniniame reglamente aiškiai nustatyta, kokie daiktai dėl jų mažagabaritiškumo negali būti laikomi statiniais. Šie pokyčiai taip pat laikomi Statybos įstatymo patobulinimais. The article deals with the latest developments in construction law in relation to an object as construction works and their classification. Features of construction works of a previous version of the Construction Law and the Law on Construction today’s version compared to historical comparative method. It was found that the features of construction works of change have changed the object of legal relations of construction. This means that some of the items that were previously considered to construction works, it is now no longer considered them, and vice versa. The article examined the problem of an object as construction works. It was found that the interpretation of the provisions of the Law on Construction on this matter literally, to obtain an absurd result. After the case study on the subject, concluded that the courts correctly interpret the features of the construction works. This paper established weaknesses of a new definition of construction works. Problematic feature of the construction works is that at least one supporting structure must be installed on site. Because of this legal regulation, without knowing its construction technology cannot be determined whether an object can be considered as construction works. The paper also examines the division of construction works into buildings and civil engineering works. It was found that the new version of the Law on Construction abandoned construction works of mixed type category. This should be regarded as an mistake correction. The new version of the Law improved definition of the building as well. Along with the latest developments in construction law were changed features of simple construction works. It was determined factor through which the items could not be attributed to construction works because of small size. These changes are also considered to construction law improvements and mistake fixes.

This paper examines the state-of-the-art and trends in vehicle concept as well as key technology development in the context of electric mobility in a time frame from 2002 until 2012. Thus, an extensive vehicle concept database was designed, covering detailed technical specifications of more than 200 electrified vehicles in 3 different world regions, also considering different stages in vehicle development. By analyzing and comparing over 75 different market- and technology-oriented parameters per vehicle, sophisticated statements for the state-of-the-art and development trends of Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles are identified. Results in this paper illustrate trends for Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicle concept development with a focus on vehicle development stages, vehicle segments and powertrain architectures. On the other hand, state-of-the-art and trends for the development of two electric mobility key technologies are pointed out: Batteries and electric machines. Statements here are made for developments in terms of battery and electric machine technology, installation place, as well as technical parameters like energy capacity and power density. Key results illustrate e.g. a trend towards the use of front and rear axle motors, a more than doubled average electric machine power density with over 1,0kW/kg and an average BEV battery capacity of 19Wh per kg vehicle mass in 2012.

The presented paper introduces a new design of vehicle suspension which was developed in the joint research project of BMW Group Forschung und Technik, DLR and Schaeffler Group. In this suspension the wheel guidance and gearbox are highly integrated thus enabling to place the drive motor close to the wheel and consequently to minimise required space in the vehicle. Therefore, the saved space can be utilized otherwise, e.g. for a battery or an electronics assembly. The paper focuses especially on different aspects of the modelling in the early design stage where the first estimations of suspension characteristics and vehicle handling were performed. This covers the coupling of multibody model of suspension with one-dimensional model of gearbox, spiral spring model or elastokinematic bushings.

This paper discusses the remote control as an every-day, and yet frequently overlooked technology. The remote control and the resulting possibility of zapping may be seen as a widespread and consequential cultural technology which decisively influences viewers’ behavior and action. In accordance, this paper will aim to demonstrate the socio-logic of the remote control. Initially, it will show what controversial image of the zapping recipient exists in the academic Literature: he is partly demonized, partly idealized. Furthermore, it will allow insight into the sometimes awkward methods employed in analyzing zapping. Subsequently the paper will show: remote controls have special button configurations which crucially affect the order in which the various channels are viewed; they lead to specific signatures of channel-changing. The paper closes with considerations on whether the remote control may count as an obsolete technology and the zapping TV-viewer as a species facing extinction.

This paper is a contrastive description of the causal grammatical structures mentioned in five grammar books of German and four grammar books of Italian. The study is inspired by the results of a previous empirical research upon the causal connectors denn, weil, da in German and perché, poiché, siccome in Italian, which has demonstrated that there are many similarities, but without any complete correspondence between the analyzed German and Italian grammatical structures. The purpose of this work is to verify if this thesis holds true not only for a limited number of connectors, but also for the whole system of German and Italian causal structures. The study is based upon a broad concept of causality, seen as the question about "why and with which purpose do events und states happen and verify". It focuses not only on the grammatical structures which are traditionally defined causal, but also on final and conditional structures. The results of the research are summarized at the end of the paper with the expectation that they will be helpful to the didactic transmission of the German causal structures with Italian learners.

In this paper the influence of a non-symmetrical sidewall-contour on the flow field of an axial compressor is investigated. In earlier studies, carried out at the DLR Institute of Propulsion Technology in Cologne, it has been shown that it is possible to influence secondary flow regimes by a non-symmetrical sidewall contour. With the help of the contour a vortex is generated that serves as an aerodynamic barrier and thus reduces the flow transport orthogonal to the main flow direction. In this paper the described method of flow manipulation is investigated for the compressor rotor at the hub wall. It turns out that despite the unsteady inflow conditions the vortex is stably generated and works as an aerodynamic separator. The rotor hub region increases its flow capacity. A higher pressure ratio is achieved at a highly loaded operating point. The efficiency at this point remains unchanged.

The present paper deals with the problem of the pragmatic equivalence between the German and the Polish modal particles. The author focuses on two pairs of particles, which have got an identical invariant meaning, such as the German particle aber and the Polish particle ale(ż) or the German particle ja and the Polish particle no. The correspondence and the no-correspondence of the use of this particles in the same sentence and situations context is considered with reference to their invariant meaning and to the position of the Polish particles in the sentence. The paper shows, that the pragmatic no-equivalence can result from the difference in the positions of the particles in German and Polish. The position of the Polish modal particles can be identical to the position of their homonyms in opposite to the German. The fact means that the position of the modal particles in Polish doesn't have a function of the categorization for speech parts, but it can influence on a semantic-pragmatic extension of the modal function of the particle.

This paper examines the dynamics of large firms as measured by employment in the UK and Germany over the course of the twentieth century. The paper presents a comparative overview of the major trends in terms of size and composition. It then examines the dynamics of change in terms of entry, survival, and exit of large firms in both countries. The findings reveal both differences and similarities between the two countries. However, the analysis suggests that similarities are more striking in the long run.

An overview of literature on and state of knowledge of the application of user-centred design methodologies are discussed. Based on the experience with creating digital products and multi-media exhibitions, the Author claims that the role of users/visitor experience testing in the process of designing and implementing technological projects is of key importance. Using the example of the work on the new version of the multimedia display titled ‘Experiencing Chopin’ (2020) at Warsaw’s Fryderyk Chopin Museum, the paper discusses means of adaptation of the most popular research and evaluation techniques in usercentred testing in the museum context.

The TrainMiC® (Training in Metrology in Chemistry) programme is a European programme for Life-Long Learning in metrology in chemistry, which is a truly unique system operational across many parts of Europe (19 countries) via national teams. It uses shareware pedagogic tools and the learning content has been harmonised at the European level by a joint effort of many experts across Europe working via an Editorial Board. This paper gives an overview of the activities within the TrainMiC® programme where there is an interaction with national accreditation bodies and the European Cooperation for Accreditation. It is the responsibility of the accreditation bodies to ensure that outcome of the assessments is reliable and transparent and is meeting the relevant requirements. The paper explains the potential of TrainMiC® in providing a tool for accreditation bodies to ensure a harmonised level of knowledge in a specific sector of those who are involved in technical assessments for accreditation in the field of chemical measurements. Some use the word inter-calibration to describe this process.

This article is the second of two companion papers which document the concept and the application of a coupled computational fluid dynamics system which was designed to incorporate the prediction of laminarA¢Â�Â�turbulent transition into a hybrid Reynolds-averaged NavierA¢Â�Â�Stokes solver. Whereas the first part deals with the description of the transition prediction methodology and the sensitivities of the coupled system, the second part documents its practical application. The complete coupled system consists of the Reynolds-averaged NavierA¢Â�Â�Stokes code, a laminar boundary-layer code, and a fully automated local, linear stability code. The system predicts and applies transition locations due to TollmienA¢Â�Â�Schlichting and crossflow instabilities using the eN method based on the two-N-factor approach. The coupled system was designed to be applied to three-dimensional aircraft configurations which are of industrial relevance. The application of the coupled system to a wingA¢Â�Â�body configuration with a three-element wing consisting of slat, main wing, and flap is described and documented in this paper. The prediction of the laminarA¢Â�Â� turbulent transition lines was done in a fully automatic manner. It is shown that complex aircraft configurations can be handled without a priori knowledge of the transition characteristics of the specific flow problem.

"Das Automobil ist nicht nur mit Abstand der Verkehrsträger Nummer 1, sondern es ist ein integraler Bestandteil moderner Gesellschaften und ein Symbol für Status, Wohlstand, Freiheit, Dynamik und Fortschritt. Der harte technische Kern des Autos besteht in einer über hundert Jahre alten Verbrennungsmotorik, bei der fossile Brennstoffe aus der Natur importiert und Treibhausgase in die Natur exportiert werden. Dieser harte technische Kern erweist sich zunehmend als problematisch, und zwar sowohl im Hinblick auf die Verfügbarkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen als auch in Bezug auf die Emissionen und deren Folgen. Im letzten Jahrzehnt wurde deshalb weltweit eine Vielzahl von Innovationen in Angriff genommen, um die fossile Verbrennungsmotorik zu optimieren und zu substituieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, dieses breit gefächerte Feld antriebs- und kraftstofftechnologischer Innovationen aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive zu systematisieren und zu analysieren. Im Zentrum stehen dabei die Entwicklung einer Innovations-Matrix sowie die Diskussion der daraus abgeleiteten Innovations-Cluster." (Autorenreferat) "Not only is the automobile the world's number one transportation vehicle, it is also a vital part of modern societies. It is as a status symbol representing prosperity, freedom, and progress. The main technical component of the automobile is the more than a century old internal combustion engine which, in order to function, requires fossil fuels. Despite this dependency on nature, however, the toxic gases it produces are responsible for an important part of the pollution to our environment. Thus the internal combustion engine is increasingly becoming a problem due to the limitation of the fossil fuels it requires, on the one hand, and to the toxic emissions and subsequent environmental pollution it produces on the other. For the past decade, a multitude of technical innovations have been presented and implemented worldwide in order to optimize or even provide a substitute for the internal combustion engine. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to analyse this wide variety of innovations in the fields of alternative fuels and new engine types from an interdisciplinary perspective. This analysis is centred around the development of an innovation matrix and the discussion of the innovation-cluster derived from it." (author's abstract)

In dieser Forschungsarbeit geht es um die königliche Modellkammer der Universität Göttingen. Diese historische Lehrsammlung hat bis heute zahlreiche Spuren hinterlassen. Trotz Professionalisierung der Sammlungsarbeit und der ständigen Einbindung der Modelle ins universitäre Curriculum der philosophischen Fakultät, insbesondere der angewandten Mathematik, existierten fast zu keiner Zeit angemessene Nutzungsbedingungen. In den 1880er Jahren wurde die Sammlung aufgelöst, wobei der Prozess der Auflösung in den Akten detailliert dokumentiert ist. Darüber hinaus sind bis heute 24 Modelle der ehemaligen Sammlung erhalten. Aufbau und Umfang der Göttinger Modellkammer korrespondieren mit den universalen Modellsammlungen der Zeit, deren Ursprung in höfischen, städtischen und bürgerlichen Kunstkammern zu finden ist. Genutzt wurden Modelle und Modellsammlungen zum Beispiel zu Zwecken der Machtdemonstration, zum Planen und Entwerfen, als Muster, zum Spielen und Experimentieren, aber vor allem in Lehre und Bildung. Neben der Erforschung der alltäglichen Praxis der historischen Sammlungsarbeit steht die Untersuchung der curricularen Nutzung mit der königlichen Modellkammer im Fokus der Arbeit. Dazu wurden einige der heute noch vorhandenen historischen Modelle der Sammlung eingehend untersucht, analysiert, in Bezug auf ihre historische curriculare Praxis befragt und individuell kontextualisiert. Besonders durch die Begegnung mit den Objekten ergaben sich vielfältige Fragestellungen. Letztendlich erzwingen die zahlreichen Informationslücken, die sich bei der Erforschung des alltäglichen Umgangs mit der historischen Lehrsammlung durch Schrifttum und Objekte zwangsläufig auftun, ein überwiegend heuristisches Vorgehen., This research paper is about the königliche Modellkammer (Royal Model Chamber) of the University of Göttingen. This historical teaching collection has left numerous traces to this day. Despite the professionalisation of the collection's work and the constant integration of the models into the university curriculum of the Faculty of Philosophy, especially applied mathematics, appropriate conditions of use existed almost at no time. In the 1880s, the collection was dissolved, and the process of dissolution is documented in detail in the files. In addition, 24 models from the former collection have been preserved until now. The structure and scope of the Göttingen Model Chamber correspond to the universal model collections of the time, whose origins can be found in courtly, municipal and bourgeois art chambers. Models and model collections for example were used for purposes of demonstrating power, for planning and designing, as patterns, for playing and experimenting, but above all in teaching and education. In addition to researching the everyday practice of historical collection work, the focus is on investigating curricular use with the royal model chamber. To this end, some of the historical models of the collection that still exist today were examined in detail, analysed, questioned in relation to their historical curricular practice and individually contextualised. Especially through the encounter with the objects, a variety of questions emerged. Ultimately, the numerous gaps in information that inevitably open up when researching the everyday use of the historical teaching collection through written material and objects force a predominantly heuristic approach.

Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Bildungswissenschaften 26 (2004) 1, S. 121-140, Der Artikel analysiert aus einer bildungs- und sozialhistorischen Perspektive die Ursachen und Konsequenzen des auffälligen Begriffswandels und Strategiewechsels in den bildungspolitischen Debatten Deutschlands. die aktuelle Konjunktur ökonomischer Begriffe und betriebswirtschaftlicher Strategien wird im Zusammenhang des langfristigen Strukturwandels des deutschen Bildungssystems, des Funktionsverlusts des Berechtigungswesens und der Expansion kommerzieller Bildungsangebote im Umfeld des staatlichen Bildungssystems während der letzten Jahrzehnte interpretiert. Es wird die Entwicklungsperspektive zur Diskussion gestellt, dass das staatliche und kostenfreie Bildungssystem auf einen Kern von Pflichtschulen schrumpft und die für Berufskarrieren relevanten Bildungszertifikate zunehmend in privaten und kommerziellen Institutionen erworben werden. Der Rückzug des Staates aus einem Kernbereich seiner traditionellen Aufgaben und die Abwendung der sozialen Eliten vom öffentlichen Bildungswesen würden die demokratische Struktur von Deutschland verändern. (DIPF/Orig.), This paper analyses the causes and effects of the striking change in terminology and strategy in Germany’s education policy debates from a sociohistorical perspective. It interprets the current popularity of economic strategies and language in the context of the long-term structural change in the German education system, the demise of the system of entitlement and the expansion of commercial education provision in traditional areas of state responsibility over the last decades. The paper makes the point that, in the long run, this may result in shrinking of free state education provision to a core of schools offering the obligatory minimum, with the education certificates relevant for professional careers being increasingly attained in private an commercial institutions. Such a retreat of the public sector from this core area of its traditional responsibilities and the ensuing departure of the social elites from state education would have a lasting impact on the democratic culture in Germany. (DIPF/Orig.)

In verschiedenen sozialwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplinen finden sich institutionalistische Ansätze, die die Entstehung, Entwicklung und Ausbreitung von Technik analysieren, ohne dass diese unbedingt den zentralen Fokus der Studien bildet. Die wichtigsten stammen aus dem Bereich der Forschung über nationale Innovationssysteme, der Forschung über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus und der Techniksoziologie. Sie werden in diesem Papier aus techniksoziologischer Perspektive diskutiert. Die Arbeiten bedienen sich oft einfacher Unterscheidungen zwischen bestimmten Typen von Technik oder technischen Innovationen (zum Beispiel radikal/inkrementell). Viele verwenden implizit oder explizit Phasenmodelle technischer Entwicklung. Zudem verzichten sie außer in historischen soziologischen Studien regelmäßig auf detaillierte Beschreibungen einzelner Techniken. Dieses „black-boxing“ kann es erleichtern, generalisierbare Zusammenhänge zwischen institutionellen Konstellationen und technischen Entwicklungen aufzuzeigen. Das ist bisher aber nur selten gelungen, weil – vor allem in der Innovationstheorie, teilweise auch in der Techniksoziologie und am wenigsten noch in den Studien über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus – ein Defizit hinsichtlich der theoretischen Konzeptualisierung von institutionellen Arrangements und deren Veränderung besteht, aber auch weil nur selten Rückwirkungen technischer Veränderungen auf Institutionen in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden. Different sub-disciplines of the Social Sciences provide institutional approaches to analyze the emergence, development and diffusion of technology which is not necessarily the central focus of these studies. Most important are those in the area of research on national systems of innovation, in the studies on the varieties of capitalism and in the sociology of technology. In this paper they are discussed from the perspective of the sociology of technology. Often the studies use rather simple distinctions between types of technology or technical innovations (e.g. radical/incremental). Many suggest implicitly or explicitly phase models of technical development. Except for historical sociological accounts the studies usually avoid providing a detailed description of single technologies. This "blackboxing" strategy by and large facilitates detecting generalizable relations between institutional constellations and technical development. But it has hardly ever succeeded because " foremost in innovation theory, but partly also in the sociology of technology and least so in the studies on the varieties of capitalism " a deficit is encountered concerning the theoretical concept of institutional arrangements and their changes but also because repercussions of technical changes on institutions have rarely been analyzed. 1 Zielsetzung 2 Innovationstheoretischer Institutionalismus 3 Politökonomischer Institutionalismus 4 Techniksoziologischer Institutionalismus 5 Forschungsperspektiven Literatur

This paper analyses the characteristics of software houses as service providers. The tasks of internal IT-services are determined from these characteristics and a reporting system for the IT-controlling is outlined. The concept results from the analysis of one of the 25 largest German software houses. The paper concludes with a case study of the fiscal year 2000 IT-controlling report of the above-mentioned firm.

Die PVD-Beschichtung metallischer Platten und Bander eroffnet vollig neue Potentiale fur die Herstellung attraktiver und innovativer Produkte mit verbesserten Oberflacheneigenschaften. In diesem Artikel werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungsetappen vom Beginn bis zu den neuesten Ergebnissen der plasmaaktivierten Elektronenstrahl-Hochrate-Bedampfung beschrieben. Mogliche neue Anwendungen werden im Zusammenhang mit aktuellen Untersuchungsergebnissen an einigen ausgewahlten Beispielen erlautert. Durch eine Analyse des international hochsten technologischen und technischen Standes zur PVD-Beschichtung metallischer Platten und Bander werden die aktuellen Entwicklungstrends abgeleitet. Unter Berucksichtigung aller verfugbaren Erfahrungen wurde im Fraunhofer-Institut fur Elektronenstrahl- und Plasmatechnik in Dresden eine neue Forschungs- und Pilotanlage zur In-line Beschichtung von Platten und metallischen Bandern (»MAXI«) errichtet. Neben einer kurzen Anlagenbeschreibung werden die wichtigsten neuen Moglichkeiten dieser Anlagentechnik umrissen. PVD coating of metallic sheets and strips opens new potentials for the production of attractive and innovative products with enhanced surface properties. The paper presents the main development steps from the beginning up to the newest results concerning plasma activated high rate electron beam deposition. Possible new applications are exemplified in connection with actual results of our investigations. In the last years we have qualified the technical and technological state of the art in the field of PVD coating of metallic sheets and strips world-wide and derived the actual trends of development. By use of this knowledge the Fraunhofer institute for electron beam and plasma technology, Dresden, has installed a new research and pilot equipment for the in-line deposition of plates and metallic strips - the so called »MAXI«. The paper gives a description of this new equipment and outlines its capabilities.

Among the many finds recovered from Tell el-Dabʿa are five decorated metal sheets, or belts, that were most probably originally sewn onto a piece of leather or textile. Such metal belts are a very special feature attested for the first time in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia. Their occurrence in the archaeological record is limited to tombs that featured several significant finds, including weapons, in their inventory. The grave goods highlight the importance, status and wealth of the interred deceased. The design of metal belts within the distribution area in the Middle Bronze Age is very similar; the decoration, if any, is composed of differing arrangements of concentric circles of varying sizes. According to some Northern Levantine and Anatolian metal figurines, the belts were worn around the waist and buckled at the front. Metal belts were still worn in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by statues and actual finds.1 The following article adds to a number of publications on metal belts,2 collecting all known attestations dating up to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. The aim of this paper is to determine their distribution range and elucidate their contexts to mirror networks of people sharing a similar cultural background and ancient trade connections. In addition to the elongated metal belts known from Tell el-Dabʿa, possible parts of belts, such as discs and belt fasteners, are also presented in the scope of this article.

The focus of the paper is on bronze astragal belts in the south-eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, interpreted as part of the female costume. In particular, their production seems to have two peaks, one at the end of the Early Iron Age (6th-4th cent. BC) and another during the Late La T?ne period. However, there is a continuity of the form throughout the Late Iron Age. Requiring a significant amount of material and craftsmanship, these belts imply the presence of skilled artisans, as well as a supply network that enabled the production. A new typological and chronological assessment of the known examples allows not only a better understanding of the possible production areas of astragal belts, but also the social implications behind the organisation of production, offering also the possibility to better evaluate the role of this particular item as a part of the autochthonous female costume and identity.

In 1970, a Bronze Age necropolis in the village of Velebit to the north of Vojvodina was fully explored, but has remained unpublished until today. Apart from possessing all of the features of a Hügelgräber culture complex, some finds indicate connections to the Belegiš - Cruceni culture, developed at the very south of the Carpathian basin. In this paper, we shall present only some of the most attractive finds from the necropolis, including jewellery made of bronze sheets. They include spiral greaves, a belt and finger-rings. The remaining finds shall be presented in a monograph that is being planned. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. OI 177020: Cultural identity, integration factors, technological processes and the role of central Balkans in development of European prehistory and Grant no. OI 177023: Cultural changes and population migrations in early prehistory of the central Balkans]

Ceramic materials may have multifarious applications, the visual arts being one of them. Furthermore, they have been often used in architecture for decorative purposes. In Poland, the application of ceramics in architecture reached its peak of popularity in the post-WWII period. It was used in mosaics, reliefs, architectural and sculptural details, as well as combined with other materials, like glass or stone. Ceramics was applied for creating various small decorative forms but also large compositions that covered even several dozen or several hundred square metres, in buildings that served various functions, and were situated either indoors or on their external facades. Amongst these, there are buildings which were both important for local communities and became landmarks for particular sites, like modern hotels, railway stations, theatres, museums or academies. The paper is focused on compositions executed for such prestigious edifices.

During the increasing dissemination of renewable energy sources the potential and actual interference effects of wind turbine plants became obvious. Turbines reflect the signals of weather radar and other radar systems. In addition to the static radar echoes, in particular the Doppler echoes are to be mentioned as an undesirable impairment Keränen (2014). As a result, building permit is refused for numerous new wind turbines, as the potential interference can not be reliably predicted. As a contribution to the improvement of this predictability, measurements are planned which aim at the high-frequency characterisation of wind energy installations. In this paper, a cost-effective FMCW radar is presented, which is operated in the same frequency band (C-band) as the weather radars of the German weather service. Here, the focus is on the description of the hardware design including the considerations used for its dimensioning.

Among many Romanesque bronze doors in Europe the old entrance doors of the metropolitan cathedral in Gniezno, in the North Poland, are exceptional. For over a century many historians and historians of art have been trying to understand and explain its iconographic phenomenon. The Polish, Czech and German scholars have so far been unable to identify with any conviction, either the iconographic models or artistic provenance of the workshop. There were suggested some connections of the alleged bishop patrons to France and there were emphasizes technological possibilities of foundry workshops at the Meuse Valley. This “Meuse hypothesis” based mainly on historical suggestions became established as a certainty. However, it is important to emphasize the significant difference between the creator of the composition and of the craftsman who cast the bronze door. Years ago only Lech Kalinowski pointed out some general formal similarities to the North Italian sculpture. The purpose of this paper is to develop Kalinowski’s suggestions and to emphasise the puzzling similarities between details of Gniezno doors and some Emilian works executed by Master Wiligelmo da Modena and Master Nicolò. The concept of Italian relationship from Emilia province seems to be better for the comparative analysis than relationship with Meuse Valley based mostly on historical context. Crucial here is the additional, parallel analysis of the portal decoration in Czerwinsk Abbey.

The urge to increase the performance of company processes is ongoing. Surveys indicate however, that many companies do not measure the controlling performance with a defined set of key performance indicators. This paper will analyze three categories of controlling key performance indicators based on their degree of measurability and their impact on the financial performance of a company. Potential measures to optimize the performance of the controlling department will be outlined and put in a logical order. The aligning of the controlling activity with the respective management expectation will be discussed as a key success factor of this improvement project.

espanolRabaseko (Cervatos, Kantabria) kastroko ibarbidean 1968-1969an eta 2011n egindako lanetan jasotako erregistro materialen inguruko ikerlan bateratua aurkeztu dugu honekin batera. Emaitza horiei esker, gune hartako kultura materialaren ezaugarriak ondorioztatu ahal izan ditugu. Bestalde, jasotako garezurraren azterketa antropologikoak K.a. IV. mendean lesio perimortalak (heriotza unekoak) izan zituela erakusten du. Litekeena da une hartan aztarnategiak indarkeriazko erasoaldiren bat jasan izana. espanolPresentamos el estudio conjunto de los registros materiales procedentes de las distintas intervenciones realizadas en la vaguada del castro de las Rabas (Cervatos, Cantabria) en 1968-1969 y en 2011. Los resultados han permitido contribuir a caracterizar la cultura material del enclave, mientras que el estudio antropologico del craneo conservado revela lesiones perimortales acontecidas en el siglo IV a.C., momento en el que el yacimiento pudo sufrir alguna incursion violenta. EnglishIn this paper, we present the material culture recorded in the hillfort of Las Rabas (Cervatos, Cantabria), between 1968-1969 and 2011. Our results allow us to characterize the material culture of the site and the anthropological study of the human skull shows perimortal injuries as consequence of a possible attack on the town in the 4th century a.C. The valley of the hillfort of Las Rabas is one of the most important areas of the site because most of the archaeological materials come from here. The different studies have led to interpret the valley as one of the areas of habitat or as a possible necropolis. The materials recovered during the archaeological excavation of 2011 allow us to propose that it be a landfill. The study of the archaeological materials has allowed differentiating three types of pottery productions: handmade pottery, wheel made pottery and campanian pottery. This last type could be imitations. Also abundant remains of fauna bones have been recovered, a human skull and iron and bronze objects like arms and fibulae. All archaeological objects date the site in the Second Iron Age, being destroyed during Cantabrian Wars.

During the First World War, warfare became more totalitarian and was backed by an economic conflict waged with increasingly harsh methods. In the combatant nations munitions rapidly became an essential “raw material”, with the increasing demand being met either by the expanding domestic arms industry or by munitions imports from neutral countries. The Swiss watch, metal and engineering industries enjoyed a strong international reputation and had a strong focus on exports: by the end of 1914 they began manufacturing precision detonators for artillery projectiles, and rising quantities of these products were sold to both sides. This paper examines what volume Swiss munitions exports assumed during the First World War, how this was compatible with Swiss neutrality and looks at the arguments used to criticise or justify this trade over the course of the war.

Automotive electric components are required to pass radiated emission tests. According to CISPR-25 standard (ALSE method), an expensive anechoic chamber is needed for conducting the field emission testing. Reproducibility due to high sensitivity to chamber and setup details is poor. Alternative methods, which perform measurements without using a chamber are preferred. This paper provides an alternative pre-compliance method for predicting the fields of CISPR-25 results for frequencies below 30 MHz, based mainly on electric near-field measurements. The motivation is that common-mode current measurements or magnetic near-field measurement based methods give good field prediction above 30 MHz, but fail below 30 MHz. The proposed method applies Huygens' Principle for field prediction. The electric field distribution for the defined Huygens' surface and the equivalent currents are estimated from a small number of field measurements close to the ground plane. It is shown that the electric field can be well predicted, compared with a full-wave simulation the deviation is within 4 dB, compared with a standard antenna measurement up to 3 MHz the deviation is less than 1 dB.

Summary Inverted pendulum on cart belongs to a class of highly non-linear, multivariable and complex system which is currently a keen area of interest for researchers in the field of control engineering and robotics. This paper considers stabilisation and control of inverted pendulum on cart moving on an inclined surface. The task of controlling inverted pendulum on inclined surface is much difficult as compared to that moving on horizontal surface. An offline control of the proposed system has been successfully achieved using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy controllers. A Matlab-Simulink model of the proposed system has been built using mathematical equations derived from Newton's second law. The study compares the proposed techniques in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The simulation results are illustrated with the help of graphs and tables which confirms the validity of the proposed techniques.

Summary Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) is a protective device used for low voltage protection in the range of 12–1250 A. It is having fast breaking and making ability due to special contact structure. In case of transformer it is generally placed in secondary side and in case of motor protection it is used as backup protection. The existing design is suffering from chattering of contact tip which lead to erosion and in turn affect electrical life. It also reduces interrupting/breaking capacity of MCCB. In this paper, detailed study of the factors and constraints related to repulsion threshold current ( I rp ) and consistency of magnetic release for 630 A MCCB is carried out using Finite Element tool JMAG to find out limitations and scope of design improvements in existing design. The proposed suggestion is validated by testing.

Summary This paper focuses on corrosion characteristics of cast and forged aluminium 6061 based composites reinforced with TiB 2 particles. Composites were synthesised by in situ technique using potassium hexafluorotitanate salt (K 2 TiF 6 ) and potassium tetrafluroborate (KBF 4 ) halide salts by stir casting route at a temperature of 850 °C. Cast aluminium alloy and its in situ composites were subjected to open die drop forging at a temperature of 500 °C. Both cast and forged alloy 6061 and in situ composites were then subjected to microstructure studies, salt spray test. Salt spray test was conducted as per ASTM B117 standard test procedure using 5% sodium chloride test solution. Result reveals that, forged alloy and its in situ composites exhibited improved corrosion resistance compared to cast ones.

Summary In deregulated rate structure, the performance evaluation of distribution system for energy efficiency includes; loss minimization, improved power quality, loadability limit, reliability and availability of supply. Energy efficiency changes with the variation in loading pattern and the load behaviour. Further, the nature of load at each node is not explicitly of any one type rather their characteristics depend upon the node voltages. In most cases, load is assumed to be constant power (real and reactive). In this paper voltage dependent practical loads are represented with composite load model and the energy efficiency performance of distribution system for practical loads is evaluated in different configurations of 33-node system.

Summary Cloud storage, which can be a surrogate for all physical hardware storage devices, is a term which gives a reflection of an enormous advancement in engineering ( Hung et al., 2012 ). However, there are many issues that need to be handled when accessing cloud storage on resource constrained mobile devices due to inherent limitations of mobile devices as limited storage capacity, processing power and battery backup ( Yeo et al., 2014 ). There are many multi cloud storage applications available, which handle issues faced by single cloud storage applications. In this paper, we are providing analysis of different multi cloud storage applications developed for resource constrained mobile devices to check their performance on the basis of parameters as battery consumption, CPU usage, data usage and time consumed by using mobile phone device Sony Xperia ZL (smart phone) on WiFi network. Lastly, conclusion and open research challenges in these multi cloud storage apps are discussed.

Summary In presence of environmental noise, speakers tend to emphasize their vocal effort to improve the audibility of voice. This involuntary adjustment is known as Lombard effect (LE). Due to LE the signal to noise ratio of speech increases, but at the same time the loudness, pitch and duration of phonemes changes. Hence, accuracy of automatic speech recognition systems degrades. In this paper, the effect of unsupervised equalization of Lombard effect is investigated for Hindi vowel classification task using Hindi database designed at TIFR Mumbai, India. Proposed Quantile-based Dynamic Cepstral Normalization MFCC (QCN-MFCC) along with baseline MFCC features have been used for vowel classification. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used as classifier. It is observed that QCN-MFCC features have given a maximum improvement of 5.97% and 5% over MFCC features for context-dependent and context-independent cases respectively. It is also observed that QCN-MFCC features have given improvement of 13% and 11.5% over MFCC features for context-dependent and context-independent classification of mid vowels.

Summary This paper presents an optimal placement methodology of energy storage to improve energy loss minimization through peak shaving in the presence of renewable distributed generation. Storage sizing is modelled by considering the load profile and desired peak shaving. This storage is suitably divided into multiple storage units and optimally allocated at multiple sites with suitable charge discharge strategy. Thus the peak shaving for maximum loss reduction is explored here. Renewable distributed generation (RDG) is modelled based on the seasonal variations of renewable resources e.g ., solar or wind and these RDGs are placed at suitable locations. A high-performance Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm is applied to the proposed methodology. The results are compared with the well-known genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology is illustrated by various case studies on a 34-bus test system. Significant loss minimization is obtained by optimal location of multiple energy storage units through peak shaving.

Gas is an energy carrier, which fundamentally changed the way we consume�� energy. This paper will describe its history with focus on the development of town gas at Switzerland and its biggest city Zurich. The problems and the challenges, the gas industry had to face during its existence ��� especially concerning the establishment of electricity as a�� ������ competitor on the energy market ��� will thoroughly be discussed., historia.scribere, iss. 8, p. 391

A lack of motivation, incomprehensible content and a high workload are only some of the causes leading to students’ failures in the learning process. Dealing with failures seems to have become a new core competence in the current world, which is why the definition and implementation of an appropriate strategy is essential for prospective learning results. The focus of the contribution is on the meaning of failure and sources of potential student failures in the foreign language learning at the university level. The results presented in the paper base on the survey conducted with English language students at Koszalin University of Technology. Students were asked to identify the field causing learning failures. The described survey delivers information about the sources of failures from learner’s point of view, which can be an incentive to develop and implement strategies to cope with failures in the ESP class.