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Using some of the evidence collected as part of a doctoral study of school-based leaders of art in the UK, this paper presents the most recent and emergent models of the leadership in art. The data suggests likely attributes of those in leadership positions and the effects upon the activities in which those individuals engage. As a case study of over two hundred art leaders, the challenges are clearly presented. They are more deeply explored through interviews and discussions about attitudes to artworks and their use with learners in the classroom as well as by analysing the paper records kept by the leaders. The study raises important issues for those who might want to learn from the situation in the UK.

This paper discusses the relationship between unemployment and level of education in Palestine between 2005 and 2015. The aim of this paper is to understand the relationship between unemployment and education level in Palestine. Education outputs in Palestine day by day increase in all levels, however, Palestine facing an increase in unemployment over time, which became one of the challengeable cases in the country. The question is, what is the relationship between unemployment and education level?. To answer this question, we examined four education levels (1 to 6 years of schooling, 7 to 9 years of schooling, 10 to 12 years of schooling and 13 and more years of schooling) regarding unemployment rate between 2005 and 2015 according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS, 2006-2016) labour force surveys and annual reports from 2005 to 2015. The results indicate that, there is a negative relationship between unemployment rate and education levels (1 to 6 years of schooling, 7 to 9 years of schooling, 10 to 12 years of schooling and 13 and more years of schooling from 2005 to 2010, while this relationship has changed since 2010. Since 2011, individuals who have (13 and more years of schooling) become the highest unemployment among the other levels. The results also showed that there is gender difference of unemployment rate among all four education levels (1 to 6 years of schooling, 7 to 9 years of schooling, 10 to 12 years of schooling, and 13 and more years of schooling).The difference between the two genders of the unemployment rate was 17.4 % difference in case of (1 to 6 years of schooling), 29.4% difference for (13 and more years of schooling), 7.1% difference in (7 to 9 years of schooling) and 1.9% difference among (10 to 12 years of schooling) in 2015. There is a difference between West Bank and Gaza Strip regarding unemployment rate among all four levels of education. These findings can help to identify the roots of unemployment in connection with education outputs.

We live in a time of growing discrepancies between the proclaimed political ideas/affiliations and reality. The systems of media seduction and manipulation allow for ‘manufacturing consent’ in contemporary citizens, the consumers of mass media products. This leads to new forms of establishing hierarchies, which repeat some of the old behaviour patterns. Truth is unwelcome. Communities of people interconnected through their interests develop various forms of substitutes for truth and the ways of bypassing truth and making it irrelevant. In this paper, the fact that illusions overpower ideas (as noted by Feuerbach) is illustrated by Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s The Grand Inquisitor from The Brothers Karamazov. “Why shouldst Thou now return, to impede us in our work,” the Grand Inquisitor inquires of God Himself, who has ‘descended from heaven’ in order to see His children. The encounter is marked by the Grand Inquisitor’s threat that God Himself will be tried and burned at the stake as a heretic. Dostoyevsky sets up a marvellous literary backdrop for the examination of the fundamental issues of faith, attitudes towards miracles, the Inquisition, but also the Reformation, which is turning 500 this very year. This text examines the relationship between faith and freedom, hierarchies and followers, the media system of mediation and the results of the mediation, the relationship between an idea and its lived reality. The paper draws a parallel between the time The Brothers Karamazov was written (mid 19th century) and the current turmoil, and seeks to find/suggest the answers to the eternal questions that Dostoyevsky rose/read from the history of the human quest for freedom. It is a philosophical and literary analysis, an exploration of philosophical ideas in a literary work. Dostoyevsky lends himself well to this kind of analysis, since some of his observations are marked with intellectual objections to such an extent that an entire closed philosophical system could be constructed with minimal effort. The additional motive for the exploration of the idea of the Grand Inquisitor is the increasing authoritarianism of the political leaders of countries both big and small, superpowers and banana states alike. Dostoyevsky has plenty to say to them, and this paper attempts to bring to life the great writer’s political and libertarian ideas, and transfer them to a time that has plenty to learn from him.

The paper discusses the issue of globalization, namely the creation of a unique economic, political and cultural environment on our planet and the reflections of this process on education. The wave of changes in the world brings with it the rule of a ruthless competition of inventiveness and knowledge: the onset of the battle of the brains, i.e. by the brains. The winners of this war will be those whose education, specialization and specialties include a greater and better knowledge about the development and utilization of productive forces and whose most significant factor certainly is science. If education is necessary for the development of science, then science is not only necessary for the development of productive forces, but it is also their most important factor. Therefore each country, through the development of education, also provides for the development of science, the technology which is based on it, as the material basis of economic prosperity and political independence, i.e. of the security of the country and nation whose interests the country is realizing. All this shows that, when it comes to globalization and universalization, the present world can only win if cooperation between science and culture is realized. The devotion to this type of relationship between nations and people involves improving education on a global scale, whereby each country should introduce, in its national system of education, a component of internationally oriented education. The paper concludes that the tendencies of education for international orientation are: the affirmation of humanistic values; the understanding of basic contradictions in contemporary society: contradictions between the global and the local - reflected in the need to be a citizen of the world and simultaneously preserve national identity; contradictions between the universal and the individual - reflected in the acceptance of the globalization of the world but also in the preservation of personal self-relevance; contradictions between personal integrity and the cultural identity of one’s nation; and the contradictions between tradition and modernity - manifested in the need to adapt to the new times and new relationships in the global society, with the preservation of one’s own roots of historical development. Also, education should contribute to the realization of, not only multicultural, but an intercultural society, in which multiple cultures are in dialogue and searching for a new, more productive cultural synthesis. This type of humanistic thinking and devotion to the humanization of social development, has two components which are intertwined, the first one is the development of human rights in order to enable the protection of human freedom and dignity, and the other is the creation of a new planetary civilization which will enable the preservation and improvement of the life of humanity as a whole.

The aim of this article is to formulate the concept of emotional capital. It was first introduced by Benedicte Gendron. It is defined as a set of resources – emotional and social competences – which are significant from the perspective of one’s personal, social and professional development. The emotional capital is crucial in the context of the individual’s life. It plays a vital role in the day-to-day life of a school child as well as of an adult in a workplace. Moreover, it is a relevant aspect of one’s functioning in the local community and in the process of building a civic society. Terms such as human, social and cultural capital are explained in the text. The paper compares two different perspectives on capital’s definition: the economic capital which is associated with Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Francis Fukuyama and the social capital connected with the Pierre Bourdieau’s theory of capital. The further speculation about an appropriate definition of a social capital was based on these two different approaches. In the summary, the paper points to the educational aspect of a lifelong emotional development.

The paper presents conditions for inclusive education as perceived by headmaster in Slovenian primary schools. In the theoretical part, we focused on key elements of inclusive schools, i.e. headmasters, teachers and parents of children with special needs. In conclusion, we briefly highlight some theoretical propositions in relation to additional professional support in primary schools. In the empirical part of the paper, we present the results of an online survey conducted among headmasters in Slovenian primary schools. The aim of the survey was, among other things, to find how headmasters perceive conditions for inclusive education – those relating to headmasters themselves, to teachers/professional staff working with students with special needs, and those relating to school as a whole. Here, we also paid our attention to differences regarding the number of children with special needs who are included in regular program with adjusted implementation and additional professional assistance. The obtained results provide an opportunity for assessment of current situation, and for further consideration concerning the development of inclusive education in Slovenia in the future.

In the field of educational research, ethnography is not well known and consequently it is not frequently used. The concept of ethnographic research is differently, unevenly defined. It is frequently misinterpreted as qualitative research, participatory observation or as a case study. The aim of the present paper was to present ethnographic research as an approach in educational research. We first highlight the problems regarding its definition; we then present the particularities and the process of ethnographic research. We also point out to some disadvantages of this approach and we conclude the paper with the question of the role of ethnographic research in educational research.

The paper intends to bring to the reader’s attention the importance of understanding the role education plays in creating a good geopolitical position for a state which has a good geographical position, and which is well endowed in natural resources. The case of Romania is the main focus of the paper. There is presented a peculiar strange situation of a country (Romania) which is very well located from geographical point of view but which is incapable to exploit its natural endowments and special location. One reason for this situation is the fact that most people living in present Romania belong to a category named in this paper ‘individuals’. Individuals are not aware of their country’s geography and history, let alone its possible future development possibilities. They do not know the role their country could play, and living in an atomized society, they choose emigration as the easiest way to escape harsh social and economic environment. Contrary to this attitude is that of a citizen, a man conscious about his country’s potential, and which is dedicated to work hardly together with his fellows in order to promote national interests in a peaceful manner. Even there was found remnants of an ancient city close to present day Romanian territory – proves of well endowed environment – moral and psychological factors have contributed after 1990 in an crucial manner to push Romania from its civilization path back to the archaic spirit, from active urban spirit to rural mentality. In such a situation it is not uncommon for a nation to lose its means for projecting power, which could promote the value and the importance of a geographical position – transportation; rural mentality has nothing to do with modern transportation as they are technical tools with geopolitical essence for controlling space. It is a well known fact that transportation and geopolitics are closely interrelated. Furthermore, social dissolution in post communist Romania is identified in population reduction’s number, in missing trust in her successful evolution, falling agriculture and deforestation. All these negative aspects have pushed back Romania from geopolitical point of view. As solution for regaining its geopolitical role, Romanian must have an educated population, which would be conscious about the important connection between geography and education, and between Romania’s geographical position and the needed tools for promoting it from geopolitical point of view. Cough between East and West, Romania belongs to both areas; much more, in the context of climate change, Romania’s land, fresh water, and cheap water transport possibilities on Danube and Black Sea (and well beyond it) must be used at their real capacities. Only in that moment Romania’s special geographical position will made Romania an active geopolitical actor, helping Romanians to determine its fate in a sustainable manner.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of the paper is to present the possibilities of using crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions and investigating the impact of this activity on the development or strengthening of entrepreneurial traits and attitudes of students. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the use of crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education. The method applied to solve the research problem was a diagnostic survey. Questionnaires were completed by 314 full-time students and 34 academic teachers. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of reasoning starts with the presentation of the research method. Next, methods of the entrepreneurship education are described. Afterwards, research results are presented. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the opinion of students and academic teachers developing a crowdfunding projects by students, with the special emphasis on the action plan, might be an important didactic method in entrepreneurial education. It also has significant impact on the development or strengthening students’ ability to take advantage of opportunities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions allow for verifying the thesis that crowdfunding might be used in an effective entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions. It is recommended to consider its inclusion in a wide range of methods used in entrepreneurship education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current paper is to verify in what way university students who declare high individual level of entrepreneurial intensity differ from those who are characterized by its intensity level. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: A statistical analysis of obtained survey results was conducted. The group of research participants included 413 business students. Following statistical methods were used to analyze the data: internal reliability test, chi-square test of independence, independent samples t-test. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning presented in the current paper starts with the analysis of entrepreneurial intensity which, when measured on an individual level, is distinctive to people who declare a strong commitment to following an entrepreneurial career. Later the theoretical background including individual characteristics and cognitions that can potentially be prevalent among entrepreneurs is presented. RESEARCH RESULTS: It was found that groups of students who display high and low levels of entrepreneurial intensity differ significantly. These differences pertain to individual characteristics (i.e. gender), the perception of business success indicators and the perception of entrepreneurs’ environment favorability. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Obtained results allow to formulate conclusions about ways in which the development of entrepreneurial attitudes can be facilitated. Several recommendations are proposed for educators and policy makers including adopting a more fine-grained approach to supporting the emergence of entrepreneurial culture in Poland.

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This paper aims at giving an overview of the main traditional tendencies and new trends in historical Slavic linguistics in Hungary. Traditionally; since the end of the 19th century, the main goal of investigations has been the interpretation of the Slavic linguistic and cultural influence on the Hungarian language and culture, having continuously been present in the Carpathian basin for more than a thousand year. The language contacts resulted in a vast number of lexical borrowings, calques, and toponyms of Slavic origin in Hungarian, and also in the appearance of Church Slavonic written sources of local redaction. The author describes the process of the methodological progress in the research of these areas and presents the most important results. Since the 1990's, new trends have emerged in historical Slavic linguistics in Hungary that can be identified as the application of methods and frameworks of areal and theoretical (cognitive and generative) linguistics, which makes the renewal of this discipline possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper shows an empirical analysis of regional returns to education in Germany. Therefore the returns to education are estimated for Germany as a whole and for the eastern and western part seperately. Additionally the analysis examines the returns for each federal state. For the estimations it is necessary to identify an efficient method and the best estimable model. It can be shown that the Three-Stage-Least-Squares-method yields the best results. For Germany the regression shows an average return for an additional year of education of about 10 %. By comparing the eastern and western part, it can be shown that in the east german states - the New Länder - employees get a much higher return. A further separation of states verifies the heterogeneities of the regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In an era of modern technology, a human is in constant contact with a variety of informational and communicative technologies. A school place is not an exception here, therefore there is a constant need for new methodical and didactic approaches in this area. An example of good practice that includes modern technology in the educational process is a work with digital working sheets. This paper was writt en to introduce a working method with digital sheets as a new form of work in a classroom where German is taught as a second language. In the introductory part the paper presents, among other things, how countries like Germany and Slovenia are successful in their inclusion of informational and communicative technology in the educational process. The theoretical part also tries to defi ne the digital working sheet. In the following part of the paper a step-by-step preparatory process of a digital working sheet is introduced in more detail. Individual steps are illustrated with practical examples followed by tasks. These namely enable an integrated teaching and interdisciplinary interconnection of knowledge, and make sense of the usage of a working method with digital sheets in a language classroom. In this way the development of key competences in learners is stimulated, to which, in a modern technology era, indubitably also the digital competence belongs. The following chapter focuses on some advantages of usage and work with a digital working sheet such as, for example, autonomous learning, where each individual can be active in completion of working sheet and in search for the Internet information in his/her own tempo and extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper deals with innovative approaches to university education. Since college graduates face new challenges due to fast-paced developments in the business world, the paper discusses the need for universities to change their attitude and pay more attention to equipping students with key competences necessary for a successful carreer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper provides an overview of the political economy of labor over the past 30 years. It starts with Braverman's thesis that degradation of work had been the dominant trend throughout the 20th century. This assumption was frequently contradicted in subsequent decades. Academics as well as management writers argued that work and work organization were being transformed under the influence of rising incomes, rising levels of education and changes in technology. Instead of degradation, the future of work appeared to be characterized by upgrading and self-regulation. In reality, however, such positive trends have not become visible or only partially and in a contradictory manner. This can be explained using Braverman's theoretical framework, emphasizing the issue of control, which has often been neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aimed to present the regional differences in literacy between the former Yugoslav republics with special reference to internal discrepancies in Montenegro. Gender gaps took a central place in the analysis. First, we gave a brief historical overview of the various attitudes towards schooling in the Balkan, divided between the great empires. Religion, finance, government policy, and social norms contributed greatly to the results that persisted during the interwar period. After the Second World War, intensive literacy courses for adults and the expansion of school infrastructure created conditions for significant enhancement. Statistics are a basic source of data. They are methodologically compatible and could be beneficial for some further research in this field. Comparisons were made between republics, as well as within Montenegrin regions. The explanation of the gap between the male and female population is based on complex historical and socio-political circumstances that could be the subject of interdisciplinary research in history, geography, sociology, anthropology, economics, etc. These various factors had an intensive and long-term impact on literacy. However, with coexistence in Yugoslavia, the differences between the republics were reduced to such an extent that they almost disappeared at the beginning of the 21st century. The main reasons are the expansion of the school infrastructure, stricter compliance with mandatory school attendance, but also the state’s insistence on the importance of education. A similar situation is in Montenegro, where illiteracy persists only in closed and marginalized groups. There, poverty is a dominant factor in illiteracy.

This paper identifies the transitivity strategies used in six picture books that aim to challenge gender stereotypes. They were selected because of the large number of commonalities they share; they are all authentic texts, written in English and were not created for experimental purposes. In addition, the selected stories are intended for children (four to nine years old). The theoretical frameworks adopted are SFL (Halliday 2004) and Visual Social Semiotics (Kress and van Leeuwen 2006, Painter et al. 2013). The findings show that the meaning load carried by embedded images (action plus reaction), together with verbal and mental processes of perception, provides essential cues for fostering progressive gender discourses. The analysis also demonstrates that metonymies are essentially used to highlight important aspects of the plot that challenge gender stereotypes.

This paper presents tools which can be used to measure multimodal literacy and metasemiotic awareness in students. The results are interesting within the context of multiliteracy development both in terms of the individual student over time or in comparison to other students within a specific course, as well as when comparing data from larger cohorts for example differences in level or orientation of education, age, regional, territorial, national and so on to see patterns or strengths and weaknesses in multimodal literacy within a wider perspective.

In this paper, we present a comparative analysis between registered gifted Slovenian, Gambian, and Indian students in which we sought to find out how they perform in solving selected mental tasks, where we were focused on logical-mathematical and spatial intelligence as a function of the social environment from which the students came. We found that the results for the test groups differed. Out of ten task sets, Slovenian students performed better than their Indian and Gambian peers in as many as seven task sets; in four tasks we found a statistically significant difference between Slovenian and Indian children, and a comparison between Slovenian and Gambian students shows that Slovenian children scored better on mental task sets in all groups.

This paper focuses on the moral, social, and emotional dimensions of distance learning during COVID-19, as these dimensions have been neglected in most studies. The results of our study show that most primary school teachers (n=71) mostly pursued these dimensions unsystematically or not at all. They focused mainly on pupils’ interpersonal relationships and discipline, less on their motivation and well-being. Most teachers expressed a negative opinion about the possibility for addressing these dimensions, many understanding this as the parents’ duty. Therefore, if distance learning is reintroduced, it would be important to think about the possibilities and to create guidelines that include these dimensions.

The aim of this paper was to examine students’ attitudes towards teaching styles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mean values were calculated using descriptive statistics, and the T-test for independent samples was used to determine the existence of statistically significant differences between groups. After testing the difference in student assessment of the teachers’ style in two different school years, no statistically significant difference was found, potentially owing to student adaptation to the situation. A positive- sign correlation coefficient between the democratic and laissez-faire styles was recorded at a significance level of p

This practice report describes an annual Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) project between a content course taught in English at a university in Japan (JPU) and a Japanese-language course at a university in the U.S. (AMU). Shared learning objectives include practicing communicative skills in the target language and engaging in critical writing in the target language, reflecting on the discussions. There are two sets of activities: (1) JPU-centered, English-based activities and (2) AMU-centered, Japanese-based activities, which take place concurrently. Some activities are done individually (e.g., discussion posts, journals, and reflection papers), while online discussions are conducted in transpacific groups both in class and outside the class period. After six weeks of collaboration, each student writes a reflective, multi-draft essay in the target language. Running the two sets of activities can confuse students easily and requires careful preparations, clear instructions, and a high level of instructor involvement. Various modifications have been made for improvements since the initial implementation in 2019 to provide a learning environment that allows for a more in-depth and diverse exchange of perspectives (Nishio et al., 2020). Flexibility is key to success for educators to help maximize student learning in COIL.