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The current global political, economic, and social challenges urge the need to cultivate global citizenship among students in their learning process. This paper presents the role of Collaboration Online International Learning (COIL) using theProject-Based Learning (PBL) approach in cultivating global citizenship among university students. The paper explains the different implementation challenges of a COIL course on the different levels and core design elements of the COIL-PBL model to overcome such challenges. Empirically, this paper presents a primary case study of the Great Debates course that was implemented in different forms by three partner universities, which are the University of Washington Bothell (UWB), the University of North Carolina Asheville (UNCA) in the USA, and the Future University in Egypt (FUE). The implementation showed a positive impact on cultivating global citizenship among participating students, which isclear from developments in students’ skills in the areas of cross-cultural communication and negotiation, cultural sensitivity and tolerance, teamwork and coordination across virtual global teams, analytical skills, and perception toward other cultures and society. Notably, the COIL-PBL model has started to gain further popularity after the COVID-19pandemic as an alternative for physical mobility, which encourages future research in this area using other implemented courses using the COIL-PBL model.

The paper covers a range of issues related to the specifics of Russian language mastering by Indian students studying in English and Russian. The research is based on an integrative methodological platform that combines approaches to multilingualism formation from the standpoint of psychological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of language contacts, discourse and communication science. The research involves the techniques of psychological and semantic analyses and verbal associations, the methods of contextual analysis and comparison. The material of the paper is the data obtained from online surveys of Indian students who have been studying at universities in North Ossetia-Alania for six years (elementary and pre-intermediate levels of Russian language proficiency). The study is aimed at identifying perception channels that represent the features of foreign students cognitive style in the Russian natural environment, descripting level-by-level interfering influence of native languages and weak interference of English. Based on text fragments and lexical units, vectors and methods of interlingual interference were demonstrated, its leading types were determined, that are phonetic, phonemic, graphemic, phonemic-graphemic, morphological and lexical. The role of English as a communicative mediator is defined. The analysis done confirmed complex application of auditory, visual and kinesthetic channels at the information input, and revealed the dominance of the auditory perception channel at the information output while learning the Russian language by Indian students. The Indian students cognitive style tends to be simplified through contamination of written and oral speech, compression, abbreviations usage, intensification of associative and semantic links. Strategies for using Internet translation, imitation of mastering the Russian language, literal translation from English into Russian, strategies for the implementation of graphic, phonetic-graphic principles of writing, phonemic and grammatical reduction were identified as the basic communication strategies of Indian students learning Russian.

Uncertainty, unfolding in the most extreme forms in the period of one of the greatest global challenges– a threat to the health and wellbeing of people, caused by the pandemic, is gaining a form difficult to conceive in temporal and conceptual terms. In the perception of students, the young people on the brink of the first employment, the uncertainty primarily reflects in the estimate of possibilities of finding a job and opportunities to construct a professional identity. This paper examines the potential role of personal branding in the improvement of student opportunities to find the desired job, as well as the importance of higher education institutions as strategic partners in the process. This paper, among others, also emphasizes the importance of empowering students towards the recognition of the role of their knowledge and competencies acquired during the studies; the role which does not correspond to banal, oversimplified reduction of the role of education as means to meet the labour market needs.

Generation Z falls into the internet generation because it is the first generation born after the popularisation of the internet. Even though scientists don’t agree on when this generation starts and when it ends, after all, it is believed that the generation Z is made of people that are born in the nineties until today. Their parents belong to the millennial generation that is born in the eighties. Generation Z is the first generation that was raised as a part of the trend of being in the publics' eye, always posting about their lives on social networks. This potentially makes them an egocentric generation and a generation that does not have enough empathy. Although empathy is one of the key characteristics for happiness, generation Z finds happiness in their personal appearance and they care a lot about the opinions of others, that is, they care about the number of likes and the number of followers on social networks. Even though empathy is a key trait of happiness, generation Z finds happiness in physical appearance, and in others' opinion, that is they care about how many likes and how many followers on social networks they have. The purpose of this paper is to examine emotional empathy with the generation that is born in the late nineties, until generations 2006-2007, on a sample of 200 primary and high school students with an assumption that later generations are more empathic and that there is a difference between male and female subjects, that is that females are more empathic. Also, the paper provides case reports that represent the clinical population and not the average representatives of this generation and whose psychological problems may be associated with excessive use of the Internet and social networks. The results of the research indicate that the feeling of insecurity and lack of empathy in this generation is a risk factor for the development of low self-esteem and self-confidence, and ultimately more severe mental disorders, which can be reduced and prevented by a different approach to this generation.

This review paper offers a definition and explanation of the self-care concept as one of the basic ways of developing and nurturing professional and personal capacities and maintaining healthy boundaries between the professional and personal life of helpers. The paper also emphasizes the ethical components of self-care as an imperative for helpers to take care of their own mental and physical health. Challenges for the development and maintenance of skills and conditions for the sustainability of self-care in the helping professions are described and analyzed from the perspective of personal responsibility and the institution’s obligation to ensure healthy working conditions and professional growth and development. Introduction to the self-care concept and comparative analysis is presented through the presentation of various, mostly foreign studies that have monitored the effects of self-care on the overall health of helpers and their professional effects. The paper also describes the adverse consequences of the lack of self-care skills and activities that encourage it. It also emphasizes the negative effects on the health of the helpers and their work potential. In conclusion, guidelines are defined for the development and maintenance of the helper's self-care, important both for his satisfaction in personal life and especially in professional success and self-actualization.

A common interpreting perception of Machiavelli’s thought is based on the paradox that state feasibility uses not only knowledge but also any form of immoral act in order to preserve power. Against this position that draws its origin in Meinecke, this paper aims to study the ways that the notion of liberty is interpreted by Machiavelli as well as the impact of this contribution to contemporary policy making. Furthermore, through this study, the diversification between the real Machiavellian contribution to modern thinking and Machiavellianism, will be thoroughly analyzed. The main research question of the paper is to test if the new arte dello stato (art of the state), in contrast with the notion of Machiavellianism, is based on the new form of rationality which has its roots in naturalism and history, as a precondition for the ruler’s unobstructed action. The methods used include main literature review on Machiavelli as well as content analysis of Machiavelli's treatise The Prince in order to address the research hypothesis that Machiavelli is based on rationality, naturalism and history in order to create a framework of stability, continuity, liberty and prosperity of the people. The main conclusion of the paper is that Machiavelli’s The Prince seems to posit a notion of the state operating around the ruler against fortune within a political regime of homogenization, in which the ruler represents the pole of stability and capable rationality by rolling out a long-term conservation strategy in accordance with the social reality that surrounds him. Thus, his thinking inaugurates the democratic pragmatism of modernity which was later deepened by the philosophy of the Enlightenment.

In 2020 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American poet and essayist Louise Glück. Glück was recognized “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”. Born in 1943 in New York, Louise Glück belongs to the poetic generation of the late 1960s – 1970s with their balancing between describing personal experience and an exact reproduction of the external world. The paper includes the analysis of the imagery in Glück’s poetry: it considers the ways mythological characters and archetypes transmit ‘universal’ through ‘individual’. The paper mentions the most representative poems and essays by Louise Glück, outlines the peculiarities of her work and her creative evolution, demonstrates the connection of her poetry with the language of psychoanalysis. Louise Glück’s most notable poetry collections are The Triumph of Achilles (1985), The Wild Iris (1992), Averno (2006), she is the author of two books of essays (Proofs and Theories: Essays on Poetry, 1994; American Originality: Essays on Poetry, 2017). Louise Glück is also Professor (Adjunct) of English, Rosenkranz Writer-in-Residence at Yale University and has previously won the Pulitzer prize (1993), Bollingen Prize (2001), National Book Award (2014) and National Humanities Medal (2015), among others. The essay presents the new Nobel laureate to the readers and traces the poetic manner of the author.

In this article, it has been discussed on the place and importance of the art of writing and painting, which transforms soul to image and image to soul, in Alawi-Bektashi method. These works had been produced by the Babagan (Mucerret) branch of Bektashi order, which was distributed in 1826. They had been entered private collections and museums in 1925 and majority of this works had been falsified. In this paper, it has been clarified that it does not emerge from the Hurūfīsm effect; they are not pictograms or good writing calligraphy, but a manifestation of pantheism. Although the art of writing and painting produced by the Alawi and Bektashi method has been called Hurūfīsm because of writing in letters, it has been explained in the article that it is not a product of Hurūfīsm, but rather a reflection of the pantheism. It has been discussed why with a symmetrical understanding realized writing-paintings are preferred, which has been known as a type of writing in calligraphy as musannā (dual) mirrored writing. The relation of the pantheism to the art of writing-painting, which has a symbolic reference to the apparent (outer) and abdominal (inner) images of being, has been explained. This paper also tackles with the plastic values of the works made in the form of human, which have an important place in the text and pictures, how to be a human in the Alawi-Bektashi way, and how to transform the human image into a soul. It evaluates how the names of Allah-Muhammad-Ali images in human form have been transformed from invisible to visible. Besides, the information have been given about why the prostration to Man has been done since the day of prostration to Adam and what it meant in the Alawi-Bektashi way. Keywords: Alawi, Bektashi, pantheism, writing-painting art, human.

Introduction: Workaholism as a psychological and social phenomenon is the object of only a few empirical studies. Despite the fact that the phenomenon of addiction to work was not specified in the ICD-10 or DSM-5 Classifications, the authors of this paper have decided that it is worth considering its preconditions. Materials and method: Based on the review of the available literature, the topic of work addiction was discussed and the main determinants of workaholism and the so-called workaholic personality were presented. Results: The paper presents the author’s theoretical proposition of workaholism notion which postulates the existence of a form of addiction to work, which has its source in personality and motivation. Conclusions: Undoubtedly, workaholism is addictive, but only obsessive-compulsive components may not be sufficient to determine its nature. Workaholism adopts a three-dimensional structure including behavioral, cognitive and affective aspects. Further research on this issue is needed.

The paper deals with the history of art censorship in the Russian Empire, which started with the reform of 1865 and lasted until the Revolution of 1905 when the restrictive measure was officially abolished. The paper summarizes the legislative measures that were taken by the government to control the distribution and display of the works of fine art. The authors point out that the censorship disapproved images that represented the Russian monarchy in an unfavourable way, that glorified nationalist and revolutionary movements as well as those considered as threatening to the Orthodox Church or public morality. The authors come to the conclusion that the government attempted to implement a system of screening all the paintings, lithographs, and photographs before they were published or displayed. However, it achieved only limited success.

Modern performance measurement systems include customer satisfaction as an important performance indicator. From the standpoint of the Higher Education Institution (hereinafter HEI) in Serbia, key performance indicators are quality indicators used to assess the current situation; to identify service failures and to take on service recovery; to improve total quality of the institution and to determine the future development of the institution. In increasingly competitive and dynamic educational environment, the management of a HEI is aware of the importance of student satisfaction in the context of student motivation and retention, recommendations to potential freshmen, recruiting efforts and funding, as well as performance management. There are numerous direct and indirect indicators of student satisfaction. The main objective of this paper is to identify the parameters of educational process and non-teaching support that have the greatest impact on student satisfaction. Data analysis, conducted in this paper, provide information on the degree of student satisfaction and possible improvements in this area. This study uses standard and hierarchical regression to examine possible causes of student satisfaction. It is based on answers of 1541 students of the College of Professional Studies – Belgrade Polytechnic, collected during a four-year research.

Owing to its widespread accessibility, the online press influences the opinions of its readers to a considerable extent; this also applies to creating the image of the religion teacher. It is noticeable that a key role in the presentation of issues related to this profession is played by certain specific values to which the authors of press comments on the Internet refer and which they recognise. This study analyses the contents of online editions of selected Catholic (“Gośc Niedzielny”, “Niedziela”), right-wing (“Do Rzeczy”, “Sieci”) and left-wing (“Gazeta Wyborcza”, “Polityka”) newspapers and weeklies of the past five years, i.e. from 2015 to the latest issue (November 2019). The analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the presentation of the subject matter in question between these groups of papers. One-sidedness and subjectivity of opinions is a striking feature of opinions presented in the leftist press. According to the study author, these papers wrongly bring up such issues as poor professional qualifications of religion teachers, a waste of the two hours a week for teaching religion; at the same time, they disregard the educational role of religion teachers and their commitment to students’ holistic development. This image is probably largely affected by the negative attitude to the Catholic Church and to teaching religion in Polish schools, resulting from the journalists’ viewpoint. On the other hand, the Catholic press presents a positive attitude and its journalists make efforts to provide reliable information, e.g. by emphasising the professional qualifications and various educational activities of religion teachers and by appreciating their role in the school educational mission. The right-wing press did not publish articles on a religion teacher.

The aim of this paper is to show that "traditional" and "resolute" interpretations have not freed the "Tractatus" from the apparent paradoxical self-defeat. I argue that these readings only give it new clothing. Hacker's "traditional" reading ends up ascribing a metaphysical conspiracy to the "Tractatus", which is incompatible with the aims of the book. The "resolute" reading of Diamond and Conant ascribes an authorial conspiracy to Wittgenstein, which contradicts his views on authorship and method. Grounded in the difficulties found in both sides of the current debate, I conclude this paper by proposing several requirements that the correct interpretation of the "Tractatus" should fulfill. RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que as interpretações "tradicional" e "resoluta" não livraram o "Tractatus" da aparente autoderrota paradoxal. Argumento que essas leituras apresentam apenas uma nova roupagem ao paradoxo. A leitura "tradicional" de Hacker acaba atribuindo uma conspiração metafísica ao "Tractatus", o que é incompatível com os objetivos do livro. A leitura "resoluta" de Diamond e Conant atribui a Wittgenstein uma conspiração autoral, o que contradiz suas opiniões sobre autoria e método. Com base nas dificuldades encontradas em ambos os lados do debate atual, concluo este artigo propondo vários requisitos que a correta interpretação do "Tractatus" deve preencher.

The paper is the first part of S. Barbantani’s contribution Lyric for the Rulers, Lyric for the People: The Transformation of Some Lyric Subgenres in Hellenistic Poetry, in E. Sistakou (ed.), Hellenistic Lyricism: Traditions and Transformations of a Literary Mode (Trends in Classics 9, 2), Berlin - Boston 2017, 339-399 (which discusses encomiastic lyric, epinikion in Callimachus, Posidippus and inscriptional epigram, literary epithalamia, threnoi and epikedeia, poems in stichic lyric meters, Carmina popularia, anthologies for symposiastic use and mimes). This contribution analyses how some of the main lyric genres, developed in archaic and classical Greek poetry, underwent transformation in the Hellenistic period, following social, political and cultural changes. The paper specifically explores lyric poetry produced ‘for the gods’ (hymns, esp. paeans, preserved on stone and on papyrus).

The primacy of sunlight over shade is a relatively recent historical phenomenon in Australian architecture. In this paper, it is argued that shade was a priority for northern Australian settlers in the state of Queensland and evident in their architecture until the 1920s when ideas about thermal comfort, race and climate elevated the desirability of sun exposure. This paper considers the cross-cultural exchange of colonial shade and the increasing avoidance of sun exposure linked to European beliefs about human health, derived from the field of tropical medicine and evidenced by northern Australian clothing styles and the Queensland house. Later sections consider the social and cultural underpinnings of a Modernist shift in architecture prioritizing sun exposure over deep shade. Finally, the paper will consider a refocus on shade provision since the 1990s, linked to rising rates of preventable skin cancer. Historisch betrachtet ist die Vorrangstellung des Sonnenlichts vor dem Schatten eine relativ neue Erscheinung in der Architektur Australiens. Der Artikel erläutert, dass für Siedler im nordaustralischen Bundesstaat Queensland der Schatten eine Priorität darstellte, die ihrer Architektur deutlich anzusehen ist, bis in den 1920er Jahren neue Vorstellungen von behaglichen Temperaturen, Ethnie und Klima den Wunsch nach Kontakt mit Sonnenlicht verstärkten. Der Artikel untersucht den interkulturellen Austausch zwischen kolonialem Schatten und der zunehmenden Vermeidung von Sonneneinstrahlung aufgrund europäischer Annahmen über die menschliche Gesundheit, welche aus dem Bereich der Tropenmedizin stammten und an nordaustralischen Kleidungsstilen und am Hausbau in Queensland offenkundig werden. Die folgenden Abschnitte betrachten die sozialen und kulturellen Bedingungen für den architektonischen Prioritätenwechsel der Moderne von tiefer Verschattung hin zu mehr Sonnenlicht. Abschließend wendet sich der Artikel der seit den 1990er Jahren erneut im Vordergrund stehenden Abschattung zu, die sich aus den steigenden Raten von vermeidbarem Hautkrebs erklärt. Cambio de orientación: la sombra en la arquitectura del norte de Australia y las implantaciones coloniales antes del 1920. La prevalencia de la luz sobre la sombra es un fenómeno relativamente reciente en la historia de la arquitectura australiana. Hasta los años 1920 era una prioridad para los colones del norte de Australia, que se ha inscrito en la arquitectura del estado de Queensland, antes que las consideraciones raciales, climáticas, y de confort, que no incitaban a exponerse más ampliamente al sol. Este articulo trata del choque cultural del periodo colonial, y de la aversión creciente por el sol, resultado de las teorías europeas en materia de la salud y de la medicina tropical, puestas en evidencia por las costumbres vestimentarias y el hábitat de Queensland. Nos interesamos después a los cambios sociales y culturales, al origen del cambio modernista en la arquitectura, valorizando la luz y la exposición al sol, antes de abordar el aumento de interés por la sombra desde los años 1990, ligada a la prevención del cáncer de la piel. La primauté de la lumière sur l'ombre est un phénomène relativement récent dans l’histoire de l'architecture australienne. Jusqu’aux années 1920, l’ombre était une priorité pour les colons du nord de l’Australie et s’est inscrite dans l’architecture de l'État du Queensland, avant que des considérations raciales, climatiques, et de confort, n’incitent à s’exposer plus largement au soleil. Cet article traite du choc culturel de la période coloniale, et de l’aversion croissante pour le soleil résultant des théories européennes en matière de santé et de médecine tropicale, mises en évidence par les habitudes vestimentaires et l’habitat du Queensland. On s’intéresse ensuite aux changements sociaux et culturels à l’origine du tournant moderniste dans l’architecture valorisant la lumière et l’exposition au soleil, avant d’aborder le regain d’intérêt pour l’ombre depuis les années 1990, lié à la prévention des cancers de la peau. Nella storia dell’architettura australiana, la preminenza della luce sull’ombra è un fenomeno relativamente recente. Come testimonia l’architettura dello Stato del Queensland, per i coloni dell’Australia settentrionale l’ombra è stata una priorità fino agli anni Venti, quando le considerazioni sul comfort termico, la razza e il clima hanno condotto a una rivalutazione dell’esposizione solare. Questo articolo prende in esame gli scambi interculturali dell’ombra coloniale e la crescente avversione nei confronti dell’esposizione solare, legata alle credenze europee in materia di salute derivate dalla medicina tropicale e dimostrata dagli stili di abbigliamento dell’Australia settentrionale e dall’edilizia abitativa del Queensland. L’articolo si concentra quindi sulle origini socioculturali della svolta modernista dell’architettura, che ha restituito importanza all’esposizione solare, per poi interessarsi al ritorno in auge dell’ombra a partire dagli anni Novanta, in seguito a un aumento dell’incidenza dei tumori della pelle prevenibili.

The primary goal of this paper is to examine the coverage of the 2008-2009 economic crisis in the Lithuanian online media as well as its relationship to the actual economic situation and perception of media consumers. The theoretical basis for this research is made up of the theories of agenda-setting and framing. The coverage of the media is assessed on the basis of the corpus of economic reporting in 2006–2014 in two Lithuanian media sources, the news agency BNS and DELFI news website, by analysing the volume and the tone of the reports. The coverage in the media is then compared to some statistical economic indicators.The main findings of the paper are the following:1. The coverage of the crisis in the media reflected rather accurately the actual situation: the fluctuations of the volume of the reports largely followed the timeline of the main events of the crisis. The correlation between the reporting tone and industrial production index as a gauge of the economic situation was rather high, which supports the adequacy of the coverage. The relationship between the reporting and economic indicators was found to be stronger in the case of the BNS than in DELFI.2. Negative reports were found to be dominating over positive ones. It is partially inevitable due to the context of the crisis, but the effect of the general media negativity bias cannot be ruled out either.3. During the year of the worst economic situation, the number of the reports of both highly negative and highly positive tone increased, but the volume of the two extremes decreased with the improvement of the economic situation. This might suggest that the media was aiming to counterweight the flow of very negative news during the crisis.4. On average, the tone of the BNS news agency coverage was more positive than that of DELFI. The factors behind this trend could be the linguistic features of the reporting style (usage of intensifying modal words as well as negatively or positively image-evoking lexis) and the intention to attract attention from the audience.5. Certain asymmetry was noticed in the public reaction to the coverage of the crisis in the media as media consumers reacted more rapidly and for a longer time period to the deterioration in the reporting tone than to its improvement.6. The correlation to media coverage was stronger in the case of the consumer sentiment indicator rather than in the case of the indicator for consumer behaviour (retail trade turnover index).It should be noted that the analysis was limited to only two media channels, so the inclusion of other media channels, especially television, could make such research more informative. Further research could include an additional corpus of reports with such keywords as “recession”, “recovery”, “growth”, “unemployment” and similar items. An analysis of the effects of linguistic factors alone on the reporting tone could also provide some interesting insights. Research on the coverage tone in relation to different subjects (economy, companies and political events) could be another valuable addition to the study.

Citation: Denisova-Schmidt E. (2020) The End of the Academic Profession in Russia? Mir Rossii, vol. 29, no 3, pp. 86–95. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-3-86-95 This article discusses the attractiveness of the academic profession in Russia today. Unnecessary administrative workloads, “unteachable students”, restrictions on academic freedom, diminishing monetary incentives all contribute negatively to the intellectual, creative and teaching activities of faculty members, especially at mass universities. The article is a reflection on the open letter from Vera Afanasieva, a professor of philosophy at Saratov State University, to Olga Vasilyeva the then Russian Minister of Education and Science (2017). This letter, in which the author highlights several major problems of Russian higher education − “total poverty; paper paranoia and clerical schizophrenia; pathological lies − pseudology and mythomania; the devaluation of knowledge; mental illness” − led to a public discussion in the Russian academic community and a number of visits by law enforcement agencies. The paper argues that some of the symptoms might be common and even prevalent in other academic systems, but stresses the magnitude of these phenomena in Russia, including the possible personal responsibilities of faculty members for students’ “extracurricular activities” such as participating in protests.

The idea of this paper arose in a reading group of several colleagues at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University after a discussion of a review article published by the editors of Language Teaching. Titled ‘Replication studies in language learning and teaching’ (2008), the paper focuses on replication studies and argues that they should be promoted and valued no less than original research. The participants of the reading group agreed that replication studies, understood here primarily as replications of quantitative research, are indeed an important issue that could be of interest to the broader community of applied linguists in Lithuania. The present paper argues that attempts to replicate earlier studies, which are very scarce or non-existent in Lithuania, deserve more attention both from novice and mature researchers. Replications are particularly valuable in developmental studies where replicating a study over a period of time allows the researcher to obtain data for continued analysis. Furthermore, a replication of a published study that deals with data collected in one country offers an opportunity to verify its findings in a different context and this way consolidates our understanding of phenomena under study. Finally, replication is an invaluable learning method to a novice linguist, be it a senior undergraduate or postgraduate student. Thus the authors of this paper would like to promote the idea of replication research in our community as well as encourage everyone interested make use of the increasingly growing amount of open access data available on the internet.

What brings about cooperation in social dilemmas? The literature has proposed motivational and strategic solutions to social dilemmas. In motivational solutions, actors cooperate because they care about fairness. In strategic solutions actors cooperate because their chances to exploit others are reduced. This paper argues that actors also cooperate in order to gain prestige. The effect of prestige on cooperation is examined relying on a unique set of network and covariate data on art organizations (museums, independent art spaces, galleries and art foundations) in Bogota, the capital of Colombia. Bogota is a not a very likely environment for cooperation, since distrust is still widespread after a long civil war. The temporal exponential random graph models predict dyadic cooperation (i.e., between two actors) based on past and present cooperation in the network as well as of the organizations’ characteristics. The analysis thus controls for the effect of actors’ past and present interaction on the present cooperation dilemma. The paper shows that prestige affects cooperation in social dilemmas independent of past and present interactions.

This paper provides a systematic literature review and a future research agenda on the topic of purchasing of business services (BuSe). BuSe purchasing has increasingly gained in importance during the past years. It has established itself as a relevant sub-discipline in purchasing and supply management. This “state of research” paper identifies the main authors, relevant topics and practical implications as well as upcoming developments. For this purpose, 118 publications were collected and analyzed. While early research on BuSe purchasing was strongly influenced by the American marketing literature, more recent papers are also published by European authors and institutions coming from the core of the purchasing and supply management discipline. In general, the literature lacks in theoretical foundation and longitudinal methods while assuming high generalizability. Based on the analyses and additional discussions within the research team, directions for future research are identified at a political, economic, social and technological (PEST) level. The following trends for service purchasing were elaborated: (i) «Glocalisation» and near-shoring, (2) sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR), (iii) internal and external collaboration, (iv) value-driven contract and payment systems, (v) hybrid products and servitization, and (vi) big data analytics, artificial intelligence and process automation.

The paper describes a somewhat forgotten book collection of the outstanding Wrocław editor Jan Kuglin, in terms of the editions on print aesthetics contained therein. The collection, which is a reflection of Kuglin’s scientific passions, contains many valuable books in German, English, Polish, Russian and Czech in the field of book and printing history, editing, book design, typography, writing, graphic techniques, polygraphy, paper industry, bookbinding, etc. In the book collection of Kuglin one can find editions being examples of a perfect typography. Thus, the collection stored in the Library of the Institute of Information and Library Science of the University of Wrocław is an excellent source for research on the aesthetics of printing in the 20th century.

The long and winding road is a metaphor for a journey, often used to describe life journeys and the challenges encountered. The metaphor was used for the title of my keynote to refer both to the journey towards the current position of virtual exchange in education policy – but also the long road ahead. This paper aims to explore the emergence of virtual exchange in educational policy and how it has been adopted by non-profit organisations, educational institutions, and policy makers to address geo- and socio-political tensions. Though still a relatively new field, in recent years there have been some important developments in terms of policy statements and public investments in virtual exchange. The paper starts by looking at the current state-of-the-art in terms of virtual exchange in education policy and initiatives in Europe. Then, using an approach based on ‘episode studies’ from the policy literature, the paper explores the main virtual exchange schemes and initiatives that have drawn the attention of European policy makers. The paper closes by looking at some of the lessons we have learnt from research on the practice of virtual exchange, and how this can inform us as we face the long road ahead of us. The focus of this paper is on the European context not because I assume it to be the most important or influential, but rather because it is the one I know best, since it is the context in which I have been working.

The choice of the name ‘The Theatre’ for the new purpose built structure in Shoreditch in 1576 was not an obvious one. This paper will speculate about why it was chosen, and what ideas and values that word would have communicated to its customers. I shall also very briefly glance at what we know of the basic structure of the building, and speculate about why that shape and not another was used. Possible links to early anatomy theatres will be suggested. How far the ideas contained in the structure and the name might have affected the reception of plays is worth at least some consideration, and I hope one day to develop the ideas of the paper into a fuller study of how early audiences watched as well as heard.

The paper addresses forms, paradigms, and trends characterizing the reception of American literature by Ukrainian academia over the past decades. The fateful socio-political shifts that transpired in early 1990s have radically changed both the mode and the nature of American literary studies in Ukraine. It is argued that after independence America’s diverse experiences in building workable relationships between an individual and the state informing its literature have been of special significance for Ukraine as potential models for a budding nation. This fact explains growing interest in American literature both for research and teaching purposes, as well as principal lines along which its study has proceeded. The paper looks at the institutional forms American literary studies have taken in Ukraine, major developments and seminal publications in the field, as well as current theoretical frameworks for approaching US literary phenomena

The paper discusses a group of monumental crucifixes from the 13th-century East Adriatic and Italy, pained or executed in low relief, that display a verse inscriptions on the transverse limb of the cross. The main scope of the paper is to examine the provenance of the text inscribed in order to yield clearer insight into their function, use and original location in the church interiors. The paper specifically aims at analyzing three monumental crucifixes from the East-Adriatic city of Zadar which, although have already been the subject of a respectable number of studies, have not attracted attention as objects of devotion. My interest, therefore, is turned towards verse inscription as their distinctive feature and, as I shall argue, a key aspect in understanding their function. Examining the nature of the text displayed, iconography and materiality of these crucifixes, my main argument is to demonstrate how these objects provoked a multi-faced response from their audience, since were experienced by seeing, hearing and touching respectively.

Recent debate in human geography has challenged the problematic "alternative"/"conventional" duality that characterises contemporary food provision. Within this binary, alternative food networks and initiatives (AFIs and AFNs) are positioned in opposition to more conventional, agri-capitalist modes of food production and distribution. Framing food around materially, discursively and spatially distinct, albeit relational, geographies not only reinforces this binary but also reaffirms the hegemony of agri-capitalism that alternative provision seeks to undo. Focusing on examples of artisanal and industrial bread production in the UK and the USA, this paper challenges such ontological framings. Drawing from conceptual insights into diverse economies and alternative economic spaces (e.g. Gibson-Graham, 1996:2004; Lee and Leyshon, 2003) and adopting an integrative approach to practice (Shove and Pantzar, 2005; Hand and Shove, 2007), this paper examines the practices that constitute artisanal and industrial baking. Specifically, it focuses on the ways in which embodied practices constitute the spaces of production for such foods. While acknowledging the considerable distances between the geographies that circumscribe these alternative and conventional foods, this paper argues that practices of food production narrow these distances, thereby destabilising the alternative/conventional binary. The geographies of food may mobilise an array of places, materials and ideologies, which are suggestive of two opposing systems of food provision, but practices of food production reveal an array of marginal spaces that challenge this. By reorienting critical attention onto these marginal spaces, the differences between artisanal and conventional food become blurred – and the affinities produced through normalised discourses and materialities of food are contested, resisted and disrupted. I argue these spaces are insurgent and that they come together through affinitive practices, which result in the potential for radical change within food provision.

In this paper we focus on the comparative analysis between Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and its modern version, Anouilh’s Romeo and Jeannette . Anouilh is a representative of modern playwrights who evoke Shakespeare in their argument that a number of structures in our society are enemies of the authentic individual. What they adopt from Shakespeare is the capacity of man to relate with the world in a loving way. We argue that Anouilh’s Romeo and Jeannette fits the template of Shakespeare’s Tragic Equation – the mythical pattern present in all of the Bard’s works, the tragedy of the Lover devoid of love. These works evoke Shakespeare’s warning: that modern society is not conducive of love. On the contrary, the system is based on the suppression of genuine human affection; its re-emergence would subvert the dominant power-relations. In the introduction, we attempt to define the notion of romantic love by referring to the works of Bloom, Illouz, Vyvyan, etc. The following two segments of the paper deal with the analysis of the romantic relationship in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and its modern evocations in the work of Anouilh. In the conclusion, the destructive tendencies of the (modern) patriarchal society are yet again highlighted and linked to Shakespeare’s warning and desire to make his audience and readers perceive, judge and finally condemn them.

There are some significant differences between the health systems in German speaking Europe and Sweden: In Sweden, the number of hospitals is small, caregiving services in the hospital and ambulatory sector are integrated, health professionals with university degrees are granted extended competencies and rights incl. first line consultation and limited prescription. Education is designed to prepare for these functions and responsibilities. It started more than 30 years ago when Linköping implemented the OECD-model of Health Universities. Interprofessional teaching, common learning of the various tracks and training on real patients are constitutive elements of this novel approach. Karolinska University in Stockholm adopted the model in 1998 and gave way to a nationwide reform. A recommendation of the German Science Council regarding training of health professionals, published 2012, drew the attention of educators to this approach. The paper explains the circumstances of the consolidation of this concept. It is important to realize that overarching governance principles and measures deriving from health and education policy are of crucial importance. They evolve from evaluations of needs carried out by the regional health agencies which lead to conditional mandates and financial incentives to the education sector. Moreover, decisions taken by the national board for accreditation and quality assurance take also in account the goals set and the outcomes in education and caregiving. Outside Sweden they would be considered an inappropriate limitation of academic freedom.The paper ends with a reflection of impressions collected during a study trip and shows some lessons to be learnt from the Swedish education and practice.

The role of parents-in-law according to Erik Erikson’s theory, has been analyzed in this paper. Erikson claims that a man develops throughout his whole life, solving subsequently appearing crises. The proper solution of these crises enables the achievement of integration. The results of research, carried out by Menelaos Apostolou, regarding the influence of parents on the choice of a son or daughter-in-law have been presented in this paper. These results show that the marital choices of offspring most often lack their parents’ approval, and they often also lead parents to use manipulation techniques. Such regularity is often the basis of difficult spouse-parent-in-law relationships. The role of parents-in-law takes place in the period of middle adulthood in which an individual faces the productivity-stagnation process. It has been assumed that the role of parents-in-law is embedded in this crisis. According to Erikson, the crisis in the period of middle adulthood, as well as in any other period, is the friction of two opposing pursuits: progression and regression, where in case of middle adulthood, the progression stage is called productivity and regression – stagnation. Moreover, social and individual factors (including biological and psychological levels) activating regressive and progressive states in parents-in-law have been submitted for analysis. It is stressed, in this paper, that the parents’ virtue, which is care, is not limited only and exclusively to their own biological offspring – the process of upbringing should also include a broad understanding of the notion of providing welfare to future generations.

The present paper examines the relationship between prevention as an investment strategy and the perceptions about unit-linked insurance on the intention to purchase interest rate guarantees for such products. We propose a framework in which the relationship between adopting prevention as an investment strategy, and the intention to purchase interest rate guarantees is moderated by the level of financial literacy of the individual and this interaction is mediated by the perceptions regarding unit-linked insurance. We find support for our conceptual model by testing it on a sample of 1017 financial decision makers in Germany using a moderated mediation analysis. The paper therefore offers insights into the decision-making process of financial consumers in Germany and presents practical implications for designing products for age-old provision.

The syntactic parser ARTEMIS (Automatically Representing Text Meaning via an Interlingua-based System) is a prototype intended to process natural language within the environment of the Functional Grammar Knowledge Base (FunGramKB) (Perinan-Pascual & Arcas-Tunez, 2010). Different from other parsing devices, ARTEMIS is grounded on two functional linguistic models: Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) (Van Valin & La Polla, 1997; Van Valin, 2005) and the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM) (Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal Uson, 2008). However, certain adjustments have to be made to both models in order to meet the requirements derived from the fact that ARTEMIS follows the paradigm of Unification Grammars, in such a way that to comply with this paradigm, the GDE (Grammar Development Environment) within ARTEMIS needs to integrate two types of constructs: a catalogue of Attribute-Value Matrixes (AVMs) to describe grammatical units, and a set of production rules (grammatical, lexical and constructional) to allow it to produce a feature based grammar. It is the aim of this paper to give an overview of the investigation carried out so far within ARTEMIS in relation to these two aspects. We will do so by revisiting the literature in relation to the adjustments made to the linguistic models, especially to the RRG, and by reviewing the efforts made to describe the units and design the rules necessary for the parsing of simple sentences in English. Our paper will conclude by pointing at prospective research needed for the completion of this project.

This paper presents oral narratives told about Abuna Gärima, one of the so called Nine Saints, and his evangelical mission in northern Ethiopia. The narratives presented in the paper discuss different issues: where and how did he write his Gospel, which is believed to be the first Ethiopic Gospel, and the oldest known manuscript in the literary culture of the country; the different miracles the Saint performed during his years of service at the monas­tery; and how he is commemorated in the people’s popular songs and qǝne, a unique style of Gǝʿǝz poetry. These narratives were collected through oral interviews made with individuals who relate themselves to the monastery which is believed to have been founded by the Saint., Aethiopica, Vol 19 (2016)

This paper is about the introduction of the lion as symbol in the manorial system in myecenean greece. Theories were built on the archeological facts that shows a connection between Mycenae and Creta and Egypt. Early mycenean symbols of lions have an oriental look, so historians see an adoption from Egypt. Showing the integration of the symbol in the manorial system in Mycenae ist the main goal of this paper., historia.scribere, iss. 7, p. 9

The subject of this paper is a fragmented oil-lamp, discovered at Pontes (east Serbia) dated to the 6th century, whose handle ending is shaped as a woman’s head. The question posed in this paper is whether the image of this woman could be identified as a portrait of some particular person or if it is just as a pictorial sign with some complicated symbolic meaning. The suggested identification alludes to the image of some of the empresses from the second half of the 6th century. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177007: Romanisation, urbanisation and transformation of urban centres of civil, military and residential character in Roman provinces in the territory of Serbia i br. 47018: Viminacium, Roman city and military camp - research of the material and non material culture of inhabitants by using the modern technologies of remote detection, geophysics, GIS, digitalization and3D visualization]

Beginning with expressions such as ideographs, the author’s autograph, and the copyist’s autograph, this paper explains the dilemma of some Late Medieval Manuscripts in Slovenian collections that were mistakenly identified as being the author’s own textual creation. The main part of this paper focuses on three mid-15th-century copyists: Martin of Loka, Matjaž Jurčič of Kapela, and Herman Talner of Trebnje. Because each of them added the name of their hometown to their signature, all three can be recognized as hailing from Slovenian places. Martin of (Škofja) Loka was an erudite man, and this is evident from his texts he wrote in German, Slovenian and Latin, as well as from his many forms of scripts. Matjaž Jurčič of Kapela was probably a freelance artist, and the colophon to his copy of an epic poem contains an inscription in Latin, German and Provençal. Working in a remote location, the third, Herman Talner, copied a lengthy politically-oriented poem for Lord Ludvik of Castle Kozjak. At the end of their work all three added colophons which provide valuable information about these individuals and the conditions in which they worked.

Contemporary conditions require health professionals both to employ published evidence in their individual practices and as a profession to produce valid evidence of their outcome effectiveness. Heretofore, these two processes of evidence-based practice have often been confounded as one. This theoretical paper separates the two processes into «Evidence-Supported Practice» and «Evidence-Informed Practice.» Each requires a different approach to evidence accumulation and use. Nonetheless, the two processes can and should be interlinked. For external (research) evidence, the research pyramid model values equally the internal and external validity of studies, as both are important for the implementation of external evidence. Furthermore, external evidence must be combined with internal evidence (data generated in the course of interaction with a client) in the decision-making of practitioners. Examples from recent research on occupational therapy practice and literature from several other health professions are cited for illustration. This paper formulates a more comprehensive model for evidence-based practice. From this model follow specific recommendations for practitioners, researchers, and educators in the health professions.

The concept of innovation ecosystems gained significant importance in academic research on strategy and practice over the last years. The emergence of the Internet of Things is disrupting industries and setting the ecosystem in the focus of innovation. Even traditional analog industries, like the energy industry, are under pressure to foster and manage ecosystems during their innovation efforts. Thus, the energy industry represents an appropriate setting for examining the evolution of an innovation ecosystem under the empirical lens of controversies, which describe the challenges of the status quo and is congruent with previous research on dialectical inquiries as source of innovation dynamics. For the purpose of this paper, the Actor-network theory (ANT) is regarded as an appropriate tool since it allows researchers to analyze how actors interact due to their specific interests with each other and thus configure the ecosystem in its base. ANT further enlarges the perspective of handling actors, while it involves not only human but also non-human actors (i.e. technologies). This is a valuable and necessary feature while dealing with digital innovations such as virtual power plants (VPP). By analyzing three how distinctive typologies, their mechanisms as well as their pathways of controversies affect the innovation ecosystem of VPPs and the evolution of the technological components of the innovation, this interaction between human and non-human actors is highlighted. In consequence, our research emphasizes the significance of involving non-human actors into managerial strategies and the role they inherit for the evolution of ecosystems. Furthermore, the present research reveals that controversies are not only a moderating factor but also a constitutional one for the coevolution of the ecosystem as well as the innovation itself especially during the forming phases. With respect to recent research of the management of digital innovation, this paper contributes to a better understanding of managerial challenges associated with digital innovation and their respective ecosystems.

Whereas crowdsourcing as a topic has often been addressed in recent literature, web-based crowdworking platforms that manage the interface between crowdsourcers and crowdworkers have not received much attention so far. Furthermore, most of these platforms focus on either the management of external or internal crowds; platforms that handle both groups are rare. This paper investigates such a provider: the German company Across Systems. It uses a hybrid model, offering an individual “mini crowdworking platform” that enables the simultaneous government of external and internal crowds as well as a more traditional marketplace crowdworking platform (crossMarket) where supply and demand meet. Using a single-case study approach, the main contribution of this paper is to shed light on a model that has the potential to change the current crowdworking platform market. We show that managing both external and internal crowds on one platform can increase the acceptance, quality and speed of task completion.

This paper investigates the effect of mobile payment on the adoption and use of traditional payment instruments such as cash, checks, and credit, debit and prepaid cards at the point of sale (POS). Data are from a 2012 representative survey on consumer payment choice in the United States. Using discrete-choice random utility models to simulate consumer behavior, the estimation provides two major findings. First, mobile payment does not replace physical payment cards, but is likely to substitute for paper-based payment methods such as cash and checks at the adoption stage. Second, mobile payment does not statistically significantly influence the choice of payment means at the POS in terms of usage. However, there is suggestive evidence that it is complementary to card payments and a substitute for paper-based payment instruments. The findings highlight the potential social welfare gains of mobile payment and provide key insights into challenging issues for the private industry sector. This paper furthermore offers novel evidence on the impact of mobile payment on the use and adoption of existing payment instruments and contributes to the literature on consumer payment choice.

The present paper is dealing exclusively with medico-magical texts and traditions from a Christian Ethiopian environment. The handbooks and collections of various traditional healers in Ethiopia have played a significant role in the chain of transmission of medical and magical knowledge. This paper will focus on the structure and composition strategy exemplified by four Ethiopian manuscripts (MS Or. 11390 from the British Library, MS Éthiopien 402, 402 and 648 from the Bibliothèque nationale Paris). The analysis shows how the specialist knowledge was transmitted, preserved and reused. Moreover, it sheds some light on the protagonists of this transfer., Aethiopica, Vol 18 (2015)

The paper provides a concise insight into the activity of Slovenian musicians residing in Sarajevo during the Austro-Hungarian administration. Besides the Slovenian musicians’ activities at the collective level, the paper discusses their individual endeavours and also endeavours from perspective of guest artists. Guest Slovenian artists such as Slovenian opera, was one of the most renowned ensemble that visited Austro-Hungarian Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This paper deals with the review of the comic phenomenon in Nicolai Hartmann’s Aesthetics . First, the problem of indefinability, which is characteristic to the theories of laughter, is presented, and then the basic settings of Hartmann’s phenomenological philosophical system, with determination of aesthetics’ place in it, are examined. The main part of the paper focuses on the phenomenon of the comic, which is viewed from the perspective of the theory of betrayed expectations. Hartmann makes a distinction between the comic, which is characteristic of an object, and laughter as a reaction to the comic. Emphasizing the connection between laughter and ethics, he distinguishes humor, which includes the positive ethos, and blank comic entertainment, joke, irony and sarcasm, based on the negative ethos. Comic phenomenon is observed by the principles of the stratifi ed structure of the piece of art. The paper aims to show the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to the problem of comic.

The paper is concerned with Toni Morrison’s contemporary novel Beloved , from the point of view of Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s notions of the madwoman in the attic and the anxiety of authorship . The first term refers to the rebellious female hero from the nineteenth-century women’s literature, whereas the latter concerns the fear of writing as a male profession, felt by the nineteenth-century women writers. It is precisely this anxiety that influenced these writers to create the madwoman character, who opposes the patriarchal system in a latent manner. Starting from this critical perspective and asking the question whether contemporary women’s literature also contains such anxiety, the paper focuses on the main female character of the novel Beloved , initially published in 1987. The aim is to point out the difference which separates contemporary Toni Morrison from the nineteenth-century women writers, but is not solely temporal. This difference has to do with the character of the postmodern age, but is mainly related to a shift from the manner in which the nineteenth-century women writers created their female characters. The paper analyses this literary distinctiveness, but also attempts to find a broader meaning of this originality as seen from the point of view of contemporary women’s literature and reading. By focusing on Sethe – the main character of Beloved , the paper points out that Toni Morrison breaks with the tradition maintained by her literary ancestors in that she does not divide her female characters into obedient and recalcitrant ones in relation to the patriarchal system. Instead, she creates a character who is both a motherly angel and a madwoman committing infanticide, thus making it possible for her readers to interpret the novel from the perspective of a woman with ambivalent roles and specific experience. In this way, she also deconstructs the male writing and reading rules. By doing so, Morrison conveys a message that the anxiety of authorship of a contemporary woman novelist can be if not totally cured then certainly lessened by means of writing.

The paper deals with the theme of wedding, wedding customs, views, and beliefs connected to marriage, girlhood and the notion of erotic in the novels Bihorci and The Battle of Mojkovac by Camil Sijaric. The paper links the text of the novels to traditional beliefs connected to wedding and marriage, based mostly on Slavic mythology and the way of life in a traditional rural community. The ethnologically-precisely described wedding customs are parodied and caricatured within the novel’s context or are given a tragic context. Such parodied customs and beliefs play a role in characterisation of characters and in building up their grotesque or, on the other hand, being torn between traditions on the one hand and social and the historical circumstances that the characters live in.

This paper, through Greenblatt’s theory of self-fashioning and correlated with Foucault’s understanding of power and discourse, determines the identity of the characters of the historical dramas Marojica Kaboga and Knez Nikola Zrinjski by Matija Ban, and the possibility of their “slipping out” of their assigned roles. The identity of the characters of Ban’s historical dramas symbolized several levels: national, cultural, political and private. The invention of intent-mentioned historical drama allowed for discourse on power, and found space for self-fashioning heroes and their personal choice. The final part of the paper answers the question whether historical drama with such certain tendency can examine or expound about personal identity.

The aim of this paper is to show how and to what extent destinies of two characters two antipodal drama titles are intertwined in the context of human sinning and atonement. We are going to analyze Dirty Hands by Jean-Paul Sartre and Clean Hands by Jovan Hristic. The paper offers interpretations of errors committed by tragic heroes and their comparison with characters from Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus the King. The paper sheds more light on the role and importance of the environment in shaping human guilt, as well as the consequences which this guilt leaves in the lives of the drama characters. Циљ овог рада јесте да покаже колико се и на који начин прожимају судбине ликова двеју драма антиподног наслова у контексту људског сагрешења и испаштања. Анализирали смо два драмска дела – Прљаве руке Жан-Пол Сартра и Чисте руке Јована Христића и понудили смо тумачења погрешака трагичких јунака и њихово поређење са ликовима из Софоклове трагедије Господар Едип. Осветљена је улога окружења и њен значај у обликовању људске кривице, као и последице које та кривица оставља на живот драмских ликова.

This paper discusses the relation between newer approaches of intercultural rhetoric research (and specifically its distinction between “big” and “small” cultures) and the academic literacies approach which assumes that local institutional and individual biographic factors influence decisively the development of an individual academic writing competence. Based on this discussion it claims that the “research article” does not constitute a single genre but rather a genre colony consisting of members (genres) which differ according to linguistic, disciplinary, institutional and individual affiliations and status of writers and which are connected through a system of family resemblances. This claim is exemplified through a qualitative case study of two German academic texts, a “professional” published paper and a students’ seminar paper. By applying a multi-level text analysis combining genre analysis and rhetorical structure analysis, it is shown that although the two texts exhibit several similarities in terms of their genre structure, their rhetorical macro- and micro-structures differ significantly. These results are interpreted as a corollary of the different institutional and hierarchical positions of the authors and as a single-case support for the initial claim of the paper.

The objective of this paper is to identify sources of the challenges faced by the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union. Based on an actorness approach, the paper offers a systematic and theory-driven framework for the analysis of these challenges. Their investigation is based on publications of thirteen think tanks that were published in the context of the December summit of the European Council in 2013. The paper identifies two main sources at a national level. First, it shows that the significance of national sovereignty in the sensitive domain of security and defence policy is an obstacle to the development of the CSDP. Second, the analysis reveals that foreign policy role conceptions are a fundamental factor: different role conceptions of member states result in a lack of mutual understanding, in missing trust, and finally, in the unwillingness to transfer actorness to the EU level despite a common set of basic interests and values. Yet, the political will of member states will be decisive for the future development of the CSDP.

This paper deals with the motifs of clothing and fashion in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway , with the aim of pointing out that these frequently used motifs of Woolf’s should be seen as one of the points where the character and the city – two significant participants in her novels – meet. Acknowledging the standpoints of Milina Ivanovic Barisic, who understands fashion as both a sign of social status and an expression of personal identity; R. S. Koppen, who reads clothes as a sign of both a personal style and interpersonal (class/ gender) relations (in Virginia Woolf’s case especially); Asta Andresdottir, who has a similar view on clothing based on Woolf’s novels; and McGaw and Vance, who consider the emotional relationship between urban dwellers and their cities, this paper analyses the clothing and fashion styles of two representative female characters in Mrs Dalloway – Clarissa Dalloway and Doris Kilman. Conclusions are then derived as to the way in which the two contrasting styles reveal the social identity and personal characters of each of the heroines, and as to what kind of individual emotional relationship with the city their fashion choices may suggest.

This paper discusses the relationship between the genre of detective story and literary movements. Although this genre was formed during the period of Romanticism, especially in the texts by E. A. Poe, it has been typically linked to Realism. This attitude was established in the early decades of the 20th century by authors such as G. K. Chesterton, Dorothy Sayers, Austin Freeman and others, who have canonized the conventions of the detective story. In the 1960s, however, there was a new trend of questioning the said attitude and fi nding traits of Romantic po/ethics in this genre. (Post)structuralism reads the detective story from the perspective of (post)modernist understandings of culture. The paper concludes that the attitude of the detective genre towards literary movements is not dependent only upon its inherent traits, but also upon the perspectives which analyze those traits. The neverending controversies regarding this problem stress the detective story’s longevity. And longevity, in many theories, equals quality.