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About 20% of all psoriasis patients require photo- and/or systemic therapy because of the severity of their disease. Side effects, contraindications, insufficient clinical responses, and lack of long-term efficacy underline the need for novel and improved anti-psoriatic therapies. In recent years, the technology has been established to generate therapeutic molecules from living cells capable of inhibiting disease-relevant mediators or cell-cell interactions. Several of these so-called biologics interfering with key steps in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis have the potential to meet this need with regard to treating moderate to severe psoriasis. Here, the Psoriasis Study Group of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Forschung (ADF) analyses the established anti-psoriatic treatment modalities. With the shortcomings of these options in mind, biologics with an immediate relevance for clinical application in the treatment of psoriasis are discussed. The focus is on their potential medical advantages along with safety aspects. Moreover, legal and economical aspects with an impact on the use of biologics are addressed.

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This paper investigates the role of USA in promoting of economic order (Ordoliberalism) in Germany after the second world war and further its impact on the bottom- up process of Europeanization. Moreover, the United States of America as a modern federation has become an inspiration for European federation concepts. The main hypothesis is contained in the statement that the depart from the policy of order by the USA has been disastrous for international order. The consequence of this was financial and economic crisis, which further deepened the EU and EMU disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Praxis (16618157) is the property of Aerzteverlag medinfo AG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goal of the Study: An intent of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Acts (ACA), also know as Obama Care, was to slow the expenditure growth in the public Medicare-System by shifting the accountability for health care outcomes and costs to the provider. For this purpose, provider were allowed to form networks, which would then take accountability for a defined population - Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). Ten years after the introduction of ACOs, this paper looks at the impact of ACOs both on quality of care and costs of care to assess if ACOs can be a model of care delivery for Germany., Methods: In a mixed-method approach, a rapid review was conducted in Health System Evidence and PubMed. This was supported with further papers identified using the snowballing-technique. After screening the abstracts, we included articles containing information on cost- and/or quality impact of US-Medicare-ACOs. The findings of the rapid review were challenged with 16 ACO-experts and stakeholder in the USA., Results: In total, we included 60 publications which incorporated 6 reports that were either conducted directly by governmental institutions or ordered by them, along with 3 previous reviews. Among these, 31 contained information on costs of care, 18 contained information on quality of care and 11 had information on both aspects. The publications show that ACOs reduced costs of of care. Cost reductions were achieved compared to historic costs, to populations not cared for in ACOs, and counterfactuals. Quality of care stayed the same or improved., Conclusion: ACOs contributed to slowing the cost growth in US Medicare without compromising quality of care. Thus, a transferal of this model of care to Germany should be considered. However, various policies have led to ACOs failing to unleash their full potential. Against this background, and against the background of stark differences between US Medicare and the German health care system, a critical reflection of the necessary policies underlying ACOs-like structures in Germany, needs to be undertaken., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

How do the earth sciences mediate between the natural and social world? This paper explores the question by focusing on the history of nonfuel mineral resource appraisal from the late nineteenth to the mid twentieth century. It argues that earth sciences early on embraced social scientific knowledge, i. e. economic knowledge, in particular, when it came to determining ore deposits and estimating the magnitude of mineral reserves. After 1900, assessing national and global mineral reserves and their 'life span' or years of supply became ever more important, scaling up and complementing traditional appraisal practices on the level of individual mines or mining and trading companies. As a consequence, economic methods gained new weight for mineral resource estimation. Natural resource economics as an own field of research grew out of these efforts. By way of example, the mineral resource appraisal assigned to the U.S. Materials Policy Commission by President Harry S. Truman in 1951 is analyzed in more detail. Natural resource economics and environmental economics might be interpreted as a strategy to bring down the vast and holistically conceived object of geological and ecological research, the earth, to human scale, and assimilate it into social matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines the evolution of private arbitration in the U.S. over the past decade, focusing on consumer and employment contexts, class action waivers, and regulatory responses. It mentions that notable Supreme Court decisions, such as Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp. and AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, have supported the enforcement of arbitration clauses. It also highlights the clash between arbitration clauses and state laws, with the Court often favoring arbitration.

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In October 2012, U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton, jointly visited Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to demonstrate their united vision of the country's Euro-Atlantic integration. Although the cooperation between the EU and the U.S. in the Balkan state can generally be considered as good, some disagreements between the Transatlantic partners remain, particularly with regards to the closure of the Office of the High Representative (OHR). The paper reflects these controversial issues as well as the current attempts to support constitutional reform in Bosnia. Being a highly sensitive topic, close transatlantic cooperation on the issue seems indispensable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the Fourth Amendment Relevant in a Technological Age? The law of "search and seizure" in the United States derives primarily from United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that "searches" of "houses, persons, papers and effects" be "reasonable" and that judicial warrants authorizing searches be based on "probable cause" to believe evidence will be found. Over the past 200 years, the Fourth Amendment's guarantees have been interpreted largely in the context of what might be called "physical searches" - entry into a house or car; a stop and frisk of a person on the street; or rifling through a person's private papers. But today, with the introduction of devices that can see through walls and clothes, monitor public thoroughfares twenty-four hours a day, and access millions of records in seconds, police are relying much more heavily on what might be called "virtual searches," investigative techniques that do not require physical access to premises, people, papers or effects and that can often be carried out covertly from far away. The Supreme Court's current Fourth Amendment jurisprudence - specifically, its "knowing exposure," "general public use," "contraband-specific," "assumption of risk" and "special needs" doctrines - has both failed to anticipate this development and continued to ignore it, with the result that most virtual searches are left unregulated by the Constitution. This article describes this jurisprudence and how it can foster law enforcement abuse, mission creep, mistaken seizures and physical searches, and an oppressive atmosphere even for the innocent. It then outlines a more technologically- sensitive Fourth Amendment framework. It proposes that every government effort to look for evidence of crime require some justification, but only in proportion to its intrusiveness, so that a computer search of a person's personal records, like a search of a house, would require probable cause, but technologically-enhanced tracking of a person's public movements, like a physical stop on the streets, could be justified on a lesser showing. The article also proposes a framework for analyzing searches of groups, including large-scale data-mining and use of public camera surveillance systems, that would not require individualized suspicion, but rather look at whether the group search is (1) authorized by a legislative process to which the affected group had meaningful access and (2) is conducted in a manner that eliminates discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on recent critiques of securitisation, this paper takes on the concept of "networked security" recently propagated by the German Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development. The authors demonstrate the explicit ascendancy of the military in strategies based on these conceptions which are exemplified by Cicil Military Cooperation (CIMIC). However, in contrast to official claims to the novelty of such cooperation, the basic tenets of CIMIC can be traced to the counterinsurgency strategies of the 1950s and 1960s. Here, Project Camelot - a particularly salient example of military and civic collaboration - is highlighted as a case in which the consequences of military funding and agenda setting have been well-exposed and from which lessons have been drawn. Following, this paper shows how current cases of military-civil collaboration in the field of developmental practice can be detrimental to the causes of humanitarian as well as development aid - as is amply documented, in particular, by interventions of concerned NGO representatives, who highlight the risks and predicaments incurred by being regimented into the role of "development gendarmes". Finally, the prospects for a critical turn, which would involve opting out of the logic of subservience to the military and a fundamental revision of the underlying concepts of development, are sketched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the tax and transfer systems in the European Union and the US to act as an automatic stabilizer in the current economic crisis. We consider two scenarios: a proportional income shock and a shock on employment which increases the rate of unemployment. We find that automatic stabilizers absorb 38 percent of a proportional income shock in the EU, compared to 32 percent in the US. In the case of an unemployment shock 48 percent of the shock is absorbed in the EU, compared to 34 percent in the US. Under the assumption that only credit constrained households adjust current spending on consumption goods to current disposable income, the cushioning of disposable income leads to a demand stabilization of 26 to 35 percent in the EU and 19 percent in the US. There is large heterogeneity within the EU. Automatic stabilizers in Eastern and Southern Europe are much lower than in Central and Northern European countries. With respect to income stabilization, Germany is above the European average for both scenarios. Demand stabilization in Germany is weaker because the number of liquidity constrained households is below the EU average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To mitigate the dangerous impacts of climate change, anthropogenic CO2 emissions must be reduced drastically. In this context, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has been increasingly considered as an option. As a part of the energy and climate change package, the EU has for the first time provided a comprehensive legal framework for the regulation of CCS at the national level. CCS can also be implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, which allows industrial countries to fulfil part of their emission reduction targets in developing countries. This paper explores this option, illustrating how elements of the legal framework proposed for CDM projects in the EU could be utilised, assuming CCS is approved for the CDM. Demonstration of large-scale feasibility and long-term security of storage is still lacking, however. The German Advisory Council on Environment therefore calls for a new law addressing research instead of comprehensive regulation of commercial use under the CCS directive of the EU. To nonetheless provide developing countries with access to CCS technology, promotion as part of technology transfer agreements is a possible alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fifty years after the Rome Treaties, is there empirical evidence for arguing that the EU today is a fully integrated goods and services market in which the "law of one price" prevails at large? Based on a number of consumer price surveys for goods and services in major cities all over the world since the seventies and, comparing the EU to a benchmark, the US market, the paper is affirmative. Price dispersion between EU cities has declined with the Eurozone as the core EU region in the lead surrounded by two concentric circles. EU goods price dispersion has generally approximated the level in the US market. Yet, price dispersion has declined throughout the world underlining the relevance of global integration rather than only regional integration. Furthermore, there is ample evidence that gravity factors against the "law of one price", such as distance costs and borders, are still effective. INSET: E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social organization of care has many important implications for economic inequality in the U.S. today. In this paper, three dimensions are discussed: 1) Care affects standards of living. Flows of money and time within the family have profound impacts on relative standards of riving. Standard measures of poverty and inequality generally understate the needs of dependents, and therefore overstate the well-being of families caring for children, the elderly, or the sick or disabled. 2) Care affects political alignments. The costs of providing family care represent an increasingly important component of earnings inequality between men and women. Opportunities to »outsource« care services intensify differences based on citizenship, race/ethnicity and class. Yet the growing importance of outsourcing may also foster alliances between producers and consumers who share an interest in maintaining and improving care quality 3) Care inequalities reproduce income inequalities. Differences in the quantity and quality of care that children receive have a significant impact on their future earnings. Women are particularly vulnerable to poverty in old age because they accumulate fewer Social Security and pension credits in the labor market. Growing recognition of these dynamics is generating support for new public policies focusing on investments in human capital that could potentially reduce inequality among children and among caregivers or carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Researchers on educational inequality dispute whether the development of the educational system and the different educational reforms that have taken place in Germany since the 1960s have led to a reduction of the effects of social background on educational participation. The empirical analyses of this question requires the use of large samples of official microdata on participation of education for 14 to 18-year-old students. Further, this paper deals with the so far hardly considered question whether the sequential logit model that was suggested for the analysis of educational inequality in the US can also be used for the analysis of the educational inequality in the German tripartite educational system. The empirical results show that educational participation is still closely connected to social background. In addition, statistically significant changes took place between 1950 and 1989 that led to a reduction of inequality. This particularly applies to the odds of attending a middle or upper secondary school in place of a lower secondary school. This dismantling of inequality is closely connected with the declining effects of the occupational position of the head of the family. However, regarding the odds of attending upper versus middle secondary school, inequality by and large remains unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on several content moderation by online platforms has been around for a long time, the associated risk of overblocking initially received little attention in Europe - in striking contrast to the USA. Topics include examines the question of corresponding user rights in Europe was not an issue for a long time.

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From 1926 musical shorts begin to appear commercially in the US as a support to talkies in the recently-built cinemas. Some of these shorts appear useful as a source for jazz research but have been rarely analysed, showing various forms of music and its presentation. With a yearly production volume of about 1000 titles (1926-1940) the musical shorts reflect the spirit of the time using respective performance and stage characteristics, and using serious as well as popular music. In this paper, eight film formats will be looked at systematically, belonging to the most established types of movies. Referring to the musical repertoire of the syncopated music of the musical shorts they can be divided into a first period (1926-1932), and then a more jazz-oriented second period (1932-1940). It is remarkable that the blackface activities correlate with syncopated music (ragtime, cakewalk, coon songs). The showing of social life makes up a large part of the programme: illusory fictitious scenes are staged, such as cabins in front of cotton plantations, a jazz club in Harlem, etc. An analysis of the representative Paramount musical short After Sehen (USA 1929) reveals both musical and visual characteristics of the first and the second period. As a result of the analysis musical shorts can be considered as a significant source for the research on popular music in the USA as well as a basic documentation of the different jazz styles at the time. Due to little material funds a search for these musical shorts should be intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of a military command for Africa (US AFRICOM) symbolizes the radical repositioning of the US military. Facilitated by the consensus in contemporary Western foreign policies - that there can be no development without security - over the last ten years the US military has expanded its activities into civilian domains including development and conflict prevention. As a reaction to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, recent US military doctrines on counterinsurgency and stability operations have singled out the need for more civilian and long-term activities as a precondition for success. AFRICOM has put most of these „military innovations" into practice. Due to the command's focus on development activities, on civil-military coordination and its proposed engagement in non-war situations, in military circles AFRICOM is seen as a role model for future military practices. This paper problematizes the military's expanding mandate and discusses its implications. It argues that the military's increasing engagement in issues of governance and development deeply blurs the normative boundary between the military and the civilian and exposes development as a technology of security. Furthermore, the military's repositioning follows the dominant securitization of so- called „fragile states" and classifies social spaces along Western strategic interests. As a consequence, targeted communities find it hard to separate development efforts aimed at countering poverty and those aimed at countering insurgency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.S. macroeconomic paradigm. One flaw in this paradigm was the neoliberal growth model adopted after 1980, which relied on debt and asset price inflation to drive demand in place of wage growth. A second flaw was the model of U.S. engagement with the global economy, which created a triple economic hemorrhage of spending on imports, manufacturing job losses, and off-shoring of investment. Financial deregulation and financial excess are important parts of the story, but they are not the ultimate cause of the crisis. These developments contributed significantly to the housing bubble, but they were a necessary part of the neoliberal model, their function being to fuel demand growth by making ever larger amounts of credit easily available. As the neoliberal model slowly cannibalized itself by undermining income distribution and accumulating debt, the economy needed larger speculative bubbles in order to grow. The flawed model of global engagement accelerated the cannibalization process, thereby creating a need for a huge bubble that only housing could provide. However, when that bubble burst, it pulled down the entire economy because of the bubble’s massive dependence on debt. The old post-World War II growth model based on rising middle-class incomes has been dismantled, while the new neoliberal growth model has imploded. The United States needs a new economic paradigm and a new growth model but, as yet, this challenge has received little attention from policy makers or economists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the impact of the exchange rate on the role of dollar and euro as international currencies. It is found that exchange rate fluctuations are a major determinant of the international role of currencies only if they reflect sizeable inflation differentials. Accordingly, major changes in the international role of dollar and euro are not to be expected given the continuation of a stability-oriented US monetary policy. However, a move towards more exchange rate flexibility in emerging market economies, reflecting the need for greater monetary policy autonomy, might lead to a relative strengthening of the international role of the euro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term memory culture (Erinnerungskultur) denotes a process in which the past is consciously envisioned in order to (re-)construct historical occurrences according to current requirements and semantic frames of reference. This case study seeks to interpret the first broadcasting of the US American TV series Holocaust in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1979 as a social event. The study focuses on the motives and intentions of persons involved in adapting the series to the national semantic frame. Working at the West German broadcasting corporation (WDR) and the federal center for political education (Bundeszentrale mr politische Bildung), they regarded the broadcasting of the series as an opportunity for adding weight to the perspective of Jewish Holocaust victims in West German memory culture. This paper seeks to show how the first broadcasting of Holocaust was functionalised according to memory culture by analysing the WDR's adaptation and supporting didactic program as well as the didactic perspective which emerges in press coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article focuses on the image of philosopher Max Weber as a political economist. Weber regarded himself as a political economist. The relationship of Weber to the historical school of the political economy, which was considered to be young, is represented thereby in very different way. It is therefore no coincidence that Weber began to be interested in particular, in the frontiers between the political economy and the jurisprudence. In the center of this rather brittle analysis, there is certainly a question, which should employ Weber in consequence of the effects of the legal order on the economy in different historical constellations. One of the studies over "the Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism," still forwards Weber's departure into the United States in archives for social science, while another small paper over American sparkling wines, which relied substantially on the observations made there, developed only after the return. These studies mark the development of Weber from a theoretically informed historical political economist to one, at the social formations and their shaping effect on the economic behavior of humans interested in culture scientists.

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Information about several papers discussed at the conference "The Transnational Significance of the American Civil War: A Global History," held at Friedrich-Schiller-University in Jena, Germany from September 15 to September 18, 2011, is presented. Topics include the founding of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, U.S. cotton in the global economy, and the impact of the U.S. Civil War on Latin America. Speakers included scholars Nicola Miller, Brian Schoen, and Axel Jansen.

The article reports on the workshop "Regulierung im Telekommunicationssektor: Chancen und Risiken im historischen Prozess" (Regulation of the Telecommunications Industry: Chances and Risks in the Historical Process), held on January 27, 2011, in Bonn, Germany. Papers presented discussed such topics as comparisons between regulatory agencies in Germany and the U.S., telecommunications markets in the 19th century, and the legal and economic rationale for state regulation of telecommunications.