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This paper presents a pilot study of audioguides concerning paintings from museums in Italy, Germany and Denmark. The study combines an analysis of speech actions based on categories from the theory of Funktionale Pragmatik with a frame-oriented analysis of knowledge relevant for understanding the audioguide texts, which can be assessed from the formulation choices made by the authors. The focus of the paper is on building a descriptive and analytical tool to identify characteristics of German, Danish and Italian art audioguides. The aim of the study is to establish first results to be substantiated in future work also concerning the receiver modelling (Hörer:innen-Modellierung) in the investigated audioguides and furthermore to see whether intercultural differences are visible in the texts. The study shows that the same speech actions are present in audioguides from different cultures, but that they occur in different proportions according to the specific culture. Along similar lines, it was possible to create a consistent coding system concerning types of knowledge conveyed in the audioguides that enables us to assess and compare the results of analysing the texts. This analysis, too, indicates intercultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the strategies for conveying regional culture-bound terms in monolingual and bilingual (or multilingual) texts and chooses a type of museum for which such terms are particularly important: the folk museum. After a brief overview of this type of museum in Italy and Germany (section 2), section 3 deals with culture-bound terms, their classification and the strategies for introducing them in texts. Section 4 presents the empirical analysis carried out on a corpus of texts from the websites of 10 Italian and 10 German or Austrian folk museums. The use of realia was examined first in the monolingual, then in the multilingual museum communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a research area of the ERASMUS+ project Developing Teaching Competencies for Extensive Reading Programs (LEELU, 2016-2019), an international teacher training intervention on the topic of extensive or free voluntary reading. Subject-specific pedagogy experiences and insights of teachers who established this programme in German as a foreign language in grade 10 are highlighted. In Italy, the Netherlands and Hungary, teachers brought principles of free voluntary reading into practice and developed them further cooperatively. An open-ended teacher survey reveals the success of the programme. Interview transcripts deepen the results of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Medieval Latin, the adjective armelinus, -na and the noun armelinus are attested in notarial documents and other texts from different regions of Western Europe, in a wide chronology. At first glance, both the name and the adjective are related to the classical Latin demonym Armenius, but this etymon does not explain several aspects of its form and function. The present paper reviews all the etymological hypotheses suggested so far and arrives at the proposal that armelinus could be the result of the adaptation of the Andalusian Arabic armaní ~ arminí 'Armenian (tissue)', after converging semantically with armini ~ ermini, derived from the Latin armenius '(skin of the) Mustela ermine'. The authors suggest that both terms - adjective and noun - could arise in the territories corresponding to the linguistic domain of Catalan and that they passed from there to Italy and the rest of Western Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The views concerning the Roman law concept of ius naturale basically come into two groups. Some authors accept the existence of ius naturale as practically binding law, whereas others regard it a pure philosophical Gedankenexperiment. This twofold state of ideas on ius naturale are fuelled for the most part by the contemporary Meinungsklima, though primary sources also raise some important issues of interpretation, increasing obscurity of this notion. In this paper we set out to give a brief outline of the abstract approach and concept of ius naturale put forward by Ulpian at the beginning of the Digest. In addition, we also try to follow the reflections and evaluations by secondary authors on this topic, trying to collect the most common arguments and counter-arguments of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon entering the Oratory of the Rosary at St. Cita in Palermo, the viewer is immediately overwhelmed by an unexpected sensation of light and whiteness: this previously unstudied monochromy is a key characteristic of Serpotta's stucco decoration. This paper proposes a reading of the oratory as a liminal space -- one that requires a reconstruction of the ephemeral elements once present: the group of devout brothers; the ritualized actions they perform; daylight, candles and flowers. By imagining this original setting, the oratory becomes a monochrome preconception of a heavenly locus conclusus. White stucco, therefore, is employed as the material for divine presence, but instead of typically appearing in the vault, the divine lowers itself onto the walls and thus into the mortal world, creating a threshold space between heaven and earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the issue of how tradition intermingles with the innovative politics and ruling system of the Diocletianic tetrarchy. It focuses on the formative as well as on the dramatic, performative aspects of the past. The different modes of dealing with Roman history are to be shown by examples from four major classes of evidence: the monumental (Arch of Constantine), epigraphic, papyrological and rhetorical documents of the Later Roman Empire. Particularly the staged aspects of social interactions as reflected in this material turn out to be an obstacle for any change. Though concordia of the four emperors was omnipresent in tetrarchic propaganda, an inscription from the Egyptian island of Elephantine and a series of papyri from the Panopolite archive of the scholastikos Ammon show that interaction between individuals and the "local" Augustus remained in the field of personal face-to-face relationships. Its main characteristics can be grasped in stylized forms of gift exchange spanning occasionally many generations of a family and thus being part of the individual memoria: imperial letters are but reifications of that common history. In this way, Ammon's brother, the rhetor Harpokration, contributes with his pronouncing basilikoi logoi at the court of Diocletian to maintaining the status of his family as members of the local elite by imperial appointment to priesthood. His rhetorical gift to the emperor was an utterly valuable one: late antique panegyrics were strongly bound to tradition trying to inscribe the present into glorious Roman past, thereby naturalizing new forms of rule. But an analysis of Panegyricus Latinus X (AD 289) shows the difficulties and risks faced by rhetors thriving to find analogies to the dyarchic system in the days of Rome's beginnings. Constantine did much better in amalgamating traditional and innovating elements into a cogent display of power when celebrating his decennalia in the metropolis. His arch succeeded in formulating autocracy in a new code out of traditional elements, inserting his claim into a framework of well accepted signs and rituals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Archiv für Kriminologie is the property of Schmidt-Roemhild Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Manuscript Salmaticensis 2659, which contains Dioscorides' treatise De materia medica, arrived at Salamanca after being bought by a Spanish scholar in Italy. It had been copied in Corfú by John Moschus and it was used in Venice as a model for the Aldine edition of 1499. This paper traces the origin of the manuscript by means of palaeographical, textual and cultural considerations. It is suggested that it was George Moschus, John's son, who took the manuscript to Italy, while the hypothesis that it was Ianos Lascaris who transferred it to the West is rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the conference "Platonismus und Esoterik in byzantinischem Mittelalter und italienischer Renaissance" (Platonism and Esotericism in the Byzantine Middle Ages and the Italian Renaissance), held from July 19-23, 2010, at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. Papers presented discussed such topics as the reception of Plato's philosophy by Nicholas of Kues, Platonism and astrology in the Byzantine Empire, and the practice of hesychasm.

Italian 14th and 15th century culture developed a new understanding of classical antiquity. Unlike the more theological reception of classical antiquity during the Middle Ages, Italian Humanism appreciated ancient Greek and Roman culture more in historical terms (albeit while still cognizant of Medieval traditions), evoking both a meaningful change within the general history of ideas and a significantly new interpretation of the role and function of music within the new social and cultural context. The paradigm of this new view regarding music was the revived but newly interpreted concept of the ancient poet-singer, primarily represented by Orpheus and Apollo, and associated with this concept, the development of innovative musical instruments, especially the lira da braccio. Both the revived concept of the ancient poet-singer and the development of the lira da braccio are, as explored in the paper, products of Renaissance human consciousness, constructed for the purpose of performing a specific functions within a given sociocultural matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the paintings of Italian painter Michelangelo with reference to the book "Timaios," by author Plato. Topics discussed include paintings installed in chapels, false architecture of Sistine Chapel, history of chapel's architecture, and church in Italian Renaissance.

The article offers information on Austria and Hungary after the World War I. Topics discussed include researches on World War I, Italian army in Austria during the war, diplomatic corps of Italian government, participation of British trade unions in the war, territorial claims of Italy for separating Romania with Austria.

Copyright of Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

This article analyses the rise of public debt in Italy since the 1970s. It argues that Italy's path into debt differed from other countries of Southern Europe. Rather than historical path-dependencies, both the macro-economic conditions during the 1970s and the specific interests of the institutions involved in the debt management can explain the countries growing deficits. The article shows how the Italian central bank was able to increase its institutional power, while the financial sector profited from the trade in government bonds and treasury certificates. The high saving rates of private households, which financed a huge part of the public debt, explain why there have been no dramatic bank insolvencies or external debt crises in Italy since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a history of the architectural design process for the facade of the Reggio Emilia, Italy cathedral. The author imposes a chronology on the drafting of plans, selection and transportation of building materials, and commissioning of various architectural aspects for the cathedral. Note is taken of related research by architecture historians including Giovanni Saccani, Otello Siliprandi, and Giulio Zavatta.

The article presents an analysis of foreign language learning in Italian schools within the context of the stated European Union policy that students should be competent in two foreign languages in addition to the mother tongue. The author states that in Italian schools the English language is an integral part of the curriculum but that other languages are overlooked, a situation which must be changed. The author argues that action is needed at the level of the European Union for reform to take place in Italy. Referred to are works by linguistics professors Gerhard Stickel and Ulrich Ammon.

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie ( KZfSS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The automotive industry is one of the industries reflecting most clearly the process of globalization and its effects on national labour relations and labour standards, in a comparison of four countries - Germany, Italy, Spain and Hungary, we try to analyse the changes of labour relations and standards in the industry. The analysis reveals that in the age of globalization trade unions as supporters of collective social standards are on the defensive. However, the different national paths of this process also show that states and trade unions are more than mere victims of the pressures of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Berliner Journal für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Compass is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Especially in the early phase, it is difficult to obtain reliable figures on the spread of a pandemic. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated comprehensive but incomplete data monitoring provide a strong reason to estimate the number of unreported cases., Aim: The aim of this paper is to present a simple mathematical model that allows early estimation of the number of unregistered cases (underreporting)., Material and Methods: Prevalences of reported infections in different age groups are combined with additional assumptions on relative contact rates. From this, a corrected prevalence is derived for each age group, which can then be used to estimate the number of unreported cases., Results: Our model derives for Germany in mid-April 2020 about 2.8 times more total infections than registered cases. For Italy, the model results in a factor of 8.3. The case mortalities derived from this are 0.98% for Germany and 1.51% for Italy, which are much closer together than the case mortalities of 2.7% and 12.6% derived purely from the number of reports available at that time., Conclusion: The number of unreported SARS-CoV-2-infected cases derived from the model can largely explain the difference in observations in case mortalities and of conditions in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and Italy. The model is simple, fast, and robust to implement, and can respond well when the reporting numbers are not representative of the population in terms of age structure. We suggest considering this model for efficient and early estimations of unreported case numbers in future epidemics and pandemics., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Italy was the first Western nation to be affected by the pandemic, becoming a pioneer in the fight against the new corona epidemic. The outbreak of COVID-19 disease presented the country with major challenges, which were not always well managed. On September 15, 2020, there were a total of 288,723 cases in Italy, with 35,641 COVID-19 related deaths nationwide. The present paper asks whether there is anything to be learned from the Italian experience and the different ways in which the pandemic is being managed in many countries., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

The famous violin virtuoso Nicolò Paganini (born on 27 October 1782 in Genoa, died on 27 May 1840 in Nice) left us with many puzzles. An interesting aspect is his hair: In the 19th century, hair given away as a token of friendship or romantic love became very popular, and Paganini also seems to have made use of this fad. In 2009, a lock of hair, purportedly that of Paganini, kept in a locked presentation box together with a bilingual autograph inscription saying: "Alla Signora Chatterton avec les compliments de Nicolò Paganini" was bought at an auction. From this hair lock a sample was taken and was investigated morphologically by using digital light microscopy (digital microscope VHX-100, Keyence) in reflected and transmitted light with and without polarization at different magnifications up to 1:5,000. The sample was then compared with a hair sample from the possession of the Paganini family, which had been microscopically examined in 2012 by the co-author of this paper yielding numerous figures with measurement results that had been stored and could be retrieved for direct comparison. The hair sample consisted of ten strands of hair or hair fragments and was investigated with great effort for the following parameters: exogenous hair damage, especially feeding traces caused by parasites, modeling and angulation of hairs, hair thickness, medulla and pigmentation, curling and mercury load on the trace material. After evaluation of all findings not only a non-exclusion of identity can be determined, but due to the broad match of also rare findings there is no reasonable doubt about their identity. In addition, the findings suggest that the studied hair samples are in fact from Paganini's head. The present case of Nicolò Paganini's hair lock is also an excellent starting point for reflections on the probative value of trace hair investigations. This point is also critically discussed in the paper. Finally, this study shows that said lock of hair had probably really been dedicated and given to Eliza Davenport Latham (born on 25 November 1806, died on 9 January 1877), the future wife of the, at that time, best-known and most famous English harpist John Balsir Chatterton (born on 25 November 1804, died on 9 April 1871). Paganini must have met her on his concert tour 1831/32, where he had travelled to Paris, London, the rest of England, Scotland and Ireland.

In this paper I try to throw some light on Rosenfeld's thought and his way of working when he came to Italy. I would like to show, in a sketchy way, the evolution of his thought and in particular the new way he looked at clinical practice at that time. My point is that the Rosenfeld we met in Italy was able to open new horizons in clinical practice, implicitly questioning some of his own or his circle's previous viewpoints.

In this paper I address the issue of the theoretical and epistemological status of embryology at the rise of the so-called "Scientific Revolution" (also in the first half of the seventeenth-century) and raise the question, in what sense and to what extent the historiographical concept of "Scientific Revolution" is applicable to the domain of embryology. To achieve this aim I compare the theories of three protagonists of the medical, scientific and philosophical debate of that age, namely Cesare Cremonini, William Harvey and René Descartes, who had very different views on the world structure and human nature and a very different concept of science, but who shared, as concerns embryological issues, an epigenetic conception of the development of the embryo. Their theories are discussed and compared in light of following questions: 1) What do Cremonini's, Harvey's and Descartes's embryological theories exactly aim to?; 2) In developing their theories, do these thinkers deal explicitly or implicitly with the Aristotelian and the Galenic embryological paradigm?; 3)Do they refer polemically to the Aristotelian and the Galenic tradition and what theoretical and/or rhetorical function have these polemical references?; 4) Do the embryological theories of Cremonini, Harvey and Descartes reflect the century-long dispute between "(Aristotelian) philosophers" and "(Galenic) doctors"?; 5) How is represented embryology as a 'scientific' and/or 'theoretical' domain? And what relationship between concepts of 'truth', 'research', 'tradition' and 'scientific progress' is implied or proposed in the embryological works of these three thinkers? What kind of use do Cremonini, Harvey and Descartes make of the argumenta ex ratione and of those ex experientia?

Who was responsible for the treatment of sick children in the countryside during the second half of the 19th century? This paper investigates the medical complaint accusing the rural population of only reluctantly bringing their sick offspring to academic physicians. The following analyses the role Franz v. Ottenthal (1818-1899), a 'representative' of a private rural medical practice, played in the specialised medical market attending to childhood diseases. An exemplary survey of Ottenthal's medical records for patients from the age of one to 14 years throughout the 1890s has shown that children contributed a relevant percentage of the whole of the physician's patient distribution. It may therefore be assumed that Ottenthal knew how to successfully merchandise his specific therapies. On the demand side, however, parents of sick children were not solely reliant upon this physician. Evidence from the medical records provides information as to when parents regarded medical self-help as no longer supporting the recovery of their children, the cures of lay healers failed, or cases when parents were not satisfied with the therapeutic treatments other physicians had to offer and therefore consulted Ottenthal.

The paper focuses on the structure of the obstetric market in a rural region of alpine South Tyrol (today: Italy) throughout the 1860s. Besides midwives and parturient women, also male obstetricians are traceable in the actual research area of the Tauferer Ahrntal. Among them was the general practitioner Dr. Franz von Ottenthal, whose medical records (Historiae Morborum, 1847-1899) are used to reconstruct the participation of physicians in the obstetric market. Special emphasis lies on the evaluation of the predominant hierarchies (midwives/surgeons/physicians) and the position of Franz von Ottenthal in this specialized medical sub-segment. Therefore, the quantitative extent of obstetric intervention as well as the qualitative dimension of treatments (medication, surgeries) is investigated. So far, the relevance of Ottenthals obstetric practice as to the gender ratio has been measured as rather high, considering that he generally treated more female than male patients. An attempt will be made to estimate the significance of the obstetric segment within his practice in order to find an explanatory approach for the higher female medical demand.

This paper centers on the relationship between renaissance medicine and antitrinitarianism forming an important part of the radical reformation in 16th century. Antitrinitarians denied the theological concept of the triune Christian God. Modern antitriniarianism was first formulated by Michael Servetus, a Spanish physician. The doctrine soon won disciples in northern Italy (Padua, Pisa, Rome) and in some countries of eastern central Europe (Poland, Moravia, Transylvania). Physicians who believed in or sympathized with antitrinitarianism revolutionized the theory of blood flow. They developed new concepts leading to Harvey's theory of the circulation of the blood. Parts of Servet's theory looked like Paracelsus's mystical idea of the eternal flesh of the body of Christ (Latin limbus aeternus), but later the medicine and natural philosophy of antitrinitarian physicians tended to be empiristic, rational and sometimes materialistic. They contributed heavily to the diffusion and physiological foundation of antitrinitarian concepts like unitarianism, tolerance and irenism.

Unlabelled: The German Adaptation of the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale: An Instrument for Patients' Satisfaction with Mental Health Care., Aim: Measuring effectiveness and quality of care became an important topic in psychiatry. Considering that objective criteria were not sufficient in the past, the subjective perspective gained growing interest. Client satisfaction is an important variable to evaluate psychiatric care. Patient satisfaction can influence treatment outcome as well as it determines the psychiatric system itself., Method: The Italian original version of the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS-54) was translated and adapted to the German language. The instrument has been tested in the project "Cost-effectiveness of psychiatric service systems". The process of development, the psychometric testing and the practical application of the German version will be presented in this paper. Additional advantages and disadvantages are discussed., Results: As psychometric properties of the instrument correspond to conventional standards, they are comparable with the results of an international study. The drop out of items cannot be controlled, therefore analysing the data is difficult., Conclusion: Although the VSSS shows various methodological limitations, it is at the moment an appropriate instrument for measuring patient satisfaction in the German language.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the connections between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and the physician and pharmacist family Lavater in Zurich. The analysis of the correspondence between Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff (1770-1837) and the Lavater family and between the Lavater family and the government of the duchy of Weimar shows an interesting story about a picture "Goethe in Italy".

This paper reports on a case of hepatozoonosis of a dog imported from Italy to Germany being additionally infected with Ehrlichia canis and Babesia canis. Furthermore, a survey of the epidemiology of the Hepatozoon canis infection is presented.