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We present an English translation of Erwin Schr\"odinger's paper on "On the Reversal of the Laws of Nature". In this paper Schr\"odinger analyses the idea of time reversal of a diffusion process. Schr\"odinger's paper acted as a prominent source of inspiration for the works of Bernstein on reciprocal processes and of Kolmogorov on time reversal properties of Markov processes and detailed balance. The ideas outlined by Schr\"odinger also inspired the development of probabilistic interpretations of quantum mechanics by F\'enyes, Nelson and others as well as the notion of "Euclidean Quantum Mechanics" as probabilistic analogue of quantization. In the second part of the paper Schr\"odinger discusses the relation between time reversal and statistical laws of physics. We emphasize in our commentary the relevance of Schr\"odinger's intuitions for contemporary developments in statistical nano-physics., Comment: Revised version. 24 pages, 2 figures. Introduction 2 pages, Translation of the german original pag. 3-10, Commentary pag 10-22

Background Clinical efficacy of pollen allergen immunotherapy has been broadly documented in randomized controlled trials. The underlying clinical endpoints are analysed in seasonal time periods pre-defined on the basis of the background pollen concentration. However, any validated or generally accepted definition from academia or regulatory authorities for this relevant pollen-exposure intensity or period of time (season) is currently not available. Therefore, this Task Force initiative of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) aimed to propose definitions based on expert-consensus. Methods A Task Force of the Immunotherapy and Aerobiology and Pollution Interest Groups of the EAACI reviewed the literature on pollen-exposure in the context of defining relevant time intervals for evaluation of efficacy in allergen immunotherapy trials. Underlying principles in measuring pollen exposure and associated methodological problems and limitations were considered in order to achieve a consensus. Results The Task Force achieved a comprehensive position in defining pollen exposure times for different pollen types. Definitions are presented for ‘pollen season’, ‘high pollen season’ (or ‘Peak pollen period’) and ‘high pollen days’. Conclusion This EAACI position paper provides definitions of pollen exposures for different pollen types for use in Allergen Immunotherapy trials. Their validity as standards remains to be tested in future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The herbicide glyphosate is frequently detected in surface waters and its occurrence is linked to agricultural as well as urban uses. Elevated concentrations downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) suggest that municipal wastewater is an important source of glyphosate in surface waters. We therefore conducted a study at a typical municipal WWTP in Switzerland to characterize the seasonality of glyphosate occurrence, the removal efficiency, and the processes involved in glyphosate removal. Glyphosate was present in raw (mechanically treated) wastewater during the whole study period (April to November). A lab incubation experiment with activated sludge indicated negligible degradation of glyphosate. Lack of degradation combined with strong adsorption lead to substantial enrichment of the compound in the sludge. Due to this enrichment and the long residence time of activated sludge (several days, compared to hours for wastewater itself), concentrations in treated wastewater show comparatively little variation, whereas concentrations in raw wastewater may fluctuate considerably. Overall removal efficiencies were in the range of 71–96%. This behavior could be described qualitatively using a numerical model that included input of glyphosate via raw wastewater, adsorption to activated sludge, and export via treated wastewater and excess sludge, but excluded degradation processes.

The preparation, structural characterization, luminescence, and catalytic activity of three palladium(II) complexes bearing imino phenoxide ligands are reported. The X-ray studies revealed that the complexes are mononuclear with palladium centres coordinated in a square-planar coordination environment. Two of the complexes are emissive in solution at room temperature. The catalytic activities towards the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide (rac-LA) were tested. Polymers with moderate molecular weights and relatively broad dispersity (Ð) were obtained. Kinetic studies revealed that the polymerization followed first-order kinetics. Graphical abstract Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00706-017-2119-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience; Surface coating and bulk treatment of wood are two effective measures which can, individually or conjointly, protect exterior wood from deterioration. This paper reports on the blue stain attack in coated wood, untreated and modified with DMDHEU, after six years of natural exposure.

Residues of Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and hemp (Cannabissativa L.) as well as industrial wood chips in various proportions from 0–100% were used as raw materials for the main component of the middle layer in urea formaldehyde bonded particle boards. peerReviewed

TMP (thermo-mechanical pulps) and CTMP (chemo-thermo-mechanical pulps) were made from pine wood and recycling MDF, which has been prepared from pine wood too. The fibres were tested for their wettability using the method developed by Roffael et al (2002). The results reveal that TMP are much less wettable in comparison to CTMP from the same wood. Moreover, fibres made from UF-bonded MDF by the TMP- and CTMP-process are of much higher wettability compared to TMP and CTMP prepared directly from wood. No significant difference in the wettability between TMP and CTMP from UF-bonded MDF was detected. This behaviour has been attributed to the fact that the UF-resin in MDF degrades during thermohydrolytic pulping leading to the formation of ammonia and free urea. Therefore, pulping of UF-bonded boards takes place under chemo-thermo-mechanical conditions (CTMP). peerReviewed

Background Introgression of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) by successive backcrosses is used to improve elite lines (recurrent parent) by introducing alleles from exotic material (donor parent). In the absence of selection, the proportion of the donor genome decreases by half at each generation. However, since selection is for the donor allele at the QTL, elimination of the donor genome around that QTL will be much slower than in the rest of the genome (i.e. linkage drag). Using markers to monitor the genome around the QTL and in the genetic background can accelerate the return to the recurrent parent genome. Successful introgression of a locus depends partly on the occurrence of crossovers at favorable positions. However, the number of crossovers per generation is limited and their distribution along the genome is heterogeneous. Recently, techniques have been developed to modify these two recombination parameters. Results In this paper, we assess, by simulations in the context of Brassicaceae, the effect of increased recombination on the efficiency of introgression programs by studying the decrease in linkage drag and the recovery of the recurrent genome. The simulated selection schemes begin by two generations of foreground selection and continue with one or more generations of background selection. Our results show that, when the QTL is in a region that initially lacked crossovers, an increase in recombination rate can decrease linkage drag by nearly ten-fold after the foreground selection and improves the return to the recurrent parent. However, if the QTL is in a region that is already rich in crossovers, an increase in recombination rate is detrimental. Conclusions Depending on the recombination rate in the region targeted for introgression, increasing it can be beneficial or detrimental. Thus, the simulations analysed in this paper help us understand how an increase in recombination rate can be beneficial. They also highlight the best methods that can be used to increase recombination rate, depending on the situation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00619-0.

Das Thema Wasserstoff wird seit längerem diskutiert, doch jüngst hat es im Zuge des Corona-Konjunkturpakets des Bundes einen spürbaren Bedeutungszuwachs erfahren. Eine Wasserstoffwirtschaft verspricht die notwendige nachhaltige Transformation der Wirtschaft bei gleichzeitigem Erhalt der Industriestruktur, zusätzliche Arbeitsplätze und Wachstumspotenziale in einer resilienteren Ökonomie. The aim of the paper is to examine the areas in which there is a potential for hydrogen use in Germany. The race to the top has already started. Green hydrogen's potential is immense. The long road to development has already been undertaken, and now a rapid implementation is required to prepare this technological and structural transformation for international competition. The paper considers from an administrative perspective how the production and application potentials are distributed in Germany, from which recommendations for further actions are derived

This paper explores the use of fuzzy difference methods in order to understand the differences between forest classes. The context for this work is provided by REDD+, which seeks to reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by rewarding the conservation of forests in developing countries. REDD+ requires that local inventories of forest are undertaken and payments are made on the basis of the amount of forest (and associated carbon storage). At the most basic level this involves classifying land into forest and non-forest. However, the critical issues affecting the uptake, buy-in and ultimately the success of REDD+ are the lack of universally agreed definition of forest to support REDD+ mapping activities, and where such a definition is imposed, the marginalization of local community voices and local landscape conceptualizations. This tension is at the heart of REDD+. This paper addresses these issues by linking methods to quantify changes in fuzzy land cover to the concept of data primitives, which have been previously proposed as a suitable approach to move between land cover classes with different semantics. These are applied to case study that quantifies the difference in areas for two definitions of forest derived from the GLC and FAO definitions of forest. The results show how data primitives allow divergent concepts of forest to be represented and mapped from the same data and how the fuzzy sets approach can be used to quantify the differences and non-intersections of different concepts of forest. Together these methods provide for transparent translations between alternative conceptualizations of forest, allowing for plural notions of forest to be mapped and quantified. In particular, they allow for moving from an object-based notion of forest (and land cover in general) to a field-based one, entirely avoiding the need for forest boundaries.

The paper engages with the Casuistic questions posed in the book on the Perfect Duties to Oneself, in the Metaphysical Principles of the Doctrine of Virtue of the Metaphysic of Morals. It investigates whether it is possible to identify Kant’s literal answers to the casuistic questions that Kant himself poses, concluding that it is not. Therefore, Kantian answers rather than Kant’s answers are discussed. The paper’s outcome supports a rigorist interpretation of Kant’s ethics., Diese Arbeit wurde dank einer DAAD Post-Doc Research Fellowship an der Universität Siegen, Zentrum für Kommentarische Interpretationen zu Kant (ZetKIK), durchgeführt. Sie wurde im Juli 2016 und Januar 2017 ausführlich mit Herr Prof. Dieter Schönecker und seiner Forschungsgruppe (Larissa Berger, Christian Prust, Elke Schmidt, Maja Schepelmann, Volkmar Schocke, Thomas Sukopp) diskutiert. Ich bin ihnen dafür und vieles mehr sehr dankbar. Eine frühere Version meiner Arbeit wurde im November 2014 an der Universität Konstanz, innerhalb eines Workshops über Kants Pflichten gegen sich selbst, vorgestellt und diskutiert. Deshalb bin ich der Organisatorin Frau Dr. Federica Basaglia und den damaligen Teilnehmern (Thomas Höwing, Prof. Piero Giordanetti, Ina Goy, Giuseppe Motta) dankbar., {"references":["Kant, Immanuel (1900ff.), Gesammelte Schriften. Hrsg.: Bd. 1-22 Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 23 Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, ab Bd. 24 Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Berlin 1900ff.","Busembaum, Hermann (1746), Medulla theologiae moralis, o.V., Roma.","Cremaschi, Sergio (2007), L'etica moderna. Dalla Riforma a Nietzsche, Carocci, Milano.","Dörflinger, Bernd (2013), \"Ethische Methodenlehre: Didaktit und Asketit\", in A. Trampota, O. Sensen, J. Timmermann (Eds.), Kant's \"Tugendlehre\", de Gruyter, Berlin-Boston, SS. 383-405","Giordanetti, Piero (2007), \"Zu Kants Tugendlehre\", Itinera. Rivista di Filosofia e di Teoria delle Arti e della Letteratura, SS. 1-10","James, David (1992), \"Twenty Questions. Kant's Applied Ethics\", Southern Journal of Philosophy, 30, SS. 67-87","Montaigne, Michel de (1595), Essais, Villey et Saulnier, Verdun","O'Neill, Onora (2002), \"Instituting Principles: Between Duty and Action\", in M. Timmons (Ed.), Kant's Metaphysics of Morals. Interpretative Essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 331-347","Patrone, Tatiana (2013), \"Making Sense of Kant's Casuistry\", in S. Bacin, A. Ferrarin, C","La Rocca, M. Ruffing (Hrsg.), Kant und die Philosophie in weltbürgerlicher Absicht, de Gruyter, Berlin-Boston, SS. 483-494","Schmidt, Elke E. / Schönecker, Dieter, Kant on suicide. A new interpretation of § 6 of the Doctrine of Virtue, forthcoming","Schüßler, Rudolf (2012), \"Kant und die Kasuistik: Fragen zur Tugendlehre\", Kant-Studien, 103/1, SS. 70–95","Unna, Yvonne (2003), \"Kant's Answers to the Casuistical Questions Concerning Self-Disembodiment\", Kant-Studien, 94, SS. 454-473","Warda, Arthur (1922), Immanuel Kants Bücher, Breslauer, Berlin","Wolff, Christian (1743), Vernünftige Gedanken von der Menschen Thun und Lassen, Renger, Halle"]}

Robust flutter analysis described in this paper is based on the robust control theory framework. Therefore, a time-domain linear fractional transformation representation of the perturbed aeroelastic system is modeled. Then, the robust stability is analyzed by means of the structured singular value $$\mu$$ μ , which is defined as an alternative measure of robustness. Robust flutter analysis deals with aeroelastic (or aeroservoelastic) stability analysis taking structural dynamics, aerodynamics and/or unmodeled system dynamics uncertainties into account. Flutter is a well-known dynamic aeroelastic instability phenomenon caused by an interaction between structural vibrations and unsteady aerodynamic forces, whereby the level of vibration may trigger large amplitudes, eventually leading to catastrophic failure of the structure. The primary motivation of the robust flutter analysis is that this method allows the computation of the worst-case flutter velocity which can support, for example, the flight test program by a valuable robust flutter boundary. This paper addresses the issue of an approach for aeroelastic robust stability analysis with structural uncertainties with respect to physical symmetric and asymmetric stiffness perturbations on the wing structure by means of tuning beams.

The paper deals with Stephan Tichy, the very first Slovak scholar who dealt with Kant’s philosophy in his work Philosophische Bemerkungen über das Studienwesen in Ungarn, anonymously published in 1792. In this work Tichy openly advocates incorporating Kant’s philosophy into university education, with an emphasis on the significance of Kant’s philosophy to the educational system and the total independence of philosophy as such. The paper also compares Kant’s method of teaching philosophy introduced in the Announcement of the Programme of Lectures for the Winter Semester 1765—1766 with Tichy’s ideas on how to teach philosophy at universities.

Summary Main aim of this paper is to compare the classification accuracies of glacier change detection by following classifiers: sub-pixel classification algorithm, indices based supervised classification and object based algorithm using Landsat imageries. It was observed that shadow effect was not removed in sub-pixel based classification which was removed by the indices method. Further the accuracy was improved by object based classification. Objective of the paper is to analyse different classification algorithms and interpret which one gives the best results in mountainous regions. The study showed that object based method was best in mountainous regions as optimum results were obtained in the shadowed covered regions.

Der Beitrag stellt die Idee des postheroischen Managements im Kontext der Entwicklung organischer anstelle mechanischer Managementsysteme sowie der digitalen Transformation der modernen Buchdruckgesellschaft in eine „nächste“ Computergesellschaft vor und skizziert die Idee einer agilen Produktentwicklung in heterarchischen Netzwerkstrukturen organisationalen Handelns The paper discusses ideas of post-heroic management in the double context of a development of organic instead of mechanic management systems and a digital transformation of modern printing press society into a “next” computer society. The paper then looks into the idea of agile product development within heterarchic network structures of organisational action.

„The paper discusses Kant’s first argument from space in the „Critique of pure Reason”. It argues that, contrary to what parts of the literature have claimed, the argument provides convincing reasons for the view that in order to locate objects in space outside us we must already presuppose the idea of space such that it cannot be borrowed from the objects perceived in space. The paper shows how the argument can be made transparent not only by clarifying Kant’s usage of “distinct from” and “ausser uns” but also by retracing its main idea back to the 1768 essay “Concerning the Ultimate Foundation of the Differentiation of Regions in Space” and its incongruent counterparts argument.”, Professor Dr. Dietmar Heidemann, Institute of Philosophy, University of Luxembourg, {"references":["Allison, Henry E. (1983), Kant's Transcendental Idealism. An Interpretation and Defense, 1. Auflage, Yale.","Allison, Henry E. (2004), Kant's Transcendental Idealism. An Interpretation and Defense, 2. Auflage, Yale.","Baum, Manfred (1996), \"Kants Raumargumente und die Begründung des transzendentalen Idealismus\", in H. Oberer (Hrsg.), Kant. Analysen - Probleme - Kritik, Bd. II, Würzburg, S. 41-63.","Buroker, Jill Vance (1981), Space and Incongruence. The Origin of Kant's Idealism, Dordrecht.","Dicker, Georges (2004), Kant's Theory of Knowledge, Oxford, New York.","Falkenstein, Lorne (1995), Kant's Intuitionism. A Commentary on the Transcendental Aesthetic, Toronto.","Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1971), Theorie Werkausgabe, E. Moldenhauer und K.M. Michel (Hrsg.), 20 Bde., Frankfurt a. M.","Heidemann, Dietmar H. (2002), \"Anschauung und Begriff. Ein Begründungsversuch des Stämme-Dualismus in Kants Erkenntnistheorie\", in K. Engelhard (Hrsg.): Aufklärungen. Festschrift für Klaus Düsing zum 60. Geburtstag, Berlin, S. 65-90.","Kant, Immanuel, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, J. Timmermann (Hrsg.), Hamburg 1998.","Kant, Immanuel, Gesammelte Schriften. Hrsg.: Band I–XXII Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band XXIII Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, ab Band XXIV Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Berlin 1900ff.","Kant Werkausgabe in 12 Bänden, W. Weischedel (Hrsg.), mehrere Auflagen, Frankfurt 1977.","Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1890), Briefwechsel mit Clarke, in: Die philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, C. I. Gerhardt (Hrsg.), Bd. 5, Berlin.","Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1882), Nouveaux Essais sur l'Entendement Humain, in: Die philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, C. I. Gerhardt (Hrsg.), Bd. 5, Berlin.","Locke, John (1975), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, P. H. Nidditch (Hrsg.), Oxford.","Strawson, Peter F. (1966), The Bounds of Sense. An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, London.","Unruh, Patrick (2006), Transzendentale Ästhetik des Raumes. Zu Immanuel Kants Raumkonzeption, Würzburg.","Vaihinger, Hermann (1922), Kommentar zu Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 2 Bde., 2. Auflage, Stuttgart.","Van Cleve, James/Frederick, Robert E. (Hrsg.) (1991), The Philosophy Of Right And Left: Incongruent Counterparts and the Nature of Space, Dordrecht.","Warren, Daniel (1998), \"Kant and the Apriority of Space\", in Philosophical Review 107, S. 179–224.","Wolff, Christian (1741), Vernuenfftige Gedancken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen ueberhaupt, Halle 111741 (= Deutsche Metaphysik, abgk. DM), in: ders.: Gesammelte Werke, hrsg. und bearb. von J. École, H. W. Arndt, Ch. A. Chorr, J. E. Hofmann und M. Thomann, Hildesheim u.a. 1962 ff."]}

Summary Although China's GDP has become the world's second largest, China's long-term economic growth with high speed and long-lasting “efficiency first” policy guidance, has brought China into a complicated situation, therein serious inequality exists in China and it has become one of the most serious problems in China nowadays. This paper focuses on China's inequality issues in the context of the world, especially on comparison between China and the European countries, concerning of our common pursuit for socialist values. Comparative method is widely used in the paper. Gini Coefficient and Percentage of Total Income of National Population by Income Quintile are utilized as main indicators, and the two results just mutually verify each other. We find that the huge inequality in China does not fit into the title of socialist country and its socialist extent is far less than the European's, even inferior to typical capitalist countries. Finally, we make a ladder target of the Gini coefficient standards for Chinese government to keep constraint by oneself.

This paper provides a detailed system theoretical model of a plenoptic camera with the aim to provide in-depth understanding of the plenoptic data recording concept and its effects. Plenoptic cameras, also known as light field cameras, were firstly thought of in the beginning of the 20th century and became recently possible thanks to rapid development of processing hardware and the increase of camera sensor resolution. Despite being a new type of sensor, they are operated in the same way as conventional cameras, but offer several advantages. A plenoptic camera consists of a main lens and a lenslet array (microlens array) right in front of the detector. The microlens array causes not only the recording of the incident location of a light ray on the sensor, as it is done by a conventional camera, but also the incident direction. Such a record can be represented by a 4-D data set known as the light field. In fact, by inserting a microlens array any conventional camera can be transformed into a plenoptic camera. The plenoptic recording concept and the 4-D light field provide multiple advantages over conventional cameras. For example, a single recorded light field allows first, to reconstruct novel views with small changes in viewpoint, second, to create a depth map, and third, to refocus images after the data capture. Hence, the process of focusing is shifted from hardware to software. Last, but not least, plenoptic cameras allow an extended depth of field in comparison to a conventional camera and the use of a bigger camera aperture. Most of the mentioned advantages become particularly effective at close-range to an object. The German Aerospace Center performs research on plenoptic cameras for close-range imaging in space. Possible applications are for example robot vision with plenoptic cameras for robotic arm operations during on-orbit servicing missions or the use of plenoptic cameras on rovers in the course of exploration missions to other planets. Those application scenarios and the demanding conditions in space require thorough comprehension of plenoptic cameras. For this purpose, this paper shall provide a detailed model of plenoptic cameras, which allows to derive camera parameters and optimize them with particular attention to the user requirements and to generate synthetic data. The latter can be utilized to assess the evaluation algorithms, which are not mentioned in detail in this paper. The modeling of the plenoptic camera is mainly based on the theory of geometric optics expanded by elements of diffraction optics.

This paper presents the results from three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction simulations of an aeroelastic wind tunnel experiment which was conducted in the Transonic Wind Tunnel in Göttingen, Germany in 2013. The experimental setup consisted of two wings: a rectangular NACA0010 wing, which was used as a gust generator, and further downstream a three-dimensional elastic wing representing the outer part of a typical transport-aircraft wing, the so-called "Aerostabil" wing. Laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition has been tripped to generate turbulent flow. The investigations in this paper are focused on the numerical influence of fixed transition compared to fully turbulent simulations. The effect of the different aerodynamic modeling becomes most obvious for higher angles of attack. Compared to experimental data, steady simulations of static aeroelastic lift polars show the improvement of the numerical prediction accuracy for coupled simulations with fixed transition modeling. Moreover, unsteady simulations reveal a significant reduction of unsteady loads for simulations with fixed transition compared to fully turbulent simulations.

The exploration and potential future exploitation of solar system bodies requires technologies for precise and safe landings. Current navigation systems for landing probes are relying on a combination of inertial and optical sensor measurements to determine the current flight state with respect to the target body and the desired landing site. With a future transition from single exploration missions to more frequent first exploration and then exploitation missions, the implementation and operation of these missions changes, since it can be expected that a ground infrastructure on the target body is available in the vicinity of the landing site. In a previous paper, the impact of a single ground-based beacon on the navigation performance was investigated depending on the type of radiometric measurements and on the location of the beacon with respect to the landing site. This paper extends this investigation on options for ground-based multiple beacons supporting the on-board navigation system. It analyzes the impact on the achievable navigation accuracy. For that purpose, the paper introduces briefly the existing navigation architecture based on optical navigation and its extension with radiometric measurements. The same scenario of lunar landing as in the previous paper is simulated. The results are analyzed and discussed. They show a single beacon at a large distance along the landing trajectory and multiple beacons close to the landing site can improve the navigation performance. The results show how large the landing area can be increased where a sufficient navigation performance is achieved using the beacons.

The paper focuses on the performance and aging behavior of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide commercial standard material (NCM-111) which is improved with a post synthesis process in order to enhance the cathode active material of lithium-ion pouch cells regarding their capacity and cyclic stability. The aging behavior of the cells is analyzed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) during long-term electrochemical load cycling tests based on the Common Artemis Driving Cycle (CADC). Additionally, post-mortem investigations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed. The results demonstrate that post-processing of electrode active material is an effective tool to improve the properties of lithium-ion electrode materials, especially regarding high energy applications and lifetime optimization. The paper bridges the gap between lithium-ion battery electrode material development and the necessary cell testing under automotive relevant conditions which is important for the evaluation of new lithium-ion battery materials for automotive applications.

This paper presents the first experimental demonstration of the virtual bandwidth synthetic aperture radar (VB-SAR) imaging scheme. VB-SAR is a newly developed subsurface imaging technique which, in stark contrast to traditional close proximity ground penetrating radar schemes, promises imaging from remote standoff platforms such as aircraft and satellites. It specifically exploits the differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) phase history of a radar wave within a drying soil volume to generate high-resolution vertical maps of the scattering through the soil volume. For this study, a stack of C-band vertically polarized DInSAR images of a sandy soil containing a buried target was collected in the laboratory while the soil moisture was varied—first during controlled water addition, and then during subsequent drying. The wetting image set established the moisture-phase relationship for the soil, which was then applied to the drying DInSAR image set using the VB-SAR scheme. This allowed retrieval of high-resolution VB-SAR imagery with a vertical discrimination of 0.04 m from a stack of 1-m vertical resolution DInSAR images. This paper unequivocally shows that the basic principles of the VB-SAR technique are valid and opens the door to further investigation of this promising technique.

In this paper a particle filter for absolute train localization based on magnetic field measurements is proposed. The filter utilizes distortions of the earth magnetic field introduced by ferromagnetic infrastructure components along the railway track. The distortions are characteristic for a certain part of the track network and therefore are a source of position information. The particle filter introduced in this paper incorporates a prior created map of these distortions to estimate the train position. This only requires low-cost passive magnetometers and a simple movement model that accounts for the limited dynamics of a train. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated in an evaluation with measurements collected on a train driving in a rural area. Overall a position root mean square error below four meters could be achieved, proving that the magnetic field is a viable source of position information that is independent from other localization systems like GNSS.

This paper investigates some of the main problems concerning the normativity of aesthetic judgments in Kant’s Critique of Judgment. Kant’s attempt to provide a transcendental foundation to aesthetic judgments clashes with the impossibility to find a determined conceptual rule under which they could be subsumed. This paper aims to discuss and clarify the set of problems derived from this attempt, focusing especially on the artistic perspective. In order to do that, it will be necessary to deal with the following notions: eautonomy, sensus communis aestheticus and genius. From this analysis it will emerge the importance of exemplarity as concept that allow us to highlight some implicit and usually neglected aspects of Kant’s aesthetic theory., Lebenswelt. Aesthetics and philosophy of experience., N. 10 (2017)

In recent years, the phenomenon of pits with special deposits, i.e. ritual pits, seems to have, once again, attracted attention both in Europe and in the Balkans. In the central Balkans, scientific literature related to this topic is still deficient, hence one of the objectives of this paper is to change the current state and rekindle interest in the study of this form of manifestation of the spiritual culture of prehistoric man. It appears that one of the oldest reasons for sacrificial offerings is primal, instinctive fear. The fear of the transience of life or of death compelled our ancient ancestors to make some sort of “agreement” with the surrounding forces, bestowing particular sacrifices onto them. Sacrifice represents one of the rituals of prehistoric communities which could have been performed in a number of ways and in different circumstances. One of these are offerings placed in pits, in the form of specific objects, food, drink or living beings sacrificed to higher powers and accompanied by certain symbolic actions, for the purpose of gaining their favour or help. When interpreting pits, what should further be considered is that the fundamental difference between a discarded object and an object used for a ritual purpose lies in the fact that the object of ritual character is still meaningful to man, performing a symbolic function, unlike the former, whose role is lost after being disposed of. Aritual object, an item or a living being sacrificed in a pit, is no longer of common, worldly significance (food, drink, tools, etc.), but rather possesses a symbolic, sacral meaning, intended for higher powers, to propitiate and appease them, that is to create some form of the oldest religious communication. Not only is it difficult to identify the pits used for ritual purposes in the course of fieldwork, but it is even more challenging to interpret them and practically impossible to accurately reconstruct the actions performed during the rituals. Many authors who concern themselves with this topic concur that the context of a pit and the objects within it, the choice of offerings and their symbolism, along with the pit’s stratigraphy and other patterns observed in it, are in fact the features that make it distinct, i.e. ritual. Similar pits are known throughout history and their descriptions can be found in ancient written sources, as well as identified in the field, with certain differences, stretching back all the way into deep prehistory. This paper presents several newly discovered ritual pits in the central Balkans from the Eneolithic, Bronze and Iron Age, and additionally mentions some of the previously published pits from the area and its near and more distant surroundings. In the course of recent investigations conducted at the site of Bubanj, two ritual pits were recorded in the Early Eneolithic horizon of the Bubanj-Hum I culture. Next to the first, shallower (up to 0.2 m), oval shaped pit, of around 2.5 m long and 1.7 m wide, an oven was noted, while the pit was filled with whole vessels, parts of grindstones, chipped and polished stone tools, baked clay, animal bones, etc. (Figs. 1, 2; Pl. I). Two smaller hollows were noted in the northern part of the pit, while several postholes, which might have supported some kind of roof or shelter construction, were detected somewhat deeper in the subsoil, around the oven and the pit. Below this pit, a smaller one was noted, around 0.7 m deep and with a base diameter of about 1.2 m, filled with yellow, sandy, refined soil. The bottom of the pit was dug to the level of the subsoil and levelled. The second ritual pit from Bubanj was considerably deeper (around 1.5 m) and approximately 1.7 m in diameter, with baked walls and filled with red ashy soil. It contained fragmented or whole vessels, chipped stone tools, a part of an altar, an air nozzle (tuyиres), a polished stone axe, tools made of horn, a fragment of a grindstone, pebbles, house daub and animal bones (Fig. 3; Pl. II). Part of the inventory had been burnt, particularly in the lower section of the pit. This paper also mentions the Late Eneolithic pit from Vinča, containing eight whole vessels in an inverted position (Fig. 4; Pl. III), as well as the Bronze Age complexes from Kokino Selo and Pelince, in northern Macedonia (Figs. 5, 6), comprising several dozen pits, commonly with a broken stone construction, in which whole vessels, along with tools made from chipped and polished stone, baked clay or bone and large amounts of daub were discovered. In the Iron Age, the number of ritual pits significantly increased in all of Europe and, from this period, two pits from the area surrounding Vranje are presented - one with mixed contents (the skulls, without the lower jaw, of at least six male wild boars, as well as the skulls, lower jaws, right pelvic bones and shoulder blades of at least six deer, along with parts of grindstones, pottery and daub fragments and a chipped stone tool) and the other with a complete skeleton of a young female horse, a baked clay weight and chipped stone flaking debris (Figs. 7, 8; Pl. IV).1 The pits were dated, by means of conventional C14 dating, to the period from the mid-6th to the mid-4th century BC.2 By comparing and analysing a large number of pits from the central Balkans and the neighbouring areas, it was observed that ritual pits, as a form of an ancient, primitive religiosity, had already emerged in the Palaeolithic and endured in Europe throughout the entire prehistory, despite various natural and social changes that occurred during this extended period. The pits proved to have been located both outside inhabited areas, as well as in settlements (even under houses), either individually or clustered, and in some cases also constituting entire complexes, with protective architecture in the form of a roof or a shelter (Bubanj, Ohoden). The surface areas occupied by the complexes, along with the dimensions and shapes of the pits, the stratigraphy of their contents, their architecture and many other elements vary considerably, even within a single complex. It is for this reason that it is not possible, at this moment in time, at least without very detailed and comprehensive analysis, to discern some regularities or patterns which could, with any certainty, be considered reliable. This primeval custom, therefore, cannot be linked to any particular period, culture or region, but was entirely dependent on the state or level of the spiritual consciousness of an individual or a community. This religious idea started to decline during the Roman domination and vanished entirely at the time of Christianity. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 177020: Arheologija Srbije: kulturni identitet, integracioni faktori, tehnološki procesi i uloga centralnog Balkana u razvoju evropske praistorije]

This paper deals with a low to middle order finite volume/lumped capacitance thermal model of an electric machine and the correction of critical parameters. The different parts of the electric machine are divided into sub-volumes called finite volumes or lumped capacitances. From the given characteristic geometry of the electric machine, the thermal resistances to create the system matrix are calculated. The resulting non-linear equation system is solved for steady state condition for a given current density. The result is compared to experimental measurements allowing the calculation of material correction parameters included in the thermal resistances using the least square method. In a second step an experiment with time dependent current in the stator windings is done. The experiment then is simulated with the time dependent current measured in the experiment using the correction parameters found in the first step. The paper aims to present the possibility to calculate the maximum temperatures very accurately with this method.

This paper deals with the retrieval of agricultural crop height from space by using multipolarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Coherent and incoherent crop height estimation methods are discussed for the first time with a unique TanDEM-X dataset acquired over rice cultivation areas. Indeed, with its polarimetric and interferometric capabilities, the TanDEM-X mission enables the tracking of crop height through interferometric SAR (InSAR), polarimetric interferometric SAR (PolInSAR) and the inversion of radiative transfer-based backscattering model. The paper evaluates the three aforementioned techniques simultaneously with a data set acquired in September 2014 and 2015 over rice fields in Turkey during their reproductive stage. The assessment of the absolute height accuracy and the limitations of the approaches are provided. In-situ measurements conducted in the same cultivation periods are used for validation purposes. The PolInSAR and morphological backscattering model results showed better performance with low RMSEs (12 and 13 cm) compared to the differential InSAR result having RMSE of 18 cm. The spatial baseline, i.e. the distance between satellites, is a key parameter for coherent methods such as InSAR and PolInSAR. Its effect on the absolute height accuracy is discussed using TanDEM-X pairs separated by a baseline of 101.7m and 932m. Although the InSAR based approach is demonstrated to provide sufficient crop height accuracy, the availability of a precise vegetation-free digital elevation model and a structurally dense crop are basic requirements for achieving high accuracy. The PolInSAR approach provides reliable crop height estimation if the spatial baseline is large enough for the inversion. The impact of increasing spatial baseline on the absolute accuracy of the crop height estimation is evident for both methods. However, PolInSAR is more cost-efficient, e.g. there is no need for phase unwrapping and any external vegetation free surface elevation data. Instead, the usage of radiative transfer based backscattering models provides not only crop height but also other biophysical properties of the crops with consistent accuracy. The efficient retrieval of crop height with backscattering model is achieved by metamodelling, which makes the computational cost of backscattering inversion comparable to the ones of the coherent methods. However, effectiveness depends on not only the backscattering model, but also the integration of agronomic crop growth rules. Motivated by these results, a combination of backscattering and PolInSAR inversion models would provide a successful method of future precision farming studies. This work has been supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under project 113Y446, by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and EU FEDER under projects TEC2011-28201-C02-02 and TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P.

Range accuracy of synthetic aperture radar using modern satellites has been proven in centimeter-range after consideration of geodynamic, atmospheric effects and systematic errors; it is so-called Imaging Geodesy technique. Based on this technique, we have proposed the next-generation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) products and developed operational software SAR Geodesy Processor in the previous paper. In this paper, we are concentrated on validation of processor and accuracy analysis on a global-scale. Two datasets with different spatial resolutions generated from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast are used to compensate atmospheric refraction effect in range. At the end, we apply corrections on a Sentinel interferogram by using both datasets.

In this paper I propose a classical optics experiment that results in a maximum violation of a Bell-like inequality. The first part is concerned with the Bell-like inequality (the so-called CHSH-inequality) itself. Its importance and its maximum violation in Quantum Mechanics (QM) are discussed in detail by employing an abstract probability state concept in a 4-dim. but classical event space. A T-matrix that represents the integral part of a corresponding Green׳s function as well as a statistical operator that contains a negative quasi-probability can be related to the corresponding quantum mechanical experiment. It is demonstrated that the derivation and usage of the T-matrix and the Green׳s function is equivalent to what is known from classical scattering theory. It is shown moreover that the negative quasi-probability of the statistical operator may be interpreted as a sink of probabilities related to two single events of the considered 4-dim. event space. A necessary condition for the violation of the CHSH-inequality is derived and discussed afterwards. In the second part of this paper I discuss a modification of the 4-dim. event space considered in the first part. It is shown that a combination of conventional Rayleigh scattering with a Mach–Zehnder setup would be able to put this modification into practice. Thus it becomes possible to achieve a maximum violation of the CHSH-inequality, if formulated in terms of intensities, on a pure classical way. The combination of classical light scattering with correlation experiments such as proposed in this paper may open new ways to study and to use the violation of Bell-like inequalities in modern optics.

International audience; This paper introduces the digital edition Letters and Texts: Intellectual Berlin around 1800, which is being developed by the junior research group "Berlin Intellectuals 1800–1830" at the Institute for German Literature of the Humboldt University in Berlin. The aim of the edition is to shed new light on literary and intellectual networks in the Prussian capital city around 1800 by making accessible valuable letters, manuscripts, and other documents that have been neglected by researchers. The focus is on writers, scholars, and publishers who contributed to the intense intellectual activity in Berlin around 1800 and whose edited texts afford the reader with a deeper knowledge of their writings as well as their position within the intellectual community of their time.As we developed the concept and the editorial guidelines of the edition, we used it as a basis for the class "Introduction to Digital Humanities" given to master's students in the European Literatures degree program at Humboldt University. Besides introducing students to XML/TEI and other tools to help create their own editions, the aim was to encourage debate on the impact of digital humanities on literary studies. The fact that the digital edition Letters and Texts was still in the process of being developed had advantages as well as some disadvantages for the discussions.In the first part of this article, we present the edition in its current state, the content of the corpora, the encoding architecture, and the planned next steps. The second part describes the way this research structure is being used as a facility for teaching. We also describe how we handled questions and the implementation of suggestions arising from the edition in the classroom. General questions about the role digital humanities plays in literary curricula in Germany and what could be gained from introducing digital humanities classes to a curriculum conclude this paper.

The aim of this paper is to prove the existence and stability of solutions of a system of quadratic integral equations in the Banach algebra of continuous and bounded functions on unbounded rectangle. The main tool used in our considerations is the multiple fixed point theorem which is a consequence of Darbo’s fixed point theorem and the technique associated with measures of noncompactness. We also present an illustrative example.

This paper treats Characteristic Mode Analyses of three-dimensional test objects in the context of EMC. Based on computed Characteristic Modes and mode-specific physical quantities, series expansions for HIRF- and DCI-induced surface currents are deduced. The contribution of single Characteristic Modes to surface currents at different test frequencies is analyzed. HIRF- and DCI-excitations are compared with regard to their surface current distributions in their resonance region determined by Characteristic Mode Analysis.

Digital transformation is increasingly affecting many aspects of the world economy. It is boosting economic growth, has an impact on foreign direct investments and increases international trade. Hence, the aim of the paper is to analyse digital transformation in relation with the economic cooperation between Western Balkan economies. In order to do so, we construct two indicators: the harmonised index of economic cooperation among Western Balkan economies and the indicator of digital transformation convergence. The results indicate a rising trend of economic cooperation amongst Western Balkan countries, with cooperation dominated by foreign trade. Even though Western Balkan countries have experienced an increased digital transformation convergence, they are still lagging behind the EU in the use of digital technologies. Hence, placing more emphasis on digital transformation could potentially boost the region’s GDP and thus economic cooperation among them.

International audience; The paper presents a new approach to the human reindetification problem using covariance features. In many cases, a distance operator between signatures, based on generalized eigenvalues, has to be computed efficiently, especially once the real-time response time is expected from the system. This is a challenging problem as many procedures are in fact computationally intensive tasks and must be repeated constantly. To deal with this problem we have successfully designed and then tested a new video surveillance system. To obtain the required high efficiency we took the advantage of highly parallel computing architectures such as FPGA, GPU and CPU units to perform calculations. However, we had to propose a new GPU-based implementation of the distance operator for querying the example database. Thus, in this paper we present experimental evaluation of the proposed solution in the light of the database response time depending on its size.

There is a use of the German third person neuter pronounesesin the prefield, known as prefield-eses, which is characterized by being neither referential, nor an argument of the verb. According to Speyer’s (2008, 2009) optimality theoretic prefield ranking, this should only occur if a sentence contains no alternative element eligible to be moved to the prefield. This paper investigates a so far unnoticed use ofesesin the prefield in combination with a demonstrative pronoundiesand a copula verbist, which will be referred to asEs ist dies-sentence. This construction is an instance of prefield-eses, but contravenes the expectations about the use of prefield-esespostulated by Speyer, sinceEs ist dies-sentences do contain a suitable candidate to fill the prefield, the demonstrative pronoundies. In a corpus study,Es ist dies-sentences are compared to a sample ofDies ist-sentences. According to the corpus data,Es ist diesoccurs predominantly in southern dialects. Significant differences between the two samples concern 1) the distance to the antecedent ofdiesand 2) the type of content of the sentence. An online rating study, that compared acceptability judgments ofEs ist dies-sentences between speakers from different regions, confirmed thatEs ist dies-sentences are a phenomenon of southern dialects. In the light of these results, a modification of Speyer’s (2008, 2009) Stochastic OT model is proposed.

The Shuhi of Muli County, Sichuan province, inhabit the Tibetan-Chinese borderlands. In this paper, we focus on Shuhi kinship practices that accord the house the importance it appears to have for the Shuhi themselves. We demonstrate that the Shuhi engage in kinship practices that are ‘hearth-oriented’ (Hsu 1998b: 67–99) in a dynamic process affected by the current political economic changes in reformist China and religious revivalism in Tibet. The ‘hearth-oriented’ kinship practices we discuss include issues of who among the offspring continues to live in the house of their parents, how places of worship in a house are oriented in relation to the physical environment and the divine landscape, and how practices regarding the naming of houses are changing from deictics of place to lineage and family names. Based on empirical data, gathered between 1996–2011, we show that there are significant differences in all practices, which reflect a Tibetan-Chinese gradient along the north-south axis of Shuhi settlements. But there are also striking continuities., Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques, 71 (1), ISSN:0004-4717, ISSN:2235-5871

In this paper, we introduce multi-Jensen-cubic mappings and unify the system of functional equations defining the multi-Jensen-cubic mapping to a single equation. Applying a fixed point theorem, we establish the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of multi-Jensen-cubic mappings. As a known outcome, we show that every approximate multi-Jensen-cubic mapping can be multi-Jensen-cubic.

This paper analyses the resilience of the French territories of Saint-Martin by considering the issue of drinking and sanitary water supply system recovery in the aftermath of hurricane Irma. We understand resilience as a post-disaster recovery process (Reghezza & Rufat 2019). We address responses and coping strategies deployed by the institutions (local and national authorities, network operators, NGOs) as well as by the local communities and individuals. The fieldwork we carried out in Saint-Martin highlights the fact that the combination of institutional and inhabitants’ responses prevented a humanitarian disaster. On one hand, institutional stakeholders were able to implement effective and efficient coping strategies. On the other hand, inhabitants’ vulnerability to freshwater shortage risks was greatly reduced by an individual adaptation, built well upstream of Irma in response to local context. Our study confirms that networks are socio-technical systems embedded in a set of production and consumption practices. In this sense, drinking and sanitary water systems criticality is territorialized and individual resilience is rooted in “ordinary vulnerability”.

Koncept pametnog grada često se obrađuje, ali još nije postignuta konzistentna definicija. Ipak, svaki je opis gotovo uvijek usmjeren na njegovu tehnološku komponentu, politike održivog razvoja i omogućavanje visokih kapaciteta za učenje i inovacije. Osim toga, pametni grad ima za cilj povezivanje ljudi, informacija i drugih gradskih elemenata koristeći najsuvremenije tehnologije. Kao rezultat, stvara se održivi, zeleniji grad, potiče konkurentna i inovativna trgovina i povećava opća kvaliteta života.Integriranim prikazom pametnog grada ističe se da ne djeluje izolirano, te stoga, svaki podsustav grada treba razvijati svoju pametnu komponentu. Širok raspon rangiranja koristi se za određivanje pametnosti gradova mapiranjem prednosti i nedostataka svakog analiziranog grada. Kao način integriranja različitih pokazatelja u jednu vrijednost koja će predstavljati rang, najčešće se koristi složeni indeksni pristup.Ipak, složeni indeksi najčešće se formiraju primjenom pristupa jednakih pondera, što se u trenutnoj literaturi žestoko kritizira. U ovom radu pokušavamo pružiti dodanu vrijednost indeksu Smart City primjenom statističkog post-hoc I-distance pristupa. Postupak nam omogućuje osvjetljavanje pitanja osjetljivosti ranga gradova. Primjena post-hoc I-distance definira pokazatelje koji su najvažniji za postupak rangiranja što gradskim donositeljima odluka omogućava da poboljšaju svoje poslovanje, s naglaskom na upravo te pokazatelje., The smart city represents a frequently elaborated concept which however comes short in delivering a consistent definition. Nevertheless, almost every description has always been oriented to its technological component, sustainable development policies, and enabling high capacities for learning and innovation. Moreover, the smart city aims at connecting people, information and other city elements using state-of-the-art technologies. As a result, it creates a sustainable, greener city, pushes forward competitive and innovative commerce, and increases overall life quality. The integrated view of a smart city underlines it does not operate in isolation, which is why every subsystem of a city needs to develop its smart component. A wide range of rankings is used to determine the smartness of cities by mapping out the pros and cons of each analysed city. As the way to integrate various indicators into one value which will represent the rank, a composite index approach is most frequently used. Still, composite indexes are usually formed using the equal weight approach, which is heavily criticised in current literature. In this paper, we try to provide added value to the Smart City Index by implementing the statistical post hoc I-distance approach. The procedure enables us to shed some additional light on the issue of sensitivity of cities’ rank. The application of post hoc I-distance defines indicators which are most significant for the ranking process. It consequently empowers city decision-makers to improve their performance, with a focus on those particular indicators.

Summary The aim of WEQUAL project (WEb service centre for QUALity multidimensional design and tele-operated monitoring of Green Infrastructures) is the development of a system that is able to support a quick environmental monitoring of riparian areas subjected to the realization of new green infrastructures (GI). The Wequal’s idea is to organize a service center able to manage both the Web Platform and the whole data collection and analysis processes. Through a personal account, the final user (designer, technician, researcher) can get access to the service and requires the evaluation of alternatives GI projects. On the Web Platform, a set of algorithms runs in order to calculate, through automatic procedures, all the ecological criteria required to evaluate a quality environmental index that describes the eco-morphological value of the monitored riparian areas. For this aim, the WEQUI index was developed, which uses 15 indicators that are easy to monitor. In this paper, the approach for environmental data collection and the procedures to perform the automatic assessment of two of the ecological criteria are described. For the computation, the implemented algorithms use data including the vegetation indexes, Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Digital Surface Model (DSM) and a 3D point cloud classification. All the raw data are collected by UAVs (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle) equipped with a 3D Lidar, multispectral camera and RGB camera. Interpreting all the raw data collected by these sensors, using a multi-attribute approach, the WEQUI index is assessed. The computed ecological index is then used to assess the riparian environmental quality at ex-ante and ex-post river stabilization works. This index, integrated with additional not-technical or not-ecological indicators such as investment required, maintenance costs or social acceptance, can be used in multicriteria analyses in order to evaluate the intervention from a wider point of view. The platform is expected to be attractive for GI designers and policy makers by providing a shared environment, which is able to integrate the method of detection and evaluation of complex indexes and a multidimensional evaluation supported by an expert guide.

Der Beitrag zu Strategien Öffentlicher Bibliotheken legt einen Schwerpunkt auf die Frage, welche Rolle Öffentliche Bibliotheken angesichts der Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts einnehmen können. Auf Basis der Analyse – mehr oder weniger – versteckter Werte der Institutionen und anhand von Beispielszenarien werden die Möglichkeiten und Aktionsfelder von Bibliotheken aufgezeigt und somit ihre Chancen für auch zukünftig hohe gesellschaftliche Relevanz betont. The paper focuses on the role public libraries should play to meet the global challenges of the 21st century. Based on the analyses of hidden assets and by using example scenarios, the author points towards opportunities for public libraries and their potential central fields of action. In this manner, their chances to remain highly relevant social institutions in the future is underlined.

Dieser Beitrag berichtet über das Symposium Planned Languages and Language Planning, das die Österreichische Nationalbibliothek am 24. und 25. Oktober 2019 organisierte. Der Bericht zu den sechzehn Vorträgen gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Forschungsthemen auf dem Gebiet der Interlinguistik. The paper reports on the symposium Planned Languages and Language Planning organized by the Austrian National Library on the 24th and 25th of October 2019. The report on the sixteen presentations gives an overview of current subjects in interlinguistic research.

Modern and energy-optimized buildings often lack an intelligent and advanced control strategy. Instead, conventional rule-based control (RBC) strategies are still mainly used today, which do not exploit the full performance potential of these buildings. Model predictive control (MPC) has proven in simulation studies and pilot cases to be a promising approach to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, while improving occupants’ comfort. However, there is still a lack of implementing MPC in real, large-scale and fully occupied buildings, to further prove this potential in real building operations. This paper describes the implementation and operation of MPC in a large-sized, low-energy office building. The MPC controller was implemented in a section of the building during a three-month test period from February to April 2020, controlling the supply temperature of heating circuits for thermally activated building systems (TABS). Its performance was compared to the default rule-based control which is active in the other building sections. This allows for a detailed evaluation of MPC versus RBC under identical environmental and operational conditions. The MPC controlled building section used 30 % less heating energy than RBC controlled building sections, while the existing high level of thermal comfort could be maintained. Especially in transition periods (i. e. interseasonal periods like late winter/early spring) , the MPC is superior to the conventional heating-curve based control strategy, with heating energy savings of 75 %.

Background and objective: Since 1963, the poison control center in Berlin has been the central helpline for the Berlin and Brandenburg population on the subject of poisoning. Furthermore, the institution performs a vital function in the field of poisoning prevention. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of the volume of consultations and their content from 1999 to 2018. Differences in the urban and rural origin of the callers as well as in the private or professional background of the inquiries are considered. The results will serve to improve prevention work. Methods: The case data of the poison control center (1999–2018) were evaluated and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Correlations between the categories “origin of call” (urban or rural area), “background” (private or professional), and “noxious agent” were analyzed using the Pearson’s chi-squared test. Results: The annual volume of consultations tended to increase. In particular, the increases are mainly related to inquiries regarding exposures of adults and seniors. The most frequent topics were poisoning with medications and products used in daily life. Inquiries about illegal drugs increased the most (average annual growth rate 6.3%). Inquiring persons with a private background can be helped directly in most cases (86.8%), so medical treatment is rarely recommended. Private persons call more frequently from urban areas, while calls from medical staff predominate in rural areas. Calls about pesticides, mushrooms, animals, and plants were more common in rural areas. Calls about food, foreign bodies, stimulants (alcoholic, caffeinated, and nicotine-containing foods/consumables), or illegal drugs, on the other hand, were received more frequently from urban areas., Hintergrund und Ziel: Der Berliner Giftnotruf ist seit 1963 die zentrale Anlaufstelle beim Thema „Vergiftungen“ für die Berliner und Brandenburger Bevölkerung. Ferner nimmt die Einrichtung eine wichtige Funktion im Bereich der Vergiftungsprävention wahr. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklung des Beratungsaufkommens und der Inhalte von 1999 bis 2018 zu beschreiben. Unterschiede bei städtischer und ländlicher Herkunft der Anrufenden sowie bei privatem oder beruflichem Hintergrund der Anfragen werden betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse sollen der Verbesserung der Präventionsarbeit dienen. Methoden: Die Falldaten des Giftnotrufs (1999–2018) wurden aufbereitet und einer explorativen Datenanalyse unterzogen. Über Verfahren der deskriptiven Statistik wurden die Daten ausgewertet und analysiert. Zusammenhänge zwischen der „Herkunft des Anrufs“ (Stadt oder Land), dem „Hintergrund“ (privat oder beruflich) und der jeweiligen „Noxenkategorie“ wurden mittels Pearsons Chi-Quadrat-Test analysiert. Ergebnisse: Das jährliche Beratungsvolumen stieg tendenziell an. Insbesondere Anfragen zu Expositionen von Erwachsenen und Senioren nahmen zu. Häufigste Themen waren Vergiftungen mit Medikamenten und Publikumsmitteln. Anfragen zu illegalen Drogen nahmen am stärksten zu (durchschnittliche jährliche Wachstumsrate 6,3 %). Anfragenden Privatpersonen kann in den meisten Fällen direkt geholfen werden (86,8 %), sodass nur selten eine medizinische Behandlung empfohlen wird. Privatpersonen rufen häufiger aus der Stadt an, auf dem Land überwiegen Anrufe von medizinischem Personal. Im ländlichen Raum wurden Anfragen zu Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln, Pilzen, Tieren und Pflanzen häufiger gestellt. Anrufe zu Lebensmitteln, Fremdkörpern, Genussmitteln oder illegalen Drogen gingen hingegen vermehrt aus dem städtischen Raum ein.

In this paper we establish a new fractional identity involving a function oftwo independent variables, and then we derive some fractionalHermite-Hadamard type integral inequalities for functions whose modulus ofthe mixed derivatives are co-ordinated s-preinvex in the second sense.

The Roman vicus Belginum and the associated Celtic–Roman cemetery have been the subject of systematic archaeological research since 1954. Since 2004, archaeological prospections have been carried out in and around Belginum. Participants included students from the universities of Leipzig, Trier, and Munich as part of study-accompanying field work. This paper deals with the prospections of 2004 and 2016, when nearly 2 ha of land south of the federal road B327 (Hunsrückhöhenstraße) were surveyed. The study area is located on a NW-to-SE-running hillside. All non-local objects present on the surface were collected and three-dimensionally recorded. Previously in 2013, the area was geomagnetically prospected by Posselt & Zickgraf (Marburg). Both surveys revealed a hitherto unknown extent of the vicus about 200 m to the southwest. The findings date back to the late first to third centuries common era. All finds (ceramic, bricks, roof slate, glass, and metal) were recorded and analysed in a QGIS and ArcGIS environment together with lidar scans, the geomagnetic data, and other geographical information. The overall distributions of bricks and pottery were studied in detail. The distribution of bricks is in particular connected to the individual plots, while the pottery is mainly concentrated in the backyards. Regarding surveys in other Roman vici, the brick distribution could be a helpful indicator to identify plots, when no geophysical information is available.

espanolEn este trabajo se presenta un estado de la cuestion relativo a los datos antracologicos disponibles para el Paleolitico medio en la peninsula Iberica. La informacion obtenida es todavia muy escasa y fragmentada, existiendo muchas areas peninsulares con lagunas de datos relativos a las dinamicas de la vegetacion local. La utilizacion de metodos de muestreo diferentes en la recuperacion de los restos antracologicos constituye un factor decisivo que dificulta el estudio comparativo, aunque el dominio de Pinus nigra-sylvestris (pino salgareno-albar) esta documentado desde, al menos, el Estadio Isotopico Marino 6. Ello indicaria la presencia de extensiones de bosques de pinos criofilos durante el Pleistoceno superior en la peninsula Iberica con el predominio de condiciones supramediterraneas (TMA = 8 - 13 oC). Este estado de la cuestion pretende contribuir a una mayor comprension de los paisajes ibericos durante el Pleistoceno superior a partir de la recoleccion de lena por parte de los grupos neandertales. euskaraLan honetan, Iberiar penintsulako Paleolitiko ertainerako eskuragarri dauden datu antrakologikoei buruzko gaur egungo egoera azaltzen da. Lortutako informazioa oraindik ere oso urria da eta zatituta dago eta bertako landarediaren dinamikei buruzko datuetan hutsuneak dituzten eremu ugari daude penintsulan. Hondakin antrakologikoak berreskuratzeko garaian laginketa-metodo ezberdinak erabiltzea faktore erabakigarria da eta horrek alderaketa egitea zailtzen du. Dena den, Pinus nigra-sylvestris (Larizio-pinua) zuhaitzaren eremua gutxienez itsasoko egoera isotopiko 6tik dokumentatuta dago gutxienez. Horrek agerian uzten du Iberiar penintsulan goi mailako Pleistozenoan pinu kriofiloen basoak zeudela eta baldintza suprameditarraneoak zirela nagusi (TMA = 8 - 13 oC). Gaur egungo egoera honen helburua Neanderthalen taldeek egindako egur-bilketatik abiatuta goi mailako Pleistozeno garaiko paisaia iberiarrak hobeto ulertzen laguntzea da. EnglishIn this paper, a state of the art regarding the available anthracological data from Middle Palaeolithic contexts in Iberia is presented. The information retrieved is still very scarce and fragmented, as many Iberian areas present palaeobotanical gaps leading to the lack of information regarding local landscape dynamics. The use of different sampling methods to recover wood charcoal remains is a decisive factor which hampers the comparative study, although the dominance of Pinus nigra-sylvestris (black-scots pine) is recorded since, at least, Marine Isotopic Stage 6. This would indicate the widespread presence of cryophilous pine woodlands during the Upper Pleistocene in Iberia pointing to the prevalence of supramediterranean conditions (MAT = 8 - 13 oC). This state of the art aims to contribute to our understanding of Upper Pleistocene Iberian landscapes based on Neanderthal firewood gathering activities.

In this paper we study existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled system consisting of fractional differential equations of Caputo type, subject to Riemann–Liouville fractional integral boundary conditions. The uniqueness of solutions is established by Banach contraction principle, while the existence of solutions is derived by Leray–Schauder’s alternative. We also study the Hyers–Ulam stability of mentioned system. At the end, examples are also presented which illustrate our results.

With increasing radar activities in the automotive, industrial and private sector, there is a need to test radar sensors in their environment. A radar target simulator can help testing radar systems repeatably. In this paper, the authors present a concept of low-cost hardware for radar target simulation. The theoretical foundations are derived and analyzed. An implementation of a demonstrator operating in the 24 GHz ISM band is shown for which the dynamical range simulation was implemented in a FPGA with fast sampling ADCs and DACs. By using a FIR filtering approach a fine discretization of the range could be reached which will furthermore allow an inherent and automatic Doppler simulation by moving the target.

espanolEn el presente trabajo se ofrece una lectura de Religion dentro de los limites de la mera razon que busca esclarecer el origen y el objetivo de la comunidad etica, y con ello comprender cual es la funcion que tiene la comunidad etica en relacion a la teoria del mal radical, del bien supremo y de la analogia con la comunidad politica. Para dicho proposito, primero argumentare que aquello que hace necesaria la comunidad etica es el mal radical. En segundo lugar, argumentare que el objetivo compartido por todos los miembros de la comunidad etica es el bien supremo. En tercer lugar, mostrare que el bien supremo social de la Religion no es el bien supremo de la Primera Critica. Por ultimo, destacare algunas diferencias entre la comunidad etica y la comunidad politica y dare algunas conclusiones respecto de la analogia politica. EnglishIn this paper, I study the conceptual origin and objective of the ethical community in Religion within the boundaries of mere reason, with the aim of understanding its role concerning Kant’s theory of radical evil and the highest good and its relationship with the political community. I will first show that radical evil makes the ethical community necessary. Secondly, I will argue that the aim all the members of the ethical community share is the highest good. Third, I will show that the highest social good of Religion is not the highest good of the First Critique. Lastly, I will enumerate some differences between the ethical and the political communities respectively and some conclusions regarding the political analogy.