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The current project based on the hypothesis that environmental challenges contribute to genetic characteristics of west-African cattle breeds being associated with adaptation, robustness and heat tolerance. Furthermore, social-ecological transformations in the African context may initiate breeding processes towards improved productivity and product quality. For inferring the respective genomic mechanisms, 449 cattle of the local breeds Borgou, Pabli-Kerou, Lagune and Somba were genotyped using the 50K SNP chip. Based on the first two principal components, breeds could be clearly allocated to different clusters, displaying further sub-clusters for the respective historical populations. Obvious was the large genetic distance with high-yielding German cattle breeds such as HF. A particularity of the genomic studies addressing selection signatures was the possible contrasting with the respective historical populations to infer genetic processes of transformation by time. The annotated potential candidate genes contributed to physiological pathways and mechanisms inducing immunity and adaptation. The detected gene RNF220 has well-known effects on calving ease in HF. Genome-wide associations for measurements of morphological traits could be associated with heat tolerance and disease resistance. The quite large heritabilities for continuous body measurements in cm indicate potential for further optimizations of genetic evaluations for conformation traits. Whole-genome sequencing of the west-African breeds contributed to the detection of four novel milk protein variants, illustrating the importance of west-African genetic resources to improve product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endangered cattle breeds with a small population size are increasingly legging behind in competitiveness compared to intensively used cattle breeds with a large population size, especially concerning the use of genomic data and advances in genomic selection. Enhanced usage of genomic marker data can substantially contribute to the preservation of genetic diversity, to improved inbreeding management and breed competitiveness. The present article presents -- with the Black Pied cattle (DSN) as an example -- possibilities and benefits of genotype and sequence data for genetic improvement and improved competitiveness in breeds with a small populations size. Analyses of whole-genome sequence data in DSN showed a high genetic diversity in genomic regions playing a crucial role in immune recognition and disease resistance. So far, breed comparisons on a phenotypic scale have not shown any superiority of DSN for health traits, but reflected good adaption of DSN to grazing (e.g., improved heat tolerance). Although DSN is considered to be one founder breed of high-yielding Holstein Friesian cattle, both breeds differ significantly from each other in analyses of genomic data. Breed specific genomic characteristics in DSN were identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene analyses for production and functional traits. Hence, we developed a novel SNP chip with breed-specific variants for DSN. This article presents results from GWAS and genomic breeding value estimations when implementing the DSN specific chip. Moreover, we present further approaches for genetic improvement, inbreeding management and maintaining genetic diversity in breeds with a small population size, e.g., including genotypes from other countries or specific cluster analyses to build herd types across national borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Natural Products (NPs) are molecular' special equipment ' that impart survival benefits on their producers in nature. Due to their evolved functions to modulate biology these privileged metabolites are substantially represented in the drug market and are continuing to contribute to the discovery of innovative medicines such as the recently approved semi-synthetic derivative of the bacterial alkaloid staurosporin in oncology indications. The innovation of low molecular weight compounds in modern drug discovery is built on rapid progress in chemical, molecular biological, pharmacological and data sciences, which together provide a rich understanding of disease-driving molecular interactions and how to modulate them. NPs investigated in these pharmaceutical research areas create new perspectives on their chemical and biological features and thereby new chances to advance medical research. New methods in analytical chemistry linked with searchable NP-databases solved the issue of reisolation and enabled targeted and efficient access to novel molecules from nature. Cheminformatics delivers high resolution descriptions of NPs and explores the substructures that systematically map NP-chemical space by sp3-enriched fragments. Whole genome sequencing has revealed the existence of collocated gene clusters that form larger functional entities together with proximate resistance factors thus avoiding self-inhibition of the encoded metabolites. The analysis of bacterial and fungal genes provides tantalizing glimpses of new compound-target pairs of therapeutic value. Furthermore, a dedicated investigation of structurally unique, selectively active NPs in chemical biology demonstrates their extraordinary power as shuttles between new biological target spaces of pharmaceutical relevance.

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The article reports on the advantages of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to predict resistance from bacterial genomes. It mentions NGS is the reliable identification of pathogens, the detection of resistance genes or key mutations for oncology. It also mentions about the identification of pathogens using whole genome sequencing, meanwhile, the pathogens are identified by comparison with a database of known sequences.

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Since the discovery of cell-free DNA fragments of the unborn child in the blood of pregnant women, prenatal diagnosis has been newly defined. While the first non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT) only focussed on the detection of trisomy 21, there are now new sequencing techniques on the market that analyse the whole genome of the unborn child. These tests might generate results whose clinical relevance for the life of the future child are unclear. New needs for decision-making and new responsibilities arise from these extended testing options for future parents. They start at an early time in pregnancy and sometimes go far beyond the time after birth. In extreme cases they might result in a conflict to decide about terminating or continuing the pregnancy. These decisions are not always grounded on evident knowledge but rather on probabilities and prognoses. This article describes some of the ethical dilemmas that result from such new technologies. Furthermore, it is shown how the interaction of genetic knowledge production and social discourses generate new dimensions of responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)