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The article presents a report from a November 14-15, 2013 conference in Heidelberg, Germany on the history of the production and usage of paper in the Middle Ages. Topics of presentations delivered included the digitization of Middle Ages manuscripts at the university library in Heidelberg, Germany, the methodology of paper production in the 15th century, and the history of European paper mills.

The article discusses a November 2008 further education conference at the Carl von Ossietzky Provincial and University Library in Hamburg, Germany on the theme "So That Paper Persists... Experiences With Mass Deacidification." The rationale, methodology, scope, and evaluated results of paper deacidification projects in various German libraries were reviewed.

The article offers information on the Conference of the Jülich Central Library's Research Center to be held in Jülich, Germany on November 5-7, 2012.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium held at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum on October 28-30, 2010 on the various roles of cultural brokers between different religions in countries in the general Mediterranean area is presented. It was sponsored by the Center for Mediterranean Studies and topics include the Jewish influence in 13th century Mongolia, a comparison of various monotheistic and polytheistic religions, as well an analysis of interfaith relationships.

Information about the symposium "Fragment und Makulatur. Vom Einbandfund zur Internetpräsentation", a symposium on the question whether to restore manuscript fragments and to consider them as missing links, or if they are considered waste paper, held July 2, 2012 in Duisburg, Germany is presented. Other topics mentioned are the conservation of manuscripts, a special treatment of Jewish manuscript fragments, and an overview of recent studies is provided.

The article offers a report from a June 5-7, 2013 conference in Wolfenbüttel, Germany on cultural transfer in the area of Lower Saxony, Germany in the upper Middle Ages. Topics of presentations given included the role of trade as a factor in cultural transfer in the city of Goslar, Germany, the equipment and supplies needed in the production of manuscripts, and the history of the German paper manufacturing industry.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium "Institutionen der Geschichtspflege und Geschichtsforschung in Schlesien: Von der Aufklärung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg" held October 1-3, 2015 at Görlitz, Germany is presented. Topics discussed include enlightenment of the past of Silesia, functionality of historical consciousness and the transformations of cultural memory and establishment of Unionism as scientific professionalization process.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium "Die Entwicklung der Hofmusik von der kurfürstlichen Kapelle von Brandenburg zum Hoforchester des ersten Königs in Preußen" held October 16-18, 2015 at Berlin, Germany is presented. Topics discussed include popularity of early modern court chapels in musicological studies, development and the repertoire of the Prussian court orchestra during the reign of King Frederick II and diversity of modern princely courts of Europe.

The article presents a report from a March 16-19, 2015 series of conferences in Tübingen, Germany, Karlsruhe, Germany, Reichenau, Germeany, and Sankt Gall, Switzerland on the differences between European and Japanese politics and ruling during the Middle Ages as reflected in the official documents of the time., Topics of presentations delivered included the role of paper in the rituals surrounding Tennō documents, hierarchical elements of formal styles of Japanese letters, and differences between the letters of Petrus de Vinea and official privileges and mandates.

The article presents a report on a workshop on violence in Communist Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century, held in Potsdam, Germany, on January 24, 2014. Topics of discussion included hormonal contraception, the abuse of psychiatric patients, and violence against children in institutional care. All papers presented drew on the theoretical work of French philosopher Michel Foucault.

The article reports on a conference on the history of antisemitism in Eastern Europe from the late nineteenth century until the beginning of World War II, convened in Warsaw, Poland, from May 16-18, 2013. Papers presented included examples of antisemitic political violence, pogroms, and racist propaganda in such countries as Hungary, Poland, and Ukraine.

The article presents a report on a conference on the philosopher and cultural critic Walter Benjamin, held in Berlin, Germany, from September 18-20, 2013. The papers presented revolved around the translation and reception of Benjamin's works in various locales, including in East Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America.

The article presents a report on a conference on courtly cities and towns in the Holy Roman Empire, held in Neuenstein, Germany, from September 20-22, 2013. The papers presented focused on comparisons between aristocratic life at court and middle-class life, including in such cities as Munich, Germany, Saarbrücken, Germany, and Mainz, Germany.

The article presents the summary of a symposium during which several history and archaeology students from the Universität Bochum, a university in Bochum, Germany, presented their academic papers from June 8-9, 2011. Academic papers presented at the conference included a paper on historical and archaeological sources on roman political and military history, a paper on Matilda of England, the wife of Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, and a paper on antisemitism in the history of the German Empire.

The article reports on a conference on the connection between sports and nationalism in historical perspective, held in Prague, Czech Republic, from June 28-30, 2012. Papers and discussions revolved around the political aspects of sports, exemplified with such case studies as soccer in Denmark during the German occupation in World War II, the participation of the Soviet Union in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland, and international soccer matches between Hungary and Romania from 1936-2009.

The article reports on a conference on the historiography of Jewish history, held in Hamburg, Germany, from June 22-23, 2012. Discussions revolved around the main theme of the meeting, namely the role the study of the history of Jews and Judaism in Germany has played in the development of historiography on Germany more broadly since the 1960s. Detailed papers touched on such subjects as research on the Holocaust in Germany and Austria, Jewish assimilation, and German scholarship on medieval Jewish history.

The article reports on an international symposium in honor of the 140th anniversary of the Seminar für Alte Geschichte (Institute for Ancient History) at Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany, that took place on April 19-20, 2012. Papers presented discussed the lives and works of several classicists and historians who had worked at the institute, including Heinrich Nissen, Eugen Bormann, and Wilhelm Ensslin, and their contributions to the historiography of antiquity.

The article reports on a conference on the demographics and statistics of human casualties during World War II, held in Budapest, Hungary, on December 9-10, 2012. Papers addressed case studies and methodological problems regarding the accounting of victims in several belligerent countries in Europe, including Germany, the USSR, and Poland. Research tools, such as various databases, and the political implications of historiography in this field were also discussed.

The article reports on a conference about the transmission of knowledge and cultural misunderstandings in early modern Europe, held in Mainz, Germany, on April 11-12, 2012. The papers discussed such topics as the role of translators and translations in the conduct of European diplomacy, confessional conflict at the Dordrecht synod of 1618-1619, and the German reception of the Peace of Belgrade.

The article reports on a conference on the Jews in rural areas in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, held in Trier, Germany, from March 19-21, 2012. Focusing primarily on the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, and Bohemia, Czech Republic, the papers presented discussed such topics as the significance of Jewish merchants and administrators in the economic development of rural areas, the persecution and legal protections of Jews, and the social composition of Jewish communities.

The article reports on a conference on connections between world history and macrosociology, held in Freiburg, Germany, from February 10-11, 2012. Papers presented addressed various issues raised by the book "Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts" by German historian Jürgen Osterhammel, including European state formation and imperialism as analytical categories, the concept of modernization, and religious aspects of globalization.

Information about several papers discussed at the conference "The Transnational Significance of the American Civil War: A Global History," held at Friedrich-Schiller-University in Jena, Germany from September 15 to September 18, 2011, is presented. Topics include the founding of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, U.S. cotton in the global economy, and the impact of the U.S. Civil War on Latin America. Speakers included scholars Nicola Miller, Brian Schoen, and Axel Jansen.

Information is presented about several papers presented at the Digital Preservation Summit 2011, held on October 19-20, 2011, in Hamburg, Germany. Topics include predictions regarding the digitization of scientific publications by the year 2020, methods of employing digitization to secure long-term archiving, and the exchange of professional experiences about digital archiving.

Information about several papers presented at a symposium held from September 28-30, 2011 at the Bremen City Library, in Germany, sponsored by book distributor Missing Link, on the subject of electronic books (e-books) is presented . Topics include e-books in the city library, strategic library planning relating to e-books, and publishing practices related to e-books.

The article reports on a conference about the role of symbols and the imaginary in legitimizing political order, which was held in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on October 21-22, 2011. The papers presented addressed such topics as the representation of absolutism in the fables of French poet Jean de La Fontaine, the illustration of critical moments of the French Revolution by French classicist painter Jacques-Louis David, and the epistemological writings of Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza.

The article reports on a conference about the anti-Nazi movement in the Rhineland, Germany, in the 1930s and 1940s, which was held in Bonn, Germany, from September 26-27, 2011. Papers presented discussed opposition and resistance to the Nazi dictatorship by various groups, including Communists and Catholics. The repression of political dissent by police and the justice system was also addressed.

The article offers information on "Inszenierung als Legitimation? Die Monarchie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert - ein deutsch-englischer Vergleich," a conference that focused on the history of monarchies in Europe, and took place in Coburg, Germany. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as the influence of Christianity on the German monarchy in the 1800s, the courtly ceremonies during the reign of German Emperor William II., and the role of the British royal family in the media.

The article offers information on ".hist2011 - Geschichte im digitalen Wandel," a conference that focused on the use of digital media in historical studies that took place in Berlin, Germany from September 14-15, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as digital libraries with historical sources on World War I, how German libraries are using bibliographic data for shared cataloging, and why certain standards need to be created for historical research data.

The article offers information on "Letzte Briefe. Neue Perspektiven auf das Ende von/der Kommunikation," a conference that focused on the last letters written by people before their death. It took place in Halberstadt, Germany from June 30 to June 2, 2011. Papers presented discussed topics such as the letters written by Russian soldiers during World War I, the final goodbye letters of the poet Elizabeth Singer Rowe, and the last love letters of the German Duchess Louise von Anhalt-Dessau.

The article offers information on "Performing Emotions," a conference that focused on the relationship between emotions and politics in Europe from the early modern period to the modern period. It took place in Berlin, Germany from June 23-25, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as the rule of the Spanish Queen Isabella, the political movements in the 17th century, and how the uniforms of German Schutz Staffel (SS) soldiers contributed to their identity.

The article offers information on "Umweltgeschichte der Frühen Neuzeit - Experiment und Perspektive," a conference that focused on the environmental history of Europe during the early modern period. It took place in Munich, Germany from February 17-19, 2011. Papers presented discussed topics such as the study of natural disasters in the early modern period, the environmental history of rivers in Europe, and the agricultural knowledge and use of land during that time period.

The article offers information on "Gefährdete Konnektivität - Piraterie im Mittelmeerraum / Endangered Connectivity - Piracy in the Mediterranean," a conference for historians that took place at the Center for Mediterranean Studies in Bochum, Germany in May of 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as piracy on the islands of Malta and Rhodes during the 15th and 16th centuries, how pirates controlled the Adriatic Sea, and the legal history of piracy and ransom.

The article offers information on "Erinnern und erinnert werden. Das Türkengedächtnis und seine Funktion in Zentral-und Osteuropa," a conference that focused on the collective memory of and about the Turkish people in European history that took place in Krakow, Poland. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such the memories of the Siege of Vienna, Austria by the Ottoman Empire, visual representations of Turks in art, and how Turks were portrayed in Hungarian literature.

The article offers information on "Konservativismus in Russland und Deutschland - Ein internationaler Dialog," a conference that focused on political conservatism in Russian and Germany that was held in Voronezh, Russia from September 15-18, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as the origins and development of political conservatism in Germany and Western Europe, "conservative socialism" during the 19th century, and German right-wing political activists in Russia.

The article offers information on "Technische Hochschulen und Universitäten im 'Dritten Reich' und der Nachkriegszeit," a conference that focused on technical colleges and universities in Germany during the regime of the German National Socialists (Nazis). Papers that were presented discussed topics such as how the National Socialists (Nazis) affected school politics, how the Nazi-regime affected the professional orientation of students, and how geography was taught during this period.

The article offers information on a transnational conference that focused on the military history of the national defense departments and armed forces of nation-states such as France and Germany from the 19th to the 20th century. It took place in Paris, France on June 20, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics including the army constitutions of nation-states, the management of colonial military troops, and the development of the French and German national armies.

The article offers information on "450 Jahre Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen," a conference that took place in Latvia and focused on the history of the Latvian duchies of Courland and Zemgale. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as the formation of the Duchy of Courland, the regional politics in Courland during the 16th century, and how Dutch architecture influenced the style of buildings in Riga, Latvia, and the buildings in the Duchy of Courland during the 17th century.

The article offers information on "Repräsentationsformen des Anderen. Migranten in Westeuropa und den USA im 20. Jahrhundert," a workshop that focused on migrants in Western Europe and the United States during the 20th century that took place in Berlin, Germany in 2011. Papers presented discussed topics such as migration policies in the Atlantic Ocean region, the social discourse on multiculturalism in Great Britain since the 1960s, and the research on minorities in Austria.

The article offers information on "Jazz zwischen Unterhaltung und Kunst. Eine Tagung zu den Beziehungen von Jazz und Film," a conference that focused on jazz music and motion pictures that took place in Kiel, Germany from September 29, 2011 to October 1, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as the documentary films that focused on the "free jazz" style of jazz music, the racism in documentaries about jazz musicians made in the 1960s, and the "jazz dance" style of dance.

The article offers information on "Rechtshandschriften des deutschen Mittelalters - Produktionsorte und Importwege," a conference that focused on medieval legal manuscripts and took place in Wolfenbüttel, Germany from June 27-29, 2011. Papers that were presented discussed topics such as how the legal manuscripts from Trier, Germany were often produced in the Saint Matthias abbey, how canon law changed in the Carolingian Empire, and how Italian legal manuscripts were transferred to Germany.

The article offers information on the "Zwangsarbeit als Kriegswaffe" conference that focused on forced labor during wars. It took place in Freudenstadt, Germany from September 22-24, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as how forced labor was used by the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, how Germans used forced labor with Russian prisoners of war during World War I, and how the Soviet Union forced Romanians and Hungarians to perform forced labor.

The article discusses the "'Der edle Wettkampf der Barmherzigkeit'. Konfessionen in den nord-, west- und mitteleuropäischen Sozialsystemen im langen 19. Jahrhundert" conference about the religious roots of European welfare states that took place in Trier, Germany from June 30, 2011 to July 2, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as poverty and poverty relief in the German Empire, Christian social work in Denmark and Sweden, and Catholic social work in Belgium.

The article offers information on the "Historical Climatology" conference that took place at the German Historical Institute in Paris, France from September 5-6, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as how historians can contribute to finding a solution to climate change, how climate change affected animals in England and Wales during the 14th century, and how certain types of documentary data can aid in the reconstruction of European climates.

The article reports on the conference "'Universal Reformation': Intellectual Networks in Central and Western Europe, 1560-1670," held at the University of Oxford, Great Britain, from September 21-23, 2010. Papers on topics including the cultural, intellectual, and academic networks of the nobility, millenarian movements, and the propaganda media of the German Reformation were discussed.

The article reports on the 15th meeting of scholars of Bohemia on March 4, 2011, in Munich, Germany. The papers presented addressed various subjects relating to the history and culture of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as Czech-German relations, including the reworking of the story of Wallenstein, the Bohemian general during the Thirty Years' War, by authors Alfred Döblin and Jaroslav Durych, Jews in the Polish-Czech border regions after World War II, and Czechs living in Germany.

The article reports on the workshop "Regulierung im Telekommunicationssektor: Chancen und Risiken im historischen Prozess" (Regulation of the Telecommunications Industry: Chances and Risks in the Historical Process), held on January 27, 2011, in Bonn, Germany. Papers presented discussed such topics as comparisons between regulatory agencies in Germany and the U.S., telecommunications markets in the 19th century, and the legal and economic rationale for state regulation of telecommunications.

The article reports on a conference at the Schwabenakademie (Swabian Academy) in Irsee, Germany, from February 4-6, 2011, which was dedicated to the history of women's soccer in 20th-century Germany. Papers presented discussed topics including the development of women's soccer clubs, the introduction of soccer in girls' physical education classes in public schools and universities, and the representation of female soccer players in the media.

The article reports on a conference, held in Munich, Germany, from January 20-22, 2011, which was dedicated to the history of energy production and consumption. Papers presented included "Energy Productivity and Energy Intensity in Europe Over the Last Two Centuries" by Silvana Bartoletto, "Household Technology in Germany and Great Britain, 1880-1940" by Karl Ditt, and "Electrifying the World: Representations of Energy and Modern Life at World's Fairs, 1893-1958" by Nina Möllers.

The article reports on a workshop dedicated to providing historical perspectives on 21st-century debates regarding applied research in university, which was held in Munich, Germany, on March 4-5, 2011. The papers discussed case studies, including the connections between basic and applied research in the funding strategies of the German Science Council after World War II, the politics of research funding at the Technical University of Zurich, Switzerland, between 1918 and 1952, and biotechnology.