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This article (which is dedicated to the German professor Alfred Haverkamp) focuses on the expulsions of Jews in Europe during the Middle Ages. Several topics are discussed, including how the Prussian King Frederick II wrote letters protecting Jews after his ancestor Rupert II expelled the Prussian Jews, how the French Kings Philip II, August, and Louis VIII all mistreated the Jews when they first came into power, and how Jewish communities and Jewish individuals were often expelled without warning or reason during the Middle Ages.

Fortbildungsveranstaltungen zur Dokumentation wurden vom Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation (LID) in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (DGD) von 1974 bis 1991 angeboten. Themen waren u. a. die dokumentarische Methodik, Arbeitsabläufe, Dienstleistungsangebote, Produkte und neuesten Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sowie der Umgang mit den dadurch ausgelösten Veränderungen ggf. auch aus Leitungsperspektive. Die Strukturen, Entwicklungsphasen, Themenschwerpunkte, Kooperationen – insbesondere mit Partnereinrichtungen aus der Mediendokumentation, aber auch mit regionalen Organisationen von Informationsspezialist*innen innerhalb und außerhalb der DGD – und der Stellenwert der LID-Fortbildung im Rahmen der Qualifizierungsangebote der DGD werden in diesem Beitrag beschrieben und analysiert. Training courses on documentation were offered by the Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation (LID) in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (German Society for Documentation, DGD) from 1974 to 1991. Topics included documentary methodology, work processes, service offerings, products and the latest information and communication technologies, as well as dealing with change caused by these developments, if necessary also from a management perspective. The structures, development phases, main topics, cooperations – especially with partners from media documentation, but also with regional organizations of information specialists within and outside the DGD – and the significance of LID training within the framework of the DGD's qualification lines are described and analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview over the different and partially contradictory positions regarding the definition and implementation of historical material within German as a Foreign Language textbooks and teaching. The paper presents different approaches to the topic as well as their implications in the classroom. It also outlines key areas for further research. The paper is based on my MA thesis of the universities Leipzig and Stellenbosch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genealogies of peoples and families developed in Europe during the modern period are prevalently studied by scholars from the perspective of the political history of ideas, with the aim of explaining the practical utility of genealogical works. These analyses do not foreground the aspect that is the focus of this paper: the fact that genealogical reconstructions are full of absurdities. They mix factual information, or information that may seem credible, with fabulous details, often false, sometimes ridiculous, in a word "incredible". This is all the more interesting since these texts were composed during the centuries in which scientific methods applied to historical research were developed. Using tools borrowed from cultural anthropology, this paper suggests an epistemological approach that takes into consideration the meaning and credibility of the genealogical materials in the still authoritative framework of the Historia Salutis, the unitary vision of human history as a fusion of the classical legacy and Biblical tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the future of German Studies in China. After an introduction sections on the history and the contemporary situation of German Studies in China are given. The focus is on perspectives for the future, such as e. g. the growth of German Studies, publication opportunities, the structure of the broader concept of German Studies, and the situation of prospective future professors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relations between the public Notariat in the ecclesiastical province of Salzburg and the Papal Curia in Rome on three levels: that of the notarial certificates send from the ecclesiastical province of Salzburg to Rome and vice versa; the personal files overseen by various notaries from Salzburg at the Curia; the notaries from the ecclesiastical province of Salzburg who personally travelled to Rome. In this context we consider on the one hand the documents dispatched on a regional level, on the other the corresponding entries in the „Repertorium Germanicum“. It emerges that public notaries, by issuing proxies and mandates, made a fundamental contribution to the functioning of the procedures delegated. In Rome itself, it was possible to obtain authorization to work as a Papal or Imperial notary, and this path was also chosen by clerics from the Salzburg region. The notaries who managed to extend their imperial mandate with a Papal one in Rome sometimes added two decussate keys to their monograms, a motif frequently employed by the notaries authorized by the Pope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cattle breed "Ennstaler Bergschecke" was primarily used as working animal. Only since the late Medieval age this breed was increasingly used for production of milk, from which butter oil and low-fat cheese (the typical "Ennstaler Steirerkäse") was made. The present paper documents the cattle breed "Ennstaler Bergschecke" during a period where this breed was already crossed with other breeds and started to vanish from the stables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the collection of portraits of military heroes from the Qianlong campaigns, formerly in the possession of the Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. Some of the pictures are now deposited in the State Hermitage, St. Petersburg while the others are kept in an unknown location, possibly Moscow. 15 of the originally 16 portraits are known through old photographs that are still extant. The pictures are remarkable historical documents as they give real likenesses of the persons and show strong Western influence. The faces were painted mostly by Jesuit painters while the life-size body was done by Chinese court painters. The paper discusses the genesis of these portraits which were part of the imperial collection, describes the pictures and assembles biographical information on the heroes from historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a motif present throughout the Middle Ages in a broad variety of texts: the refusal to ascend to the papal throne after election. Gregory the Great dealt with this issue on a theoretical level in his Regula pastoralis: driven by humilitas, the Pope elect should shrink from taking on the office assigned to him, but should not insist excessively in his refusal. Despite the Biblical motivations claimed by Gregory and others, this motif is already documented in the pre-Christian era, for example in the philosophical tradition (Plato, Cicero) and among the Roman emperors starting from Tiberius. From the 8th century onwards it was no longer a literary topos, but a ritual practiced with evident regularity: the Pope elect attempted to avoid his coronation by hiding, but was soon tracked down and taken „by force“ to the Lateran Palace in solemn procession. Popes often also argued that they had not desired to be elected, especially when attempting to demonstrate that they had not arrived at the Papal throne legitimately but, for example, through simony. Gregory VII is a striking example: he presented his entire career as an imposition from the outside. In the early and late Middle Ages this ritual was definitively institutionalized; the highly formalized announcements of the Pope’s election always stressed the new Pope’s initial refusal to accept; indeed, the very blessings imparted during ordinations expressly mentioned the imposition to which he had been subjected. Benedict XVI is currently the last Pope to have ascended to the Papal throne „against his wishes“. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No area of Christian-Jewish co-existence during the medieval Ashkenazi period produced more personal contacts than the business sphere. During loan transactions, Jews and Jewesses interacted with Christian men and women from all social classes, from rulers and nobility to townspeople, farmers, craftsmen, and servants. Therefore, German-Hebrew business contracts are not only material cultural goods in their own right, they also serve as media of cultural transfer and as a shared legal, linguistic, and general cultural zone between Jews and Christians in the field of economics and of business practices. This paper not only deals with legal and linguistic topics, but also with the rather hidden and neglected aspects of polemics and humour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

May Ayim is one of the best-known representatives of both the Black German movement and Black German literature. Her individual and collaborative works helped to shape collective modes of Black German identity, making visible and affirming ties to the Black diaspora. This paper examines the intersections of music--specifically, the blues--and literature in Ayim's poetry, focusing in particular on blues in schwarz weiss (1995). Here Ayim references the African oral tradition not only through her inclusion of Adinkra symbols, but also through a blues aesthetic that manifests itself in scat-like interjections, rhythmic breaks and patterns, and repetitions. In addition to these formal aspects, her blues aesthetic also relies on the West African tradition of "Nommo"--the naming process. Ayim's poetry follows this tradition by incorporating her personal experiences, addressing pressing socio-political issues, and by constructing and presenting a self-determined Black German subject as member of a larger community, within and beyond Germany. Her essayistic and poetic works stand in dialogical relationship with each other, and serve as a forum to publicly discuss discrimination and marginalization as universal problems. As with the Blues, this essay argues, Ayim's poetry presents socio-political problems as resolvable by formulating a "we" capable of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores the hitherto unknown beginnings of the Ottoman-Russian imperial rivalry by focusing on the mid-16th-century encounter between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Muscovy over the North Caucasus, where the ambitions of these two asymmetric powers--the Ottomans being an established "super power" and the Muscovites a rising power--became entangled for the first time. This first encounter, which was the harbinger of many future engagements not only in this region but also in the broader steppe frontier around the Black Sea, was more of a "cold war" rather than a military confrontation, as both the Ottomans and the Muscovites rather preferred to establish spheres of influence and eventually their hegemony over the North Caucasus through their vassals and clients. In addition to demonstrating the Tsardom of Muscovy's initial claims and policies over the North Caucasus, this study will shed light on the reasons of the Ottoman failure to transform their nominal claims over the region to a de facto hegemony similar to what they had established over Eastern European principalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Beitrag legt erste Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts 'Audienzen bei Mussolini' vor. Im Anschluss an eine Beschreibung der benutzten Quellen, die sich im Archivio Centrale dello Stato und im Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri befi nden, wird die aus dem Projekt hervorgegangene Datenbank kurz vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird Mussolinis Arbeitsweise in ihrem Entwicklungsverlauf skizziert. The text presents the initial results of the research project 'Mussolini's audiences'. The paper contains an analysis of the sources used, from the Archivio Centrale dello Stato and the Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri, as well as a short description of the database produced after this research. There are also some brief remarks on Mussolini's working method in its historical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to describe and discuss the principal contents of the files kept in the Secret Vatican Archives - both in the Vatican Secretariat of State and the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs - concerning Catholic Jews and the 'would be'converted immediately after the promulgation of the Fascist racial laws (1938). The study is based on previously unpublished documents and research on this topic is still ongoing. My research is based on two main types of sources. First, the 'subjective documentation': letters and pleas written during the 'year of the Race' and sent to the Holy See. The authors of these documents were referred to as 'Jews by race, Catholic by faith' or 'Christian Jews' or 'converted Jews' or 'baptized Jews' or - more frequently - 'Catholic Jews'. Second, the contrasting nature of the documentation produced by the Church body in response to these letters. The Holy See's Secretary, Eugenio Pacelli, and the Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, Domenico Tardini, answered these pleas in an official and diplomatic way, seeking a way to protect Catholic Jews without provoking a clash with the Fascist regime and its laws. These documents give us a more in-depth understanding of both the political and religious procedures adopted by the Church authorities regarding the Jewish persecution and in particular this specific aspect of the anti-Jewish laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer of 1937 the eastern part of the Berlin highway circle was opened to traffic. Thus one of the later on best known bridges was put into use. It seems to be a little bit confusing, that a majority won't remember the bridge because of its size, but rather of its disruption. Consequentially you can find very few neutral papers about this structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article questions why medicine fails to provide a general concept of disease for use by doctors, patients and society because the lack of such a unified concept inhibits any definitive distinction between 'deviant' and 'disease'. By providing an historical overview of the particularities related to this question the authors demonstrate that the ever-changing concepts of disease were not driven by the process through which medicine became a science. In contrast to naturalistic concepts of disease, anthropological, sociocultural and psychosomatic concepts are grounded in an understanding of disease that cannot be determined, described and categorized by pathology alone. As a consequence, disease can only be determined or defined in relation to social and scientific frames of reference, as illustrated by an example from the Berlin Nervenklinik (psychiatric clinic) in the early twentieth century. The ways in which the definition of a disease concept represents a normative interpretation can be observed. The authors of this paper argue for the acceptance of this normative definition as a matter of societal agreement. Consequently, transparency is required in the shaping of general disease concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a short study of some Old Uigur words of fragrances. Based on the analysis of several passages in the texts the meanings of yıd yıpar and other words are discussed. Special focus is laid on the relationship of fragrances and remedies. Notes on etymological considerations of the treated words and their embedment in the history of Turkic languages are added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual history of 'anancasm' in psychiatry remains almost unexplored and this article will help to remove this deficit. It was the Budapest-based neuropsychiatrist Gyula Donáth (1849-1944) who first proposed this Greek-rooted term in 1897 as an international term for compulsive symptoms and as an independent mental illness similar to present-day obsessive compulsive disorders (ICD-10). By suggesting this term Donáth wanted to extend the concept of compulsion as proposed by his teacher Carl Westphal to other compulsive phenomena, psychomotor impulses and restrictions including echolalia, coprolalia, echokinesis, echopraxia, contemporary maladie des tics (present day Tourette's syndrome) and even intermittent dipsomania (craving for alcohol), paraphilias, sexual fetishes and homosexuality. In 1923 Kurt Schneider used this term for a subgroup of psychopathic personalities, the so-called insecure anancastic psychopaths. His concept was much different to that suggested by Donáth, with the only thing in common being the compulsory component. Schneider's anancasts suffered from feelings of insecurity and insufficiency and were forced to try to overcompensate by being excessively careful, meticulous and hyper-correct. Based on Schneider's concept anancasm has survived as a name for a subdivision of compulsive personality disorders in ICD-10; however, these rather complex personality defects were not what Donáth had in mind when he first suggested the term anancasm. The paper discusses further discrepancies between Donáth, Schneider and ICD-10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on extensive empirical research and occasioned by the centennial of both the present journal Archiv für Religionspsychologie (AfRp, Archive for the Psychology of Religion) and its owner, the International Association for the Psychology of Religion (IAPR), deals extensively with the activities in the psychology of religion of Wilhelm Stählin (1883-1975), the prime force behind the IAPR and founding editor of the Aftip. The article discusses Stählins profound methodological contributions to the literature. It analyses the rather informal "founding" of the IAPR on June 10,1914 and describes its aims and first activities. Sadly, what had started so promising was destroyed by World War I: the most active members of the board were drafted into the army and had no time left at all for any activities in the field of the psychology of religion. As a consequence of the economic misery in Germany after the war, there was even no paper available to print a next volume of the AfRp (which had been almost ready in summer 1914) until 1921. In the preface to that volume, Stählin articulated his inability to say anything about a possible future of both AfRp and IAPR. Paradoxically, the beginning had become an end, and should only in 1928 be followed by a new start. (For a more extensive abstract, also in English; see at the end of the article.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singing, music, and dance were part of Jewish day to day life. In this paper I focus on Ashkenazi Jews in the German speaking areas in the early modern period. I intend to show how musical entertainment was part of the free-time activities of Jews in Ashkenaz, both in religious and in secular settings. As such it contributed to the ongoing cultural transfer between Jews and Christians, while over the years the developing Christian entertainment opportunities offered a cultural alternative to an increasing number of Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, the International Association for the Psychology of Religion (IAPR) will have its centennial, and so will its scientific journal, the present Archive for the Psychology of Religion [Archiv für Religionspsychologie, ARp], This first article on lAPR's (pre)history analyses the fate of the forerunner of ARp, which was published from 1907-1913. When psychology in general began to develop as an empirical, research-based "scientific discipline" since the midst of the 19th century, the psychology of religion became a prominent application of that "new" science of psychology, involving many of the founding fathers of present day psychology. Shortly after evoking these beginnings, the focus of the present article turns to the development of early scientific infrastructure for the psychology of religion. While the psychology of religion was initiated by European scholars such as Fechner (1801-1887) and Wundt (1832-1920), it was the organizer of American psychology in general who started the first journal in this field, G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924). Through his European admirer Gustav Vorbrodt (1860-1929), Hall's journal may have been an inspiration to the founding of the first European journal for the psychology of religion, the German-speaking Zeitschrift fur Religionspsychologie. Most likely the psychiatrist Johannes Bresler (1866-1942) took the initiative to start this journal and had invited pastor Gustav Vorbrodt (1860-1929), who had already repeatedly and vigorously called for psychological study of religion, to join him as editor. Consequently, the subtitle of the journal was 'Grenzfragen der Theologie und der Medizin [Boundary Questions in Theology and Medicine}.' The present paper discusses both Vorbrodt's and Bresler's work in the realm of the psychology of religion, as it does the contributions of two further editors; the philosopher-historian of religion Georg Runze (1852-1938), an honorary professor at Berlin University, and Otto Klemm (1884-1939), a collaborator of Wilhelm Wundt and later the director of the latter's psychological laboratory in Leipzig and the first to hold a professorship for applied psychology. Several reasons are discussed to answer the question why the Zeitschriftfur Religionspsychologie ceased publishing. Based on empirical-archival research, special attention is given to scholarly disagreements (and rivalry) behind the transition of the Zeitschrift fur Religionspsychologie to the new Archiv für Religionspsychologie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origins of obesity tan be traced back at least 25000 years. In the Stone Age, in the Middle Ages, and in the 17th century overweight indicated prosperty, power, and fertility, but already Hippocrates described obesity as a disease in the Antique. The first academic papers dealing with adiposity were published in the times of the Industrial Revolution. In the 19th century a pharmaceutical treatment boom against overweight emerged- people had to deal with quackery and dangerous remedies like amphetamines that flooded the market. Bariatric surgery was introduced in the 20th century- todays goldstandard is the RYGB operation. Dealing with morbid obesity and its comorbidities is nowadays one of the serious problems in the field of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes and evaluates Bolzano's remarks on the apagogic method of proof with reference to his juvenile booklet ‘Contributions to a better founded presentation of mathematics’ of 1810 and to his ‘Theory of science’ (1837). I shall try to defend the following contentions: (1) Bolzanos’ vain attempt to transform all indirect proofs into direct proofs becomes comprehensible as soon as one recognizes the following facts: (1.1) his attitude towards indirect proofs with an affirmative conclusion differs from his stance to indirect proofs with a negative conclusion; (1.2) by Bolzano's lights arguments via consequentia mirabilis only seem to be indirect. (2) Bolzano does not deny that indirect proofs can be perfect certifications (Gewissmachungen) of their conclusion; what he denies is rather that they can provide grounds for their conclusions. (2.1) They cannot do the latter, since they start from false premises and (2.2) since they make an unnecessary detour. (3) The far-reaching agreement between his early and late assessment of apagogical proofs (in the Beyträge of 1810 and the Wissenschaftslehre of 1837) is partly due to the fact that he develops his own position always against the background of Wolff's and Lambert's views. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In his booklet ‘Contributions to a better founded presentation of mathematics’ of 1810 Bernard Bolzano made his first serious attempt to explain the notion of a rigorous proof. Although the system of logic he employed at that stage is in various respects far below the level of the achievements in his later Wissenschaftslehre, there is a striking continuity between his earlier and later work as regards the methodological constraints on rigorous proofs. This paper tries to give a perspicuous and critical account of the fragmentary logic of Beyträge, and it shows that there is a tension between that logic and Bolzano's methodological ban on ‘kind crossing’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on a conference on the concept of democracy in Germany and Poland in the 20th and 21st centuries, held in Ciążeń and Poznań, Poland, from September 26-29, 2011. The papers presented discussed such topics as the role of democracy as a political idea and catchphrase in the aftermath of World War I, the democratization of Poland and East Germany after the fall of communism in 1989, and civic engagement in 21st-century German and Polish politics.

Time, History and Legitimacy in Transylvanian Antitrinitarianism The following paper deals with the role of time and history in the attempts of two Antitrinitarian theologians, György Enyedi and Valentin Radecius, to legitimize their doctrinal options, in the case of Enyedi, and to integrate liturgical traditions from other confessions, in the case of Radecius. While Enyedi dismisses the use of historical arguments in theology, by saying that age can not guarantee for validity, Radecius on the contrary, refers to historical traditions in order to use and alter the texts according to the principles of Antitrinitarian theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline and fall of the Roman Empire and the dramatic change of the Mediterranean world in late antiquity have ever been discussed in history. The present paper outlines, from the point of view of medical history, some recent tendencies of research, including those which bring in scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]