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Copyright of disP: The Planning Review is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper first examines the current state of research in the field of social and spatial polarization and social mixing in urban areas. Urban studies have dealt intensively with social polarization in selected neighborhoods as well as with the political actions necessary to allow for social neighborhood mixtures. Second, the article presents empirical evidence of social polarization and mixing processes in Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. In the last decade, structural changes in the population have taken place in Bonn-Bad Godesberg due to moving the German capital from Bonn to Berlin. A growing ethnic and socio-economic heterogeneity can be observed on a small scale. Based on data provided by the Office of Statistics of the City of Bonn, the empirical survey suggests that polarization has occurred rather than a balanced mixture. Our results show significant changes in the local socio-economic and ethnic characteristics of the district, which indicates a tendency towards increasing polarization and decreasing social mixing. The paper finally concludes that a process of creeping polarization is taking place in Bad Godesberg that demonstrates the associated challenges, risks, and opportunities for local development. English title: Creeping Polarization: Social and Spatial Changes in Bonn-Bad Godesberg after the German Government's Move to Berlin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal point of this paper is changes of specific patterns of governance in urban renewal processes in mid-sized cities in East Germany. The starting point of the investigation includes assumptions and first findings that indicate that urban shrinkage necessarily leads to a change and diversification of patterns of governance. Using case studies as a base, this paper examines urban governance in the German cities of Bernburg and Weissenfels. Both cities are affected by shrinkage and both participated in the 2010 International Building Exhibition: Urban Redevelopment Saxony-Anhalt, which was aimed at finding qualifications for urban redevelopment processes. In order to analyze governance within the processes of urban renewal for both case studies, schemes of governance analysis were created to examine the planning processes, institutional influences, stakeholders, and their interactions. The paper concludes that, due to specific framework conditions of urban shrinkage on one hand, and institutional influences on the other, patterns of governance do indeed change over the course of urban redevelopment processes. In both cities, the predominating sovereign approach to urban development was supplemented with cooperative activities. In Bernburg, an extensive cooperation among three stakeholders of the public sector was realized. Changes in Weissenfels included the implementation of enhanced participation for private stakeholders. English title: Urban Governance in Urban Redevelopment Processes in Mid-Sized East German Cities: Patterns of Governance in Urban Redevelopment Processes Using the IBA Cities of Bernburg and Weissenfels as Case Studies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with planning strategies and building practices in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, particularly in its capital, Luxembourg City, which is a small but highly internationalized metropolis. The main goal of the paper is to reconstruct local planning trajectories, starting with the 1960s urban extension of the European quarter and banking district of the Kirchberg Plateau. Since then, spatial planning in city and country seem to favor relatively large-scale projects, considered as drivers of both economic growth and apparently sustainable patterns of spatial development. This particular style of planning and policy-making has been coined the Kirchberg Syndrome. However, the tendency to favor big projects (of which the new, €1 billion university campus/ science district in Esch-Belval is the most recent incarnation) faces serious problems, such as the dominance of office space, a lack of urban integration, and the high risks of financing and implementation. It also happens in a fragmented, intricate environment of urban policy, characterized by small towns and municipalities, limited public planning capabilities and a rather recent tradition – and thus limited acceptance – of planning, policy and regulation. This rather specific "exceptional urbanism" of Luxembourg does not fit in with contemporary planning theories. It can only be understood against the contradictory background of rapid development dynamics, unusually "thick" ways of decision-making and international policy mobilities. English Title: The Kirchberg Syndrome: LargeScale Projects in a Small Country – On building and planning policies in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the continuing European integration process, some Austrian cities are still disconnected from the dynamic development in the big metropolitan areas. Being confronted with growing competition and threatened by shrinkage processes, these mostly small and mid-sized cities have to fulfill their role as regional centers and economic growth engines. This is especially true for small towns in the Austrian region of Waldviertel, where conditions have changed dramatically since the fall of the Iron Curtain. Hence, this paper will investigate whether the risk of further peripheralisation has been banned in this formerly peripheral region near the border to the Czech Republic. In this context the paper discusses the main theories and concepts explaining regional development in current literature. It examines the most relevant driving forces of regional economic development stressing the importance of endogenous factors and relational capital. The empirical analysis of the Waldviertel reveals the main characteristics of recent economic and demographic development and tries to identify processes of centralisation and peripheralisation within the region. The main results show a slight improvement of the economic situation in recent years and prove that the rural areas can only participate in growth impulses in the regional centers if they are economically linked to them. Based on these empirical findings, the paper elaborates the role of small towns in strategic planning approaches in Austria and discusses opportunities to offer endogenous strategies for sustainable development. It concludes that territorial competitiveness of peripheral regions needs to be supported by comprehensive and network-based planning approaches on a regional level. English Title: Small Towns as Growth Engines for Rural and Peripheral Regions: the Case of Waldviertel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent discussions on urban governance regularly emphasize a trend towards an “entrepreneurialization” which is said to be reflected in a growing importance of local and regional scales, an increased relevance of partnerships and the strategic positioning of localities in an environment of intensified place-competition. Building a case study in six medium-sized German cities that are characterized by economic losses and population decline, the article discusses different trajectories of local governance. First, it shows that the actual modes of local governance gain importance. Second, it shows that the actual local modes of governance are fairly different among the cases studied. Therefore, many localities are more dependent on resources from the national government than on private investment, lending more significance to public-public cooperation than to public-private cooperation. Third, the paper argues that the ability to implement long-term local development strategies is severely complicated by a dependence on external resources. As a consequence, short-term project-orientation prevails in the majority of cases. The paper focuses on these different experiences and discusses implications for the analysis of urban governance in peripheralized cities and regions. English Title: Governance and Peripheralization – experiences and approaches in six mid-sized German cities [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper develops peripheralization as an approach to analyzing socio-spatial processes. Peripheralization refers to the social “making” of peripheral cities and regions. This is in contrast to definitions of spatial “peripheries”, which see them as a static and natural reality and refer mainly to thinly populated rural areas. Against this, the approach of peripheralization encompasses cities and city regions. For this purpose, out-migration, disconnection and dependence are distinguished in the fields of local/regional economy, infrastructure and politics. Policy-makers are challenged to react to these processes that can be seen as the complementary side to the centralization of economic and political headquarters, gateways, population, employment and services in metropolitan areas. In the second part, the paper describes strategic (re-)actions by local politicians and planners that have been analyzed empirically in six midsized cities in Germany. In the general context of economic globalization and the financial crises of most German municipalities, the authors discuss opportunities and problems for strategic planning in medium-sized cities to cope with peripheralization processes. English Title: Peripheralization – Processes, Problems and Strategies in Mid-Sized Cities [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of disP: The Planning Review is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How does an average, aging society deal with the challenges of climatic and demographic change? In reality, the effects vary regionally. This paper explores how an urban society responds to the challenge of increasing summer temperatures using the example of Aachen, a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The research started with the perception of heat in the working and living environment of older and thus particularly vulnerable residents. As actors of urban development actively influence living and working conditions, their projected need for action is compared to the results of a survey of the residents. It clearly showed that demographic, socio-cultural, spatial, and construction factors affected the perceptions of the residents. Climate change awareness and possible adaptation measures usually exist, but, in general, initiatives are only taken if the effect is noticed by an individual. Although not all residents and stakeholders of Aachen perceived heat waves as a problem, a variety of adaptation strategies could be established. They ranged from aspired lifestyle over individual and short-term behavioral changes to urban planning, architectural and technical measures. These measures can be used to raise awareness of climate issues and implement adaptation strategies. Thereby, all stakeholders and residents, employers and employees, homeowners and tenants, planners, architects and developers, investors and users, etc., are asked to take responsibility within their field. English title: Adjustment through Acceptance – The Approach of Local Actors to Summer Heat Waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use data from a longitudinal study to draw a realistic picture of the housing conditions and future potential of large housing estates with a focus on demographic change. In doing so, we plead for a broader look at demographic dynamics: going beyond ageing and population loss to encompass changes of household size and compositions or diverse mobility patterns. Our empirical results, generated in the large housing estate of Leipzig-Grünau in eastern Germany, show huge changes in the demographic characteristics of estate residents within just 30 years, especially faster aging, a steep decline in household size, and a rapidly growing share of one-person households. Years of outmigration have caused a massive overall population loss that only recently came to a halt. Nevertheless, we are also able to provide evidence that a wide range of demographic groups still live in this estate and appreciate the living conditions in terms of housing, service facilities and recreation areas. The changes in household and age structures produce particular housing demands (appropriate apartments and services), which could be broadly satisfied within the large housing estate due to existing diverse residential offers for various housing needs. In conclusion, we argue that large housing estates have an important but underestimated potential to meet housing demand under the conditions of demographic change. Furthermore, the demographic challenges discussed here can be seen as important for other residential areas too. English title: Large Housing Estates as a Flexible Space for Demographic Change – Selected results of a long-term study of the large housing estates of Leipzig-Grünau focusing on the potential of an underestimated type of neighborhood [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Border regions have to overcome substantial locational disadvantages in order to have a stake in the competition of regions and to achieve an ordered economically and socially stable and future-oriented development in terms of spatial planning. A peripheral location often brings barriers and potential risks for further development in border regions. However, it may also provide opportunities – based on the clever and comprehensive utilisation of all endogenous potentials. The region Bodensee-Oberschwaben, as part of the tri-national Bodensee region D-A-CH (Germany-Austria-Switzerland) is on its way to successfully dealing with impediments resulting from its location at the border: dividing elements such as the large Lake of Constance, the Alps and the relatively long distances to the administrative centers in Stuttgart and Berlin, are overcome in the sense of a de-peripheralization. In conjunction with other regions of a similar structure and with corresponding directions of development, the region is positioning itself in a “Network of European Spaces”, which works in addition to metropolitan Region-approaches. This paper analyzes and describes why and how regions succeed in stepping out of their peripheral location. English Title: Peripheries Don't Have to Remain Peripheries. De-peripheralization in the Bodensee-Oberschwaben Region [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes and evaluates Bolzano's remarks on the apagogic method of proof with reference to his juvenile booklet ‘Contributions to a better founded presentation of mathematics’ of 1810 and to his ‘Theory of science’ (1837). I shall try to defend the following contentions: (1) Bolzanos’ vain attempt to transform all indirect proofs into direct proofs becomes comprehensible as soon as one recognizes the following facts: (1.1) his attitude towards indirect proofs with an affirmative conclusion differs from his stance to indirect proofs with a negative conclusion; (1.2) by Bolzano's lights arguments via consequentia mirabilis only seem to be indirect. (2) Bolzano does not deny that indirect proofs can be perfect certifications (Gewissmachungen) of their conclusion; what he denies is rather that they can provide grounds for their conclusions. (2.1) They cannot do the latter, since they start from false premises and (2.2) since they make an unnecessary detour. (3) The far-reaching agreement between his early and late assessment of apagogical proofs (in the Beyträge of 1810 and the Wissenschaftslehre of 1837) is partly due to the fact that he develops his own position always against the background of Wolff's and Lambert's views. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In his booklet ‘Contributions to a better founded presentation of mathematics’ of 1810 Bernard Bolzano made his first serious attempt to explain the notion of a rigorous proof. Although the system of logic he employed at that stage is in various respects far below the level of the achievements in his later Wissenschaftslehre, there is a striking continuity between his earlier and later work as regards the methodological constraints on rigorous proofs. This paper tries to give a perspicuous and critical account of the fragmentary logic of Beyträge, and it shows that there is a tension between that logic and Bolzano's methodological ban on ‘kind crossing’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Seventy years after the insurrection of Spanish military forces against the democratically elected government of the Second Republic, several political, cultural and scientific initiatives have set out to reinforce the historical memory of the Spanish Civil War. An objective historical debate about the war was impossible in Spain under the Franco regime and quite difficult during the transition period to a democratic state because of the ongoing conflict between Francoists and democrats, which led to an attempted military coup against the new Spanish democracy in 1981. The stable democracy Spain now enjoys allows us to revisit the history of the Civil War from a republican and democratic point of view, in order finally to offer a just remembrance of the war's victims on the Republican side, something which has been neglected for decades. This paper explores the representation of the Spanish Civil War in children's drawings, which were collected by several institutions, among them the Biblioteca Nacional de Espana. The existence and preservation of these drawings is the result of unique circumstances. The Spanish Civil War was the first conflict in which modern arms were intentionally used against the civil population on a large scale, so that children became eyewitnesses of military attacks. The government of the Republic organised the evacuation of the civilian population, especially children, from the war zones, using an existing system of school colonies. Guided by their educators, these children started to reflect on their new experiences - the bombardments, the evacuation, the separation from their parents, but also the games, lessons and other activities in the school colonies - in their drawings. These drawings had a double purpose. On the one hand, they were designed as a therapeutic measure to help the children to overcome the traumas produced by the war. On the other hand, these drawings were used as propaganda in order to convince the Western democracies to support the legitimate Spanish government and to stop their policy of non-intervention, which only favoured the military rebels and their supporters, National-socialist Germany and Fascist Italy. Today, the children's drawings of the Spanish Civil War represent a valuable and direct testimony of different aspects of this conflict: life before the war, the breakdown of the Lebenswelt of the children, the presence of the war in daily life, humanitarian support and evacuation, organisation and life in the school colonies and the politicisation of the children. Nowadays, children who suffer the horrors of war continue to draw their experiences. The only difference with the drawings of the children of the Spanish Civil War is that today there is more blood, weapons are more powerful, and society is indifferent and has become accustomed to coexisting with injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the biosphere reserves of Schorfheide Chorin and Spreewald, Fed. State of Brandenburg, Germany, actually a program for the monitoring of the ecosystems is going to be installed, according to the MAB criteria. Our working group is concerned with the monitoring of the farmland, grassland and peats (natural fens and drained peats). In this paper we present the selected ecosystem -- landuse -- combinations of the peats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage is essential to the agricultural use of peat soils. This however, leads to pedogenesis which in most cases takes an unfavourable vourse and often ends up in the complete exhaustion of the peat body. Findings regarding the factors that affect those processes and their course in time are presented in the paper. Unlike soil and substrate types of mineral soils, the soil and substrate types of fens develop within very short periods of time. Attention is drawn to the development of sequential mineral and organic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Poland regained its independence in 1918 the main task of the new government educational policy was to reunify Polish society and territories, which were divided by the conquered powers. It was assumed that Polish school should have been based on national tradition that in the 19th century was neglected by dominated foreign nations. That need was seen by the Ministry of Education Jan Lukasiewicz who in his letter of 5 November 1919 to the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences Kazimierz Morawski pronounced the need of founding the special Commission for Historical Research of Education in Poland. As a result the Commission was founded and soon after the program of research was published. The program contained activities of gathering editing and publishing the “monuments” of Polish history of education. Some of the university professors became interested in that research and published their results at historical conferences or congresses. In general, it was one of the features of the “practical” orientation of Polish history of education research. The other feature emphasised the development of history of education as a separate academic discipline. However, its research program was similar to the former orientation and underlined the history of national education. The paper is trying to answer the question on the role of history of education in forming the Polish national system of education in the inter-war period. There is some unique function of the academic discipline, which was applied in reconstructing the schooling in the course of national apparition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Publications of the English Goethe Society is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Against the background of the hegemony of the English language, this paper examines attitudes and behaviour towards language amongst isiZulu-speaking youth in a South African town- ship environment. It specifically focuses on what appear to be ambivalent and seemingly contradictory views of young isiZulu LI-speakers about the status and function of languages in their lives. Methodologically the study is based on triangulation, employing questionnaires, interviews and par- ticipant observation as data resources. The findings suggest that although the Umlazi youths are generally divided in terms of their attitudes towards English, there seems to exist a wide consensus as to the importance and specific functions of the mother-tongue isiZulu. The youngsters explicitly draw a direct link between their mother-tongue and their home culture and express strong pride with regards to this ethnolinguistic identity. IsiZulu is regarded as a cultural resource and prerequisite to maintain symbols and practices of Zulu tradition. However, a pragmatic and economically-motivated English/isiZulu division appears to prevail in their lives, as English is regarded as what is termed the `communicative' language by the Umlazi youths. The collected data strongly support the claim that many African language speakers have a love-hate relationship with the English language (De Klerk & Gough, 2002: 370) and further suggest that there exists little indication that learners identify with the language other than perceiving it as an instrument to obtain academic and economic success. These findings are indicative of the sociolinguistic dilemma in which many young South Africans whose mother-tongue is not English find themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heinrich Rantzau was born in 1526 in Steinburg in Holstein and was the son of the widely travelled and celebrated knight Johann Rantzau. At the age of twelve he was Sent to Wittenberg, a move which had a significant bearing on the course his life was to take. This was the Wittenberg of the last stages of the Reformation and Heinrich Rantzau's studies there principally encompassed the humanities, jurisprudence and rhetoric. After his education he went to the Court of Charles V in 1548 for a period of five years. In 1554 Heinrich Rantzau was first employed as the bailiff of Segeberg in Holstein, and one year later as a royal councilor. In 1556 he became the Danish king's governor in the Duchies, a position he kept until shortly before his death in 1598. Heinrich Rantzau accumulated immense wealth partly through the extensive property of his family and partly from his wife's dowry. He was able to consolidate this wealth and multiply it considerably. This economic foundation formed the basis for his activities as a patron of art. Nurtured by a humanistic education, Heinrich Rantzau had a great personal interest in the art, literature and astronomy of his time. In this paper some examples of his activities as a patron of art have been touched upon. Put briefly, the works of art which Heinrich Rantzau ordered were noted for their extremely personal character and always referred to his person in some way. Art served Heinrich Rantzau as a medium for the refinement of his life and as a means of extending his fame. In the Duchies of the sixteenth century Heinrich Rantzau was a leading figure of humanist thought and set a fine example to the aristocracy of his land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of disP: The Planning Review is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Elke Schul, is appointed as the new editor of the "Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science." Peter Kundler has retired as Editor-in -chief of the journal after more than three decades of committed, responsible and successful work. Since 1972 he continuously enhanced the international status of the journal, which is reflected in the growing number of English language contributions from authors of various nationalities. The aims and scope of the journal will be maintained, publishing papers on methodological and applied research within the wide range of agronomy and soil science including ecological and environmental aspects.

To date, a systematic overview of programs aimed at the development and preservation of cultural landscapes in Germany has not been compiled. However, knowledge about such programs would be highly interesting for regional planning, since an active promotion of the development of cultural landscapes could help achieve integrated regional development. Moreover, an analysis of the potential implications of such programs for cultural landscapes cannot be simple because cultural landscapes are not only the result of multiple, sometimes competing uses, they are also subject to different sector policies that have conceptualized their own programs, which then influence the development of cultural landscapes. Against this background, the article presents a fivestage, multi-criteria databank-based analysis tool that allows the ex-ante evaluation of single programs based on their potential implications for cultural landscapes. English Title: Development of a database based tool for the ex-ante assessment of potential implications of subsidies aimed at cultural landscapes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) is usually seen as both founder of the modern school system and founder of modern social work. While newer studies have focused on the teaching activities in his institutes, little attention has been paid to the everyday life of the students. Although functioning as a means of the “new” teaching methods they rarely appear as real actors. This article challenges the dominant pattern of looking at Pestalozzi's educational enterprise by focusing on students, especially in the institute in Yverdon from its beginning in 1805 up to 1811... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to examine how Baltic Germans who left their homes during the Umsiedlung of 1939-40 look back on their lives in Estonia and Latvia. The analysis centers on descriptions of World War I, because of the significant changes which this brought to the political situation in the Baltic lands: after the war the Baltic Germans had to give up their leading position in society, and also lost a large part of their land. Every author who writes his/her autobiography is influenced by a knowledge of the time which follows the period being described. In writing about certain historical events, an author therefore not only describes the emotions and values connected with those events, but also adds more general perspectives. This may be the reason why the beginning of World War I is described as a disaster and as the beginning of the end, even though it did not actually bring significant changes into the lives of Baltic Germans. The changes did come, but only much later. We can see how loyalty towards the Russian Czar decreases, while sympathy for the German state and for German policies grows during the War. The majority of the Baltic German autobiographies chosen for the purposes of this article have not been published. These texts can be found in different libraries and archives in Germany, Latvia and Estonia. Referring to unpublished texts made it possible to widen the social background of the authors, since the published texts are mostly written by aristocrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the term ‘New Education’ (éducation nouvelle, Reformpädagogik) were to mean simply that certain actors or organizations have striven for changes in education, education would have always been ‘New Education’. ‘New Education’ would have existed since antiquity – as a continuous reflexion engagée that constantly challenged the ‘old’ through the ‘new education’ without any clearly discernible demarcation of ‘before’ and ‘after’. But that ignores transformation, without transformation being explainable alone in terms of the self-understanding of the actors. There was indeed an éducation nouvelle as theory and as practice, but it did not begin at a particular point in time, and there was no simple event at its founding. Instead, we have to imagine that there was closely linked reflection that increasingly crystallized around certain themes and motives. As a historiographical category, ‘New Education’, or éducation nouvelle, can be conceived of in various ways: as the history of its founding and charismatic persons, as the configuration of a language, as continuous systemic innovation or as a form of reflection on an alternative. I will focus on the last mentioned variant, because it made ‘New Education’ original and radical. There were educational reforms in the school of the nineteenth century, and its development was different from the authors describing the ‘New Education’ at the end of the century wished to admit, but it was not connected with any great fanfare or publicity. The development of the school in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries did not go through any great break with the past and has to be seen as a series of successful problem solutions that contradict the polemical semantics of the ‘New Education’. The media, methods and formats of the state institution of the school were adapted and developed continuously, without ever being able to dispense with reform concerns. These concerns presume conformity with the system, which was not questioned, but rather was supposed to be developed. If we are interested to learn how the ‘New Education’ could become a fundamental alternative and challenge to the system, we must take a different start point. New education in this sense emerged in the nineteenth century and was not produced only with the turn of the century, and it had less to do with child psychology and a great deal to do with political movements. It emerged mainly on the grounds of freedom of the child; this issue was new and provided the intellectual appeal that is necessary in order to reach a public outside the education profession. Because the profession of education developed in parallel in time terms, many variants of the new education have been ascribed to it. The author will not follow this line in his presentation, but instead will construct ‘New Education’ independently of the literature of the profession. His example will not stand for the entire ‘New Education’ but certainly for a movement that serves to point up clearly the unique and reflective shape of the ‘New Education’ so far as it sought to be radically different. In a first step, the author discusses the conflict between freedom and order, whereby the focus will be on the controversy between Leo Tolstoy and Jean-Marie Guyau. In a second step, he describes the usual strategy up to today of viewing new schools as providing evidence of ‘New Education’. This theory convinces the audience only if practical success can be implied. He then outlines the opposites of ‘conservative’ versus ‘progressive’ as the political dualism within educational movements. In closing the author shows that progressive schools arose from the principle of freedom, whereas the écoles nouvelles of Cecil Reddie to Hermann Lietz show an underlying Herbartian order and, at least in that regard, could hardly have been the alternatives that they themselves proposed to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the adoption of law against the type of racial or religious murder. Details on the ideas to the long-established customs and habits of the people; Degree of humanity with regard to the rights and native customs; Accounts on the paradigm of genocide.

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents information on landscape modeling. Definition of dynamic landscape modeling; Discussion on expectations, potentials and practical limits of landscape modeling in landscape ecological research; Various methodological development steps of landscape models.

Typified soils were developed for the water balance simulation of the Stöbber creek catchment. The occuring soil types within the catchment were listed and most frequently soil profiles created according to substrate, horizon stratification and thickness. Soil physical properties were estimated for the horizons. Both measured and estimated soil data based on pedotransfer procedures were used. The soil data were tested at reference soil profiles by comparing of soil hydrological field measurements with simulation results of deep seepage. As the results show, using measured soil data it is not necessary to produce sufficiently accurate simulation results of the vertical one dimensional water transport. Estimating soil hydrological data based on average substrate/horizon properties as well as using pedotransfer functions produced satisfactorily results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study conducted to assess wind erosion risk for row crops like corn and sugar beets. Conduct of wind tunnel tests for corn and sugar beets to investigate their protection against wind erosion; Investigation of soil loss in dependence of plant growth and their orientation to wind direction; Reason behind estimation of drag partition between plants and soil surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the analysis of Gottlob Frege and David Hilbert on formalist doctrine which is consistent to an arbitrary set of mathematical sentences in sufficient condition for truth and for the existence of the described concepts. Frege and Hilbert used the formalist approach and the axiomatic method with later work in foundations with speculation. In addition, the concept was based on the neglected revision of Hilbert idea on the existence of mathematical sentences.