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Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ensuring a crisis-proof food supply has become a key political issue. In Germany, official spatial planning allows the use of priority and reserved areas to secure land for agricultural use and regional food supply. The focus should be particularly on climate-resilient areas that also have a stable yield potential in the future. This paper supplements widely used, static approaches for determining priority and reserved areas with a dynamic bio-economic analysis that takes future climate scenarios into account. The results for the German federal state of Brandenburg show a high area equivalence between the static and dynamic approaches. In the case of data gaps, for example, static approaches such as soil quality indices can serve as an adequate proxy for future yield potentials. However, not all climate-robust areas can be classified as potential reserved or priority areas. Furthermore, areas that show low yield potential under future conditions are not released for other land uses. Feedback from stakeholders involved in the study showed that the use of the dynamic approach and a target value using the results of a foodshed model lead to broad acceptance. The method developed here can make a valuable contribution to climate change adaptation in spatial planning instruments.

This paper demonstrates an approach to the problem of micro-scale analysis of medical service provision in Germany. Research focuses include estimating population dynamics, mapping access to medical facilities and identifying spatial patterns in medical service provision. We applied the Enhanced Two Step Floating Catchment Area method to quantify changes in access to primary care physicians over a period of eleven years. Our study reveals that overall access is modestly rising, but significant spatial disparities exist between different regions of Germany. We describe both supply and demand issues behind the observed changes in access. As a key result, we identify four types of regions with differing access-population dynamics. Our main conclusion on the topic of medical service provision is that spatial planning is facing a multi-dimensional problem rather than a one-dimensional one, and that access to services depends on a combination of factors. Concerning differences between rural and urban regions, we find that that there is no general positive or negative trend for either.

Citizen participation has played an increasingly relevant role in spatial planning and development aiming to shape sustainable and innovative processes since the 1970s. Nevertheless, analogue participation is associated with various problems, such as social selectivity and a loss of civic trust in administration and politics. Against this background, high expectations lie in the development of digital participation formats, which have significantly changed the participation landscape. Despite the rapid development of digital participation based on new technologies and external factors such as the Covid-19 pandemic, there is still a lack of comprehensive empirical studies on spatial patterns and determinants. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to give an overview of the patterns, methods and determinants of digital and multi-channel participation in Germany. We comprehensively investigated digital and multi-channel participation processes on the websites of German cities and districts – about 4,000 approaches in total. The results show spatial disparities in digital participation processes. While the availability of broadband internet and public debt do not significantly influence the digital participation density in districts and cities, low election turnouts go along with high densities. This suggests that the administrations are responding to political disinterest with digital participation. The results also indicate that digital participation can be less socially selective, as high shares of population without German citizenship, high migration rates and low employment rates have significant positive effects on digital participation.

The urgency of the energy transition is in conflict with delaying effects and options that are not optimally used in the complex, multi-stage German planning system. This also applies to the law and procedures of spatial planning, as well as the interaction of spatial planning with construction planning and sectoral law. Here, fundamental reform options have not yet been exhausted, despite many current legislative projects. Some procedural steps and options for legislative deviations can be eliminated altogether, the interaction of planning and decision-making levels can be made more effective, and subject-related certain hierarchical levels in the planning system could be omitted on a topic-specific basis. Based on a brief analysis of the initial situation for spatial planning, this paper first provides corresponding general considerations on such far-reaching acceleration options and their consequences. This is followed by the presentation of numerous specific spatial planning-related optimisation options.

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, spatial planning contributes to the management of flood risks by keeping flood-prone area free of further development. This approach does not contribute to the reduction of flood risks which are mainly related to already built-up areas. For reducing flood risks, threatened settlement and infrastructure have to be protected or retreated from flood-prone areas. This paper discusses managed settlement retreat. First, the present role of spatial planning in flood risk management is investigated by means of a literature survey and an analysis of the practice of spatial planning in all major territorial states. Moreover, existing examples for managed settlement retreat from Germany and other countries are analysed. Managed settlement retreat can be conceptualized as a proactive or reactive planning strategy in order to reduce flooding risk. The paper presents the results of a gaming simulation of a proactive settlement retreat in Saxonia (Germany). This test proved the applicability of managed settlement retreat in context or urban renewal. Here, a close cooperation between urban development, regional planning and water management is seen as a success factor.

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Power is inherent to spatial planning, especially in decision-making processes, but also within the planning and the implementation process. Apparently, a central challenge seems to be the analysis and evaluation of not only institutionalised power shown in legislative instruments and financial resources, but also regarding the current use of power in the planning processes. This paper provides a new conceptual framework to analyse the power characteristics and uses within the planning process. Based on power relations in theory and practice, similar methods and their approach to the illustration of questions of power are presented in a first step. Subsequently, the method of systemic constellations is explained and portrayed in detail, followed by an exemplary illustration of the method in scholarship and practice. The paper ends up with critical conclusions on potentials and limits of the implementation of systemic constellations in spatial planning processes.

Historically, the emergence of planning law and the juridification of planning in Germany did not follow any planning theory, but a logic inherent to the constitutional state. Only in small number of cases did the legislature or the judiciary adopt elements of planning theories, most of which were developed much later. Law defines itself by its strict claim to be obeyed. Therefore, the requirements of planning law may conflict with the recommendations of normative planning theories and then claim precedence over these. Nevertheless, with regard to the viability of some proposals of agonistic planning theories, legal borderlines arise. This paper deals with these borderlines. However, the goal of agonistic theories of planning coincides with the basic function of planning law to pacify conflicting interests and to reach acceptable solutions. Opponents of state planning projects thus are entitled to participate in planning procedures and to file far-reaching lawsuits. However, the legal order also sets limits to legitimate resistance to democratic planning and cannot refrain from distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate forms of rejection.

As a contribution to the debate on deregulation of spatial planning and lean regional plans, this paper presents the first long-term study for Germany analysing the regulatory intensity of all regional plans legally valid in 2017 on the topics of settlement and open space development over time. As a final result, the assumption of a general deregulation and streamlining of regional plans cannot be confirmed. In contrast, changes in the legal basis, such as the priority of inner over outer urban development, have led to a continuous increase in the regulatory intensity over time, particularly in the case of positive growth management policies with an active role of regional planning. At the same time, there is evidence of streamlining tendencies in some states, which can partly be interpreted as deregulation tendencies. To date, however, they are merely an expression of state-specific ways of shaping regional planning and not a sign of an accelerated deregulation competition.

This paper examines the conditions for transdisciplinary knowledge creation and transfer of knowledge in general using the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL) as an example. Based on a consideration of differences between practice-oriented and transdisciplinary research the paper discusses the role of science and practice and their relationship. It emphasises the need for a transdisciplinary dialogue including all relevant scientific disciplines and stakeholders for addressing major societal challenges. When scrutinizing the current evaluation practice of the Leibniz Association it can be shown that the tracing of impacts generated in discursive and applied research processes is a challenging task. Subsequently we discuss how the ARL—with its inherent tension between different scientific disciplines and the application-oriented planning practice—and other “non typical scientific institutes” can be evaluated. Based upon this, recommendations are given for further development of mechanisms to evaluate scientific institutions, in particular with regard to knowledge transfer and transdisciplinary research.

Ground-mounted photovoltaic systems have the potential to become one of the central elements of the coming energy system. The German federal government is now planning a significant and rapid expansion. However, the extent to which appropriate planning and measures take place in regions and municipalities will also depend on the spatial planning regulations of the federal and state governments. This paper explains that considerable support and control options are available to accompany expansion efforts. Cross-references to the Renewable Energy Sources Act and the Building Code are also shown and it is explained that the different types of ground-mounted photovoltaic systems may partially require a differentiated approach.

Spatial planning is a public task which is concerned with identifying, explaining and solving difficult problems with spatial impacts. A large part of its remit is therefore to provide technical advice to policymakers and to inform the general public. Spatial planning has successfully established itself as a distinct discipline — and one which is now quite indispensible, not least due to the absence of any real alternative to it. For what other discipline is there which takes on responsibility for sustainable spatial development by embracing not only the social, ecological and economic, but also the cultural and political dimensions; or expands the prospects for regions, cities, neighbourhoods and villages by promoting integration and interdisciplinary approaches; or, in the face of all uncertainty, which plots possible long-term courses of development for society to follow? In times of increasing segmentation, it is precisely the multifaceted nature of spatial planning that makes it not only both distinct and modern, but also a neutral source of authority. Nonetheless, the point at which spatial planning has traditionally brought — and continues to bring — its influence to bear is not at the very heart of political activity or at the centre of the debates taking place within society, but rather in the background. Only in rare cases are individual citizens directly affected by the decisions taken in the field of spatial planning. With some regularity, spatial planning is called upon to list its successes and to justify its existence, not least because the standing it enjoys within society is not particularly high. However, spatial planning must itself bear some responsibility for the relatively poor image it has acquired and for its lack of visibility. Apart from in a small number of exceptional cases, it remains much too reticent in contexts where it should rather market its distinctiveness, its strengths and its competencies — qualities which are described, albeit briefly, in the present paper. This would seem to be an auspicious time for a concerted marketing campaign. The new guidelines for spatial development in Germany call for a refocusing of tasks and for a new understanding of the role of spatial planning. With their new bachelor’s and master’s degrees, university courses in spatial planning are now positioning themselves for the future.

Spatial planning is called on to contribute to managing risks associated with outages of infrastructure services deemed particularly important in the context of critical infrastructure protection. This paper explores indications of overlaps between critical infrastructure sectors and the fields of Daseinsvorsorge (services of general interests) which have not yet received much attention in expert discussions. It provides a comparison of critical infrastructure sectors and variants of lists of the fields of Daseinsvorsorge. Although the extent of the overlaps cannot be determined exactly, it can be assumed that most of the infrastructures considered tobe critical are involved in the provision of services associated with the concept of Daseinsvorsorge. Hence the infrastructures and services in question are subject to different policy areas and interventions carried out in accordance with them. This inference calls for consideration of the implications of the spatial organization of the provision of Daseinsvorsorge services for critical infrastructure protection. A change of perspective, i.e. looking at the aims and means of Daseinsvorsorge planning from the point of view of critical infrastructure protection, enhances the visibility of their potential ‘side effects’. As the concept of critical infrastructure incorporates both worthiness of protection and a certain hazard potential, a change of perspective leads to unfamiliar perceptions of the spatial planning of Daseinsvorsorge and raises academic and practical questions.

This paper is based on the assumption that sustainable spatial development requires a relational perspective on space and a specific focus on conflict resolution. These general requests are applied to a specific spatial planning topic: landscape identities. The latter are defined as individual interpretations of specific landscape features referring to both physical environments and social place meanings. For an empirical assessment, landscape identities are operationalized as a variation of the ‘appropriated physical space’. Thus, our core interest is on spatial features used for subjective interpretations about landscape distinctiveness, for the formation of a sense of belonging and togetherness as well as for emotional attachments. Based on these so-called reference points, a determination of identity-relevant conflicts becomes possible, i.e. of opposing landscape identity interpretations. In a rural case study region, landscape identities are made visible using qualitative-reconstructive methods. The results of 28 semi-structured interviews indicate a diverse spectrum of reference points. These features were repeatedly discussed even though the individual meanings ascribed to them vary. Furthermore, our results show conflicting interpretations: the same features are regarded by some as identity-creating, but explicitly not by others. In face of the empirical results, the theoretical and methodological considerations are discussed and planning implications are suggested. A particular focus is on opportunities to deal with conflicting interpretations of landscape identities.

Mineral resources are used in virtually all branches of production. The extraction of resources is competing with other land uses and often meets little acceptance. Spatial planning plays an important role not only for precautionary land use for resource extraction, but also for long-term securing of resource potentials. The spatial planning involves a weighing against other land uses and functions in the sense of a sustainable regional development. This paper looks into the question how the statewide and regional planning meets this requirement with regard to non-energetic mineral resources. The results of polls and plan analyses show massive variations in the regulatory scope for securing resources in the statewide and regional plans. This serves as a basis on which solutions are highlighted for an adequate consideration of securing resources in spatial planning. These relate to the methodical challenges in the weighing process as well as the design of the spatial planning toolsets.

The paper focuses on the gap between the expectations and the effects of the recent rescaling of planning powers in France. Through a series of legislative reforms in 2010, 2014 and 2015, France has introduced “metropolises”. Designed for large cities of more than 500,000 inhabitants, metropolises are a new way of grouping municipalities (Etablissement Public de Coopération Intercommunale), more integrated than the previous bodies which they replace (communauté urbaine, communauté d’agglomération). With enlarged territories and increased decisional power, they were expected to become strong collective actors, providing better services for their inhabitants and making better use of their resources. However, the first outcomes of the reform do not meet these expectations. Metropolises are often smaller than expected. Their perimeters result more from political bargains than from geographical considerations. The emergence of a collective metropolitan power is slowed down by the mayors, who stick to localist approaches, as well as by the national government. Planning objectives have shifted from a redistributive approach (ensuring balanced territorial development) to a growth-oriented policy (enhancing metropolitan potentials). As a result, central areas are gaining economic weight and autonomy while peripheral areas keep declining: there are winners and losers.

The “Energiewende” (energy transition) is an important transformation process changing spaces both materially and symbolically. Making this change sustainable is one of the biggest challenges on the way to a post-fossil society. To meet these challenges in its areas of responsibility means for spatial planning to take into account in particular changed actor constellations, the emergence of new energy systems, energy landscapes and spatial relationships. However, both the implementation of the new planning tasks as well as the planning research on energy transition are only just at the beginning. Clearly, planning instruments will have to be adapted and developed procedurally and substantially. We propose that linking the debate on the Energiewende that takes place in spatial research and planning science to analytical aspects of sustainability-related gender research will achieve a yet untapped potential for transforming energy systems towards sustainable development. Using results from gender studies and research into the social ecology of sustainability, we define gender in four ways, as differential, as structure, as process and as epistemological category. Drawing upon these concepts we ask what “blind spots”, justice and democracy deficits as well as manorial handling with nature can be made visible. The aim of the paper is to gain transformation knowledge for an emancipatory (re-)design of energy transition in space as well as new prospects for planning science on energy transition.

There is much agreement among spatial and transport planners that urban and rural areas have increasingly become dependent on motorized transport over time, and have therefore also become more energy intensive. This paper understands “automobile dependence” as a form of structural dependence on the availability of the private motor car which results from a lack of alternative mobility options. It introduces a methodological approach for a location sensitive assessment of settlement structures with regards to their degree of automobile dependence. The methodology is based on an indicator concept that analyses the availability and quality of public transport and the accessibility of critical facilities with non-motorized transport options. The study approach is implemented in the Stuttgart region and allows for an absolute or relative assessment of car dependency in various spatial units. The results provide evidence for the existence of urban areas with a significant structural automobile dependence in Stuttgart, even in a region where public transport is generally highly developed.

Theoretical debates in social and planning sciences (like urban planning, urban studies, urban sociology or social geography) are rarely focussing on the term “population” in an explicit way. But implicitly (and as an object) population is—as a complementary concept to “space”—in the centre of such spatial sciences quite often. The purpose of this paper is to take an epistemological glance at the history of the concept of population. Firstly I trace back to Michel Foucault’s history of governmentality and work out the meaning of population in this context. Secondly I go to the discourses of population sciences that take place in national economy in nineteenth century and recapitulate the large debates and their population conception (i.e. Malthus, Marx and Engels, Schmoller, Oppenheimer, Mombert). Thirdly I look at population policy especially in the 1920ies and 1930ies, which handles with concepts like “overpopulation” and “Bevölkerungsoptimum” and which are deeply embedded in the NS-state and its ideology. In my conclusion I bring forward the argument that population is a fundament of spatial planning and space science (“Raumforschung und Raumplanung”) and that therefore is a demand for a permanent controversy concerning the concept of population.

The Federal Administrative Court’s judgement of 03/16/2006 concerning the airport Berlin-Schönefeld seems to announce a renaissance of the idea of coordination by spatial planning. Even after this decision, however, the Länder’s comprehensive regional planning will not be able to effectively coordinate the federal state’s and the European Union’s sectoral plannings. The paper elaborates various possible strategies to improve the legal framework for comprehensive spatial planning in Germany.

The paper is based on the social constructivist landscape theory. In this setting, landscape is not constituted as a physical object but as a social construct that uses physical objects. Consequently, landscape can be described as a hybrid based on individual and social conceptions which includes also physical objects. Another dimension of the hybrid is the fact that landscape has cultural references as well as natural ones. Concerning the practice with landscape in the spatial planning these remarks imply that landscape could not reduced to its physical objects. It rather should be thought also as a social and individual construct. In this context has to be considered that landscape is barely able to be planned because it is usually an unintended side-effect of social development. Furthermore the integration of the needs of minors in power concerning the practice with landscape is demanded.

The paper analyses two parallel, but distinct, trends of water management in Germany — the ecological orientation of water protection and the commercialisation of water services — in terms of their relevance for spatial development. It describes the principal features of each of these trends, illustrates their spatial dimensions and elucidates their implications for spatial planning and regional development strategies. Conclusions are drawn on how spatial planning and regional policy could be used to greater effect to shape these ongoing — and thus still open — processes of ecological orientation and commercialisation in the water sector.

This paper examines the education of spatial planners in Europe. The comparison is based on studies about the current state of implementation of the Bologna Process, which has been originally undertaken and recently updated by the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP). The training of planners, i.e. the quality of planning education and its applied standards, is a key point of discussion among schools of planning. Ultimately, the definition of standards depends on the feedback from professional circles (in particular regarding the situation on the labour market), and on co-operation with planning organisations. Accordingly, AESOP currently is in discussion with the European Council of Spatial Planners (ECTP) on the extent to which standards should be defined in terms of the new system of university degrees (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) to guarantee a common European labour market and avoid any restrictions on access.