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The presented study shows the effects of climate uncertainty, characterized using three different climate projections, on growth and yield in four regions of the north German lowlands (tab. 1). We examine whether climate uncertainty affects forest management or whether different silvicultural concepts might eviscerate the climatic effects in forest development. Three silvicultural concepts are applied: the reference scenario defined by the principles of close-to-nature silviculture, the biodiversity strategy indending to increase the area of natural vegetation, and the climate protection path trying to maximize CO2 sequestration (tab. 3). The simulation system WaldPlaner with site- and climate- sensitive growth functions projects forest development in the four regions from 2011 to 2070 applying the three silvicultural concepts as well as three climate projections (fig. 1). Climatic and silvicultural effects are directly comparable as the projection excludes any tree or forest losses due to risk factors, i.e. no interaction of mortality and forest development is simulated. The starting conditions in the four regions, i.e. site and climate characteristics (tab. 2, fig. 2), age class distribution (fig. 3) and species proportions (tab. 5) heavily influence the projected forest development. The scenario study shows the clear effects of climatic uncertainty on standing and harvested volume (fig. 4, tab. 6), on periodic annual increment (fig. 5) and on the prescribed yield index (fig. 6, tab. 8). Climatic uncertainty increases with time. Nevertheless, we show that silvicultural measures are capable to control forest development to a much stronger degree. A subsequent risk analysis is indispensable to recommend management options or to derive adaptation strategies. Here, we show the effect of climate uncertainty and silvicultural practices on risk factors using drought vulnerability as an example (tab. 5, fig. 6). Obviously the climate effect is much stronger on drought vulnerability than the silvicultural effect. This result is contrary to the effects on growth and yield. Keeping in mind the strong influence of climatic uncertainty on climate-sensitive risk factors forest management needs to plan responsibly and forest conversion must not be in stereotypes. A flexible formulation of adaptation strategies continuously acknowledging progress in climate change research is necessary. The results of the presented scenario study help to evaluate the climate effects, the degree of uncertainty and silvicultural alternatives on forest development in order to recommend management options and to derive adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the specific property rights, forest management has to deal with hunting and recreation regularly, at least in Germany and Austria. However, formal account- ing and controlling at the forest enterprise level is traditionally focused on timber production. The example of the Austrian Forest Accountancy Data Network provides evidence for the significance of these operational activities, thereby indicating a certain demand for respective controlling. It has to be considered though, that the motivation behind such activities is not necessarily the generation of income. Managerial interests may be affected irrespective of actual production processes. For example opportunity for recreational hunting by the owner or controlling negative impacts on operational activities by recreationists can be explicit goals. As such they need to be defined operationally in terms of content, extent and time to provide respective yardsticks for controlling. This comprises monetary figures like costs and revenues as well as natural data. The aim of this paper is to conceptually advance controlling instruments for auxiliary activities and to provide references for practitioners. To this end we provide a basis of appropriate figures for hunting and recreation. This covers inputs, outputs, processes and reference units (tables 1 and 2) as well as the in this context novel concept of outcomes. Furthermore indicators for effects of these two operational activities and timber production on one another (table 3) are considered. Empirical references are derived from publications of German and Austrian state forest organizations, from internal material provided by the Municipal Forestry Department of the city of Vienna and from a survey of forest managers. We discuss our results in the light of general theoretical criteria as well as practical requirements for the use of information in the context forest enterprise controlling. Especially the trade-off between the validity of indicators on the one hand and the costs of information on the other has to be taken into account, when appraising the usefulness of any practical application in a specific organisation. Ultimately operationally defined indicators for goals, inputs, outputs and outcomes all are prerequisite for the assessment of efficiency and effectivity. Based on our findings further perspectives for operational level controlling in the field of auxiliary activities of forest enterprises are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung is the property of J. D. Sauerlaender's Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)