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This article (which is dedicated to the German professor Alfred Haverkamp) focuses on the expulsions of Jews in Europe during the Middle Ages. Several topics are discussed, including how the Prussian King Frederick II wrote letters protecting Jews after his ancestor Rupert II expelled the Prussian Jews, how the French Kings Philip II, August, and Louis VIII all mistreated the Jews when they first came into power, and how Jewish communities and Jewish individuals were often expelled without warning or reason during the Middle Ages.

The essay analyses several ways and forms of 'writing philosophy' in the view of a history of practices which seems still to be a derivate in the emerging fields of writing and science studies. Jean Paul, the writer, and his philosophical mentor Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi discuss contemporary philosophy, namely the works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a philosophical writer who refused first to publish his ideas, in a specific way of exchange of marginalia, notes, papers and writing tools. It is so to be shown how such aspects are at work in the kind of a 'philosophy as writing'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper argues for a revision of the textual history of the Old Russian Skazanie o Drakulě. According to its editor Lur'e (1963) the text had been produced by Fedor Kuricyn in 1485 and transcribed by well-known copyist Efrosin in 1486 and in 1490. Lur'e characterises the Skazanie as a politically motivated description of a "cruel but righteous sovereign", produced by the diplomate Kuricyn and comparable to Western Renaissance political treatises. Lur'e's statements only argue ex negativo and fail to match the textual evidences. 1: Our paper shows in detail, that the two main redactions of the text, both datable in the 90's of the 15th c., display mutual dependencies and require a protograph as their common ancestor which needed much more time to develop than is left between Kuricyn's assumed return from Moldavia to Moscow in the middle or at the end of 1485 and Efrosin's first transcription in February 1486. While the textual history of the Skazanie cannot be historically aligned with Kuricyn's mission to Moldavia and his return to Moscow in 1485, there is no argument left to attach the name Kuricyn to the text at all. 2: The reception of the Skazanie until today is based on the assumption that the text would characterise the reign of 'cruel' Ivan IV. There is no objective argument for this suggestion, but numerous counterarguments. 3: The paper characterises rhetoric strategies in the narratives about Drakula, showing, among others, a connection with a South German (Bavarian) episode, and pointing to the possible origin of a historically relevant question (the "sister" of the Hungarian King). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today literary criticism contests the 'Volksbuch' as a genre since its criteria seem under-defined. This paper aims, from a functional point of view, to explain its historical success by tracing four histories of this genre. The under-definition of the genre turns out as the precondition of its manifold employments. What the different histories have in common is the imagination of the 'Volksbuch', which could unify the German nation. The 'Volksbuch', the paper will argue, is a virtual modern genre which imagines an anti-modern state of society and literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the present paper is to determine the category of locutions recognized by the Real Academia de la Lengua Española in the general academic dictionary, the Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE). The research proves that throughout history the types of locutions established by the Academy have not been the same. On the contrary, classification changed over the years especially from the 19th edition dated 1970 up to the 23rd dated 2014, including the Diccionario esencial de la lengua española, dated 2006 (as it is indicated in the annex). The edition of 1970 was the first to establish a list of the types of locutions, with only five: adjectival, adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, and interjective locutions. The edition of 2001 determines nine types of locutions: nominal, pronominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, quantifier, and interjective locutions. The latest edition (2014) establishes eight types: nominal, pronominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, and interjective locutions (the quantifier type is deleted). These hesitations are due to the unstable definition of "locution" given by the Academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this introduction, we review the state of the art of stock market history in Germany and preview the main findings of the articles published in this special issue. In Germany, scholars have long focused on institutional aspects of stock market history. Yet, starting in the late 1990s, quantitative work also started to take-off. Some of the articles published in this special issue go further down this road. Moreover, several of the following papers deal with the history of German stock markets during the interwar period, a period so far neglected by research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a manuscript from the library of the Regional Museum in Chrudim (East Bohemia) which contains a Czech translation of some of the tales of 'One Thousand and One Nights'. The manuscript was written at the end of the 18th century in a rather peculiar orthography and belongs to a group of manuscripts which were evidently written by a single person, the painter Josef Ceregetti (1722-1779). The language used in these manuscripts is the literary Czech of that time, with some influence from spoken language. By comparison of the French text of Galland and two contemporary German translations with the Czech text I show that the author seems to have been working with the German translation from the year 1730. The Czech translation was probably intended for a local circle of intellectuals, mainly clerics, and never reached a broader public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The classicist scholar Gottfried Ernst Groddeck (1762-1825) came into literary history thanks to his students, mainly Adam Mickiewicz. Although a gifted pupil of Christian Gottlieb Heyne, he gained only local fame; neither he nor any of his works was broadly known. Groddeck's professional career, however, deserves careful attention, for it is a conspicuous example of increasing academic mobility in Central Europe at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The paper looks at the biography and work of Groddeck from the network perspective in order to examine the various mechanisms characteristic of networks of savants. In the first part, an analysis of some structuring features of scientific networks is provided. In the second part, the author presents the different roles and spheres in which Groddeck acted, for between 1782 and 1786 he was a student of Heyne in Göttingen, then a librarian and private teacher at the Court of the Prince Czartoryski in Puławy, and eventually Professor for Greek and Latin Languages and Literature at the Imperial University of Vilnius (1803-1825). In all these positions he stayed in contact with other men of letters in Göttingen, Berlin, Leipzig, Wien as well as in Puławy, Vilnius, Dorpat, Moscow and Paris. Among them, there were personal friends, employers as well as pen partners personally unknown to him. Groddeck's correspondence enables us to reconstruct the various dimensions of the international and local networks in which he participated. What is at stake are rules regulating relations, obligations and hierarchies within both informal and more formalized scientific coalitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During the 1930s and 1940s, the publishing sphere in Germany had to adapt to substantial ideological imperatives. It was subject to the control of various often rivaling institutions of censorship. These censoring institutions employed literary scholars to observe and influence the growing production of books and magazines. This paper reconstructs the practices these literary scholars employed for dealing with contemporary literature in an ideologically conditioned setting. It engages with the still largely unexplored relation between academic socialization, interpretative practices and politically motivated interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a special focus on processes of artistic transfer between the Apennine peninsula and other regions in the Mediterranean and beyond, this paper sheds new light on haloes and gold grounds in thirteenth-to fifteenth-century Italian painting. By means of case studies, it analyzes both (1) the role of haloes and gold grounds within the specific logic of the images, and (2) the impact of imported artifacts (their techniques, decoration, and materiality) on Italian panel painting as well as the complex interplays between imports and local production. Elucidating the intersections, frictions, and fields of tension between visual and material culture, this paper contributes to discussions on transmedial and transmaterial dynamics, transcultural art history, and the multireferentiality of gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As an important fuel, hard coal shaped industrialisation. Due to its specific materiality, coal established different options for intertwining industry and resource. This paper concentrates on the one hand on the specific properties of coal and, on the other, on the economic and technological operations with coal. Using the example of the different material properties of coal from the coal districts of Inde and Wurm, these interrelations are examined and illustrate how a space of resource extraction could be arranged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the major flows of gold in early 20th century offers new perspectives on the various and often overlapping political, sociocultural and economic spaces that are linked to the production, transport, marketing and consumption of gold around the world. A material, but not materialistic, biography of gold helps to overcome the narrow 'centrist' logic that still dominates many narratives of globalization as well as the historiography on gold. The paper studies different spatial impacts such as the geology and geographical conditions of the places where gold was found, the newly built infrastructures for energy and water with far-reaching effects, the political segregation of different ethnic groups, the systems of migrant work across national and imperial boundaries, work in mines on the surface and underground, channels of transport, the informal arrangements to direct the international flow of gold towards London, strategies of workers and unionists, the difficult conditions of peasant families in India as well as in South African reserves, and the important question of by whom and from where the global commodity chain of gold may have been directed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that history deserves a more central place in jurisprudential thinking. The argument rests on an understanding of law as having a fundamental institutional dimension, as well as being a product of social power and interests. Since law realises itself in terms of intersecting institutional arrangements and since these change over time, institutional history is central to the very idea of law which jurisprudence aspires to illuminate. The argument is pursued through a case study in special jurisprudence: an analysis of the trajectory of ideas of criminal responsibility in English law since the 18th century. While a broad family resemblance among ideas of responsibility in different eras can be identified, the variations on those ideas, and their relative importance and impact, depend fundamentally on historically contingent constellations of ideas, institutions and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Beitrag legt erste Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts 'Audienzen bei Mussolini' vor. Im Anschluss an eine Beschreibung der benutzten Quellen, die sich im Archivio Centrale dello Stato und im Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri befi nden, wird die aus dem Projekt hervorgegangene Datenbank kurz vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird Mussolinis Arbeitsweise in ihrem Entwicklungsverlauf skizziert. The text presents the initial results of the research project 'Mussolini's audiences'. The paper contains an analysis of the sources used, from the Archivio Centrale dello Stato and the Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri, as well as a short description of the database produced after this research. There are also some brief remarks on Mussolini's working method in its historical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article challenges the common notion that around 1800 the written essay (Hausarbeit) was established as a practice and form of examination within the newly founded institution of the Seminar. Academic and educational theory in the 19th century assigned obligatory writing to schooling and associated it with compulsion and control, thus being incompatible with academic freedom. For students, writing was voluntary and had its place within the lecture (Vorlesung) being understood as a productive enterprise. While the Seminar was reserved for a small minority of students, it was not until the 20th century that written papers became the now widely-known proof of academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War was not only a military conflict but also an economic war. In all belligerent countries, labour and resources were shifted from civil production to military production. Factory workers, miners and farmers produced a steady flow of supplies for the frontlines. Financial mobilization provided the money for arms, ammunition, and other supplies. In contemporary understanding 'financial mobilization' comprised all fiscal and monetary instruments that were necessary to finance the war. The aim of this paper is to discuss the interaction between the government and the central bank in Germany in financing the First World War. Aspects include the pre-war plans for financial mobilization, the fiscal and monetary policies of the war years and their inflationary consequences, the financing of foreign trade and financial demobilization during the transition from war to peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the First World War, warfare became more totalitarian and was backed by an economic conflict waged with increasingly harsh methods. In the combatant nations munitions rapidly became an essential 'raw material', with the increasing demand being met either by the expanding domestic arms industry or by munitions imports from neutral countries. The Swiss watch, metal and engineering industries enjoyed a strong international reputation and had a strong focus on exports: by the end of 1914 they began manufacturing precision detonators for artillery projectiles, and rising quantities of these products were sold to both sides. This paper examines what volume Swiss munitions exports assumed during the First World War, how this was compatible with Swiss neutrality and looks at the arguments used to criticise or justify this trade over the course of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As most other industrialized countries, Germany experienced three major changes in its energy mix in the last two centuries, namely the respective transitions to coal, oil, and nuclear power. This paper discusses the reasons and consequences of these changes with respect to energy consumption, energy prices, and growth. One major finding is that each energy transition led to a devaluation of traditional locational advantages such as the existence of local sources of water power or coal beds. Another important observation is that most of the energy transitions were accompanied by significant government subsidies aiming at either promoting new energy sources or reducing the social hardship associated with the decline of traditional power industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses transformations which took place in Polish theatre after the turning point of 1989 in the context of the so called 'Romantic Paradigm' characteristic for Polish culture. Pointing out to the collapse of that paradigm and to the emergence of a new generation of playwrights, the analysis focuses upon the influence of German theatre upon Polish theatre and on the accompanying controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War II an increasing share of the industrial output of Germany and the Nazi-ruled European economies was converted for use in the German war effort. In order to steer this conversion, information gathering and processing were crucial. This paper examines the institutions and instruments of the German system of information gathering and processing and tries to identify its successes and failures. It will be shown that the origins of the system stemmed predominately from specific bottlenecks Germany faced during the pre-war period, which necessitated a more active role of the state given the aims of the Nazi regime. The ad-hoc character of some of the measures implemented in order to improve the information basis of the German economic administration produced a system which was ill-coordinated and incomplete. During the war, the information needs further increased and several reforms considerably improved the information basis of the state. Nevertheless, some fundamental problems stemming from the private-property based economic order in Germany and the specific industrial structure remained unresolved even after Speer had become armaments minister. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The first two Slovene books, the Catechismus and the Abecedarium written by Primož Trubar in 1550, were printed by Peter Frentz whose printing office was located in the town of Schwäbisch Hall in Germany. This statement is based on the recent comparison of Frentz's prints with those of other printing offices (by Helmut Claus) as well as on the results of re-assessment of written sources which shed new light on how these two works of Trubar were discovered. Furthermore, the paper points out the five new exemplars of the work by protestant writers from the 16th century: the Catechismus in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script from 1561, the First Part of the New Testament ( Ta pervi deil Noviga testamenta) and the Articuli by Primož Trubar from 1557-1558 and 1562 and the master's thesis of Jurij Dalmatin De catholica et catholicis from 1572. It also discusses at length the new discovery of the second preserved copy of the Cerkovna ordninga from 1564 pointing out its meaning and its differences with regards to the Vatican copy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay deals with motives, narratives, and effects of synchronoptic historiographies. Taking 1913 as an example, the paper describes different approaches to writing the history of a single year, then considers the changing notion of 'historical time' as a key factor in the current upsurge of such historiographies. In an age that is often addressed as 'posthistoricist' by historians and literary critics alike, there is a need for new representations of time and history that take into account and successfully negotiate non-linear history. An examination of poems from 1913 (by Guillaume Apollinaire and Gottfried Benn) underscores the importance of conceiving history as manifold, yet simultaneously experienced, time-layers and heterotemporalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper historicizes the functions of reading in social contexts. At the very latest, the beginning of the modern age exhibits individual functions socially charged to perform collective needs and goals. Crucial among these functions are those of social integration and the possibilities of connecting communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the historiography of the last decade, there has been a boom in research which attempts from a transnational perspective to break the dominance of the “methodological nationalism” in history. Although economic history has dealt for a long time with cross-border phenomena such as foreign trade and capital movements, the “national economy” is still by and far the most important object of investigation. The position of East Central Europe in the European economy of the 19th Century is usually analyzed using the assumptions of either dependence or modernization theory. The paper provides a critical revision of the results of these analyses. The external influences on the formation and development of the Galician oil industry are to be discussed, as is the importance of integration into the Customs Union of the Habsburg monarchy for industrialization of Hungary, the development of an industrialization type that is based on the food industry as a result of globalization and agrarian crisis, and changes in foreign trade structures of the Habsburg Monarchy. The article argues for an economic entanglement history in a very broad sense. Besides the treatment of the “classical” topics, such as foreign trade and cross-border movement of capital, we shall deal with the transfers of technology, migration and trans-national operating companies history, with commodity chains and of course with the concrete actors that made these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southeast Europe’s economic backwardness and very slow industrialization prior to 1945 continues, even in recent research, to be attributed to an unproductive peasant economy and traditional peasant society. However, the radical paradigm shift in the view of peasants as agents of economic growth and of their ability to adjust to modern growth after 1960 has surprisingly never been highlighted in economic history research on the Balkan-states (Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece). Interpreting agricultural development as a mainly demand-driven process this paper argues that the potential for agricultural growth was much more restricted in the Southeast than the Northwest of Europe but that Balkan peasants seem to have exploited their growth potential as far as possible. There is a lot of evidence that the reasons for sluggish industrialization before 1940 were definitely not rooted in 'peasant traditionalism' as often claimed by Balkan elites and many scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singing, music, and dance were part of Jewish day to day life. In this paper I focus on Ashkenazi Jews in the German speaking areas in the early modern period. I intend to show how musical entertainment was part of the free-time activities of Jews in Ashkenaz, both in religious and in secular settings. As such it contributed to the ongoing cultural transfer between Jews and Christians, while over the years the developing Christian entertainment opportunities offered a cultural alternative to an increasing number of Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses an English folding screen decorated with a collage of paper cut-outs and other design elements associated with the British arts and crafts movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Background information on the history of furniture design, collages as an art form, and the 19th-century historical context of industrialization and consumer society is provided. The motifs and composition of the collage are described and analyzed as indicators of historical and social aspects of interior design for the middle class in Victorian Britain.

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This paper discusses the scientific construction of sex and gender in a multidisciplinary setting. Prehistoric concepts and corporealities of sex and gender receive increasing attention in both archaeology and anthropology. Burials are a major object of inquiry. Sex / gender assignment is based on artefacts, morphology, and lately, ancient DNA. While I follow the development of methods and communications, the focus is on cases where results diverge. I will point to the paradoxical impulses recently coming from molecular biology and genetics. Specifically, ancient DNA has not brought the unambiguous, durable knowledge on sex that part of the community had hoped for. I conclude that from a history of science perspective, cross-disciplinary communication and a mix of methods from various backgrounds have rendered the scientific discussion of gender and sex more versatile. Especially archaeologists have been inspired to rethink their traditional methods and concepts. As anti-genderism rules in the media, the challenge is to make cooperations between arts and sciences and to communicate our new views on the diversity and ambiguity of gender in history convincingly to a broader public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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