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The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed the leadership inability of the head of several states. This is also an occasion for countries' policymakers to reconsider policies regarding priorities for policies. Combining with the COP26 conference after the beginning of the new normality, where policymakers gathered for initiating collective actions to tackle climate change. This event turns out that requires collective action in the private and business sector in handling sustainability. These events play very crucial factors in paving the way for the increase of competitiveness in the market through a more sustainable business model. The circular economy is a recent tendency of developed countries while implementing policy within these criteria. The approach of the Environment, Social and Governance report indicator (ESG) is not new and a favorable option for many multinational corporations including small and medium-sized enterprises in several developed countries. ESG is expected that investors and policy-makers would evaluate firms regarding sustainability. It is to say that ESG will be a factor in the process of shaping the global circular economy. However, enterprises in developing countries might take slow progress in this regard, especially in Vietnam. The dissemination of the circular economy is somewhat slow. Vietnam is gradually employing this economic model. And firms operating within the country are being encouraged to shift their linear business model to a circular economic business model. Vietnam's government is making its effort to pave the way for more sustainable economic development by raising awareness of the circular economy, ESG, and sustainable business. Based on the exploratory research, this paper uses web content analysis, secondary sources, and literature research especially the national policies to revise the perspectives of the government and firms. Moreover, this paper should view the development trend of the circular economy in Vietnam. This paper will investigate the situation in Vietnam by analyzing national reports and policies. Several enterprises implementing the circular economy model will be taken under consideration regarding their direction and how they perceive it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball and business organizations can be compared from various standpoints (organizational structure, type of teams, processes etc.). One such standpoint is regarding objective setting. By undergoing a literature review analysis on the topic of objective setting in basketball versus business organization, the author tried to answer the research question: "are there any differences in the way basketball and business organizations conduct their objective setting activities?" Considering this, the objective of this paper is to provide an insight into how objectives in basketball and business organizations are set, and if there are any similarities or differences in the way they conduct this activity. The results however, did not provide clear and sufficient information if there are any differences between how objectives are set and communicated in basketball versus business organizations. Furthermore, a simple literature review like this one cannot provide a clear answer to the research question, as the necessary information regarding objective setting in basketball organizations is, in most cases, not public or easily identifiable. Moreover, the author was not able to identify research on the topic of how exactly basketball organizations set their objectives or what criteria they take into consideration when setting these objectives. This proves the fact that topics like how basketball organization set their objectives for each season or what criteria they take into consideration when undergoing this activity could be considered relevant for a future and more detailed qualitative/quantitative research having as target group: basketball teams that play in the Euroleague/Romanian National Basketball League. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of malus and clawback provisions has increased in recent years due to the demand for tighter controls on incentive-based compensation. The alignment between executive pay and individual performance creates a culture of responsible decision-making and accountability within an organisation. This paper seeks to evaluate the current state of governance legislation on the clawback of remuneration in the South African context. A systematic literature review was conducted to provide descriptive insight on the technical and procedural approach applied to the clawback of remuneration. These findings were then compared to other countries so that similarities, differences, and areas of further research could be identified. Through detailed content analysis, it was found that the South African governance regime lags behind its international counterparts regarding remuneration clawback. Due to the absence of relevant statutory guidelines, discretion is frequently applied, leading to inconsistent treatment of clawback amongst listed companies. The use of clawback as a risk-mitigation mechanism is also relatively new in South Africa and comparative studies provide useful insight on the technicalities and administration processes applied abroad. The lessons learnt and strategies applied internationally serve as a benchmark for the development of clawback legislation in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The topic of digital transformation in our country has had a major impact on both society and the economy, with all its sectors being a paradigm for them. At the same time, the digital transformation of our country is one of the most important components of the National Recovery and Resilience Plans. This fact is also due to the position on which Romania is ranked within the hierarchy based on the Digital Economy and Society Index (European Commission, 2021. Referring to it, we observe a less favorable position of our country, ranking 27th out of the 27 member states of the European Union (European Commision, 2022) with an annual growth lower than the other countries and less convergent. Thus, in order for the European Union to fulfill its objective of the digital decade, Romania must create the ideal context for a significant change in the pace of training and acquisition of basic digital skills. We therefore observe how the introduction of digital technology has corroborated the way tourism companies assert themselves. Digital technology has become an invaluable business tool widely used in the travel and tourism sector Lee & Wicks (2010). We are talking about an economic-social phenomenon reflected in one of the basic sectors of many nations, whose expansion was particularly pronounced in 2019, 2020, as a result of the collapse left in this industry by the COVID19 pandemic. Digital transformation represents a substantial challenge for both organizations and national economies, being a topic that has sparked interest for academic studies and researchers. Starting from this necessity and carrying out a review of the existing works on the market, it was found that there are no studies related to the digitalization level of tourism businesses in Romania. Thus, the present work evaluates, measures and quantifies the level of digitization of small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of tourism, with Băile Felix resort in Bihor county as a working sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Europaea is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to provide a comparison of different methods for the process of effort and cost estimation used by an IT company in IT-projects. Based on a literature review on the topic of effort estimation methods, the tool for effort and cost estimation operated by project management teams is getting investigated for the purpose of further improvement. The findings obtained are derived and presented to the involved parties as well as to other stakeholders that might benefit from this research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author makes a strong case against the de-separation of state and Orthodox Church in Romania, especially in the political discourse. The religious discourse has been used by politicians to attack non-orthodox political enemies, while the church increased its influence in key political institutions, demanding more and more privileges, in the name of the symphony between church and state and of the autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This paper deconstructs the concept of symphony and autocephaly and argues that their use in the political discourse goes far beyond their original meaning. The church uses these and similar concepts to engage a modern communicative interaction with the political and the public sphere using classical lobby but also new social media, besieging the public discourse, with the benefit of a large acceptance of theologically and democratically problematic ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government programme of the government which started its mandate after the 2012 parliamentary election entailed a regionalisation and decentralisation reform, which was supposed to be a very large reform for Romania. However, the reform remained stuck in the communication process. This paper looks into whether the Romanian political actors pursued a double strategy by presenting different aspects of the reform to different actors. The first part of the paper entails a theoretical perspective on the political communication and the analysis frame. The second part presents the analysis that considers the following elements: the context of the reform, the pursued goals of the Romanian political actors and the receiver-actors towards who the communication took place. Therefore, the paper explains the communication that took place with regard to the proposed regionalisation reform from 2013, which has been further postponed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to approach issue of the implementation of legal regulations concerning occupational health and safety, where the main focus lies, on the one hand, in the proper definition of a reliable OSH management system and, on the other hand, in the identification of hazards and the assessment of risks. The EU Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Strategic Framework supports the harmonization of working conditions that improve the working environment to protect workers' health and to ensure their safety. This paper aims to analyze the successful implementation of an OSH management system in a German company by studying the Health, Safety and Environment policy, the external OHSAS certifications of the H&S management system for the corresponding production sites and the results of the HSE policy implementation. In conclusion, we present the priorities of the health and safety management system and the development prospects in this field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of USA in promoting of economic order (Ordoliberalism) in Germany after the second world war and further its impact on the bottom- up process of Europeanization. Moreover, the United States of America as a modern federation has become an inspiration for European federation concepts. The main hypothesis is contained in the statement that the depart from the policy of order by the USA has been disastrous for international order. The consequence of this was financial and economic crisis, which further deepened the EU and EMU disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Governance is an important approach to the study of European Integration and the European Union. However, it falls short of offering a sound metaphor that gives the new polity a name for its political order. The approach is well suited for analyzing the European Union's political system, but it cannot describe the political community in the way that the term 'nation states' describes the member states. An ongoing debate discusses terms like 'empire' to offer an alternative description. The paper enters this debate by criticizing these metaphors and offering the figure of pilgrimage instead. The contribution is embedded in the debate of social science and cultural science approaches in European studies and the question of legitimacy and identity. Methodologically the paper draws heavily from Aleida Assmann's concept of memory and Habermas' concept of a postsecular society which is used to recall historical and religious terms to bring about new ways of offering meaning to the developing political community of Europeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the research of the issues of political communication in Romania. This paper increase the visibility of the issues of the missing or unevolved sphere of “political Public” in Romania and aims to raise awareness about how the public sphere was dissolved by the communist regime and his installation of ”propagandistic public”. Afterwards were the deriving problems from it for the political communication in Romanian post-communism examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania lags behind other Central and Eastern European countries in dealing with the communist dictatorship. The political continuity after 1989 prevented any negotiation of the past, leading to a „bottom-up“ understanding based on myths and fictionalized narratives, which often increased conflicts between the civil society and the political elites. These aspects are still considered to be a flaw in terms of political culture. This paper argues about the emergence of different types of media and institutions of collective memory – with focus on the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (CNSAS) - about the way they challenge the negotiation of the communist past, their reception by the public as well as about their influence on political discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the applicability of classical bankruptcy prediction models for the Romanian companies listed at the Bucharest stock exchange. Using four models, the original Altman Z-Score model, the Z"-Score model, the Springate model and the model used to determine insolvency probability for the emerging markets, a study was conducted to see if they apply to Romanian companies' financial statements for the years between 2007 and 2008 and compare the obtained results. Each model will be presented separately, testing their accuracy ratio using the "Type I and II errors" method. In the end, the results will be combined to establish the applicability of these models to the Romanian companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of nation and nation-state as community of remembrance and oblivion. The starting point is the re-naming of Cluj in 1974, when it became Cluj-Napoca. As odd as it appears, what Ceauşescu did was in fact only a pathological form of a late nation-building, because oblivion is an essential part of this process as well as of the consolidation of the nation-state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if the Crisis and the nowadays problems in Europe have left the debate on the Turkish integration into the EU in a corner of shadow, this is actually the most disputable and long-lasting topic of European integration. The herein paper makes a long term analysis on the relations between Turkey and the EU, especially in order to overcome the emotional studies, or those analyses, which consider only one aspect, peculiar to short term approaches. It makes the connection between the historical, economic, political and cultural aspects and tries to give an answer to the question whether Turkey will become an EU member or not, question to which we have given a positive answer. Being aware that the wish of integrating Turkey compel the Union to define itself, we thus cannot say when it will happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the communist resistance in Romania from the perspective of memory politics. During the communist period, this topos was clearly shaped by memory politics and therefore directly related to the domestic and foreign policy turning points. By addressing the formation context of the Communist Party in Romania as well as the subsequent political and scientific discourses, the question is raised: why this topos has stuck to the rigid narratives during and after communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Europaea is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"And God said, Let us make man in our image ... (Gen 1:26). One assumes that this meaningful phrase has left many traces in the New Testament. But if one looks at the occurrence of the word ... it becomes quite clear that it has a special theological meaning only for Paul. For him, the word expresses the extraordinary dignity of the human being. In my article I would like to explore this theme and compare Paul's thoughts on ElKWV with Philo's concept of ... In my article I would like to discuss the topic in three points. First, we will briefly look at the ... motif in Genesis. Then we will see how Philo understood the image of God. And at the end we will arrive to Paul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides insights into a qualitative research aimed at capturing employees' perceptions of the consequences of an offshoring project within the IT industry, namely as a result of an acquisition process. The research findings were analyzed semantically and in terms of content, whereby the results are congruent with influencing factors on acquisitions found in literature. As a recommendation following the results, we highlighted some aspects which, if taken into account, can enable a successful acquisition and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution seeks to answer the role religions and churches, especially the Reformed churches, could play in developing and consolidating civil society and democracy. This study will examine the role of the Church in the Central and Eastern European social and political contexts. Therefore, we will first make an overview of the specifics of this phenomenon in the context of the region's recent history. Then we will look for the normative and substantive meanings of the term for the present going beyond its contextual definition. Finally, we will take note of the impulses of Reformed theology that can contribute to the strengthening of civil society and democratic culture. Will we do this in the context of the particular approach of Reformed theology, in the theological context of the threefold offices (triplex munus) of Christ. The Church, which shares in the royal, priestly and prophetic offices of Christ, shall assume special responsibilities in the life of the society following the threefold ministry of his Lord. In social and diaconal service, the Church must offer new, innovative solutions that promote quality of life (royal office) by working for a culture of reconciliation and compassion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the roots of political culture in Romania, beginning with the consolidation of the independent state, continuing through the experience of totalitarianism and the transformation process after the fall of comunism. Many of the political dificulties of Romanian society today can be traced back to specific experiences (or missing experiences) in the recent history. The lack of trust in political institutions and in the state, the underdeveloped civil society, the power of the church and the generalized corruption all find their explanation in specific structural settings of the past, from imported constitutions, through partial secularization, political myths and strong networks of former communist leaders. The only hope for the political recovery of the country is the strong presence of the EU, with its regulatory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]