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Pain is a phenomenon whose recognition reflects historically different views of the human being. The various medical practices in the treatment of pain from antiquity and the Middle Ages to the late Enlightenment are an impressive testimony to the time of their emergence. When we look at the history of pain treatment, we have to go back at least as far as the Stone Age. This is where the palaeontological evidence of therapeutic experiments in the form of boreholes in the human skull can be found. It is very likely that this was a form of treatment for headaches, as a similar method can still be found today among African natives. The basis of this therapy was the assumption that the „evil spirit of pain“ could escape through this opening and the patient would be cured of the pain. The main aim of treating illness and pain was to expel these spirits from the body. The magical-religious understanding of pain was also present in other ancient cultures, e.g. Egyptian culture, for example the pain after an injury in battle was caused by the gods and spirits of the dead. In ancient Egypt, they believed that evil spirits entered the body through the nostrils or ears. This was directly followed by healing methods, for example in descriptions of treatments using vomiting, sneezing or urination to make the spirits leave the body. So although pain was usually seen as divine punishment, it was treated early on. Pain therapeutic endeavours through the use of opium can be traced back to the Assyrians, Sumerians and ancient Egyptians. In the following centuries of the Middle Ages, many of the findings from antiquity disappeared. Pain was largely seen as God‘s punishment for sins or as a test from God. Accordingly, healing and relief were sought primarily from God and the saints. Only the possibility of developing knowledge about the anatomical and physiological functions of the body and in particular the identification of the brain as the seat of all perception (including the perception of pain) freed pain therapy from magical historical elements. This is where the rational phase of medicine begins, focussing on expanding the development of the therapeutic possibilities of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Parodontologie: die Zeitschrift für die Praxis (Berlin, Germany) is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1971, at the international FID conference in Ottawa, then DGD President Prof Dr Helmut Arntz offered to host the 37th FID conference in Germany in 1974. The planned venue of Berlin became a political issue. Berlin (West) was under the four-power status. Preparations in the Federal Republic were soon in full swing despite warning voices. Due to criticism of the conference venue, alternative solutions such as the geographical separation of the congress – general assembly in Bonn, congress in Berlin – were considered. In the end, the conference in Germany was cancelled and moved to the FID headquarters in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the concluding part of Heretical Essays in the Philosophy of History, Jan Patočka thematizes the 20th century and claims that this entire period is a century of war. This paper identifies the main arguments supporting this thesis and examines Patočka’s reflections on how this essential character of the 20th century can be overcome. The article primarily focuses on revealing the ontological-anthropological framework that underlies Patočka’s argumentation, including the idea that polemos is the law of the world. More concrete analyses then demonstrate the problematic elements of Patočka’s concept.

In mid-eighteenth-century France, a series of debates revolved around reflections on origins and their epistemological status, elaborating models of historical temporality to frame the present. The origins of the arts, sciences, human inequality, human knowledge, fables or religions reveal a certain relationship between man (individuals and civilisations) and time, articulating forms of past permanence and future anticipation in the present. Within this framework, this article seeks to shed light on the peculiar temporal status of Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger’s reflection on origins. In a close comparison with Rousseau’s ‘atrabilious philosophy’ (philosophie atrabilaire), Boulanger identifies catastrophe as a temporal model for conceptualising the origin of a human history that has always already begun: origin appears not as that which stands at the beginning of time, but rather as a historical form of the relationship between humanity and time – an emotional and cognitive tone – that constitutes the background and precondition of human action.

After introducing general problems that a theory of subjectivity must address, the meaning of subjectivity is discussed and defined as the wholeness of first-person somato-psychological life. The most important principle in a theory of subjectivity is the entanglement of socio-subjectivity, inter-subjectivity, and intra-subjectivity. This entanglement entails that subjectivity is unique and irreplaceable, which are philosophical elements in a psychological theory. Subjectivity takes place in work, relations, and the self, and in the way that persons conduct their everyday lives in particular contexts and times. Subjectivity is constituted and/or mediated through materialities, discourses, and actions, including technologies. A theory of subjectivity must include reflections on “what is” but also about “what is possible” in human somato-psychological life. Because traditional theories of subjectivity have no conceptual space for socio-subjectivity, forms of subjectivity into which subjects suture themselves are discussed. Consequences for the discipline of psychology are laid out.

Hans Seybolt was a monastery scribe from Lower Bavaria who lived in the second half of the 15th century. In 1476, he attended the wedding between the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and the Neapolitan princess Beatrix as an envoy of the count of the Palatinate. He left a detailed report about that event, which is preserved as a transcript in the only copy that is in the State Library of Bavaria under the signature Cgm 331. Seybolt's report also contains brief information about the Bosnian king Nicholas of Ilok and his son Lawrence, which are the subject of this paper's analysis.

During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995, the special library of the Oriental Institute was destroyed. A significant contribution in the process of restoration and replenishment of the library fund in the post-war period was made by the Hamid Hadžibegić’s personal library, which arrived as a gift at the Oriental Institute in 2001. The library has over 1,000 publications that belonged to this established scientist and researcher of the past of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose basic research had a strong influence in the scientific universe of Ottoman history researchers. This paper presents the dedications of colleagues and friends in his books and journals as cultural reminders and documentary records that, with their structure, text, dating and signature, represent a source of significant information about the life and work of this scientist.

When Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, it brought many social and cultural changes. One of them was suppressing the widespread culture of holding and carrying arms that existed in Ottoman Bosnia. Holding arms was still possible but under strict control. Firearm holders were, therefore, a very tiny, privileged group inside society. In this paper, we analyze the ethnic/religious and social structure of this group in the case of the Tuzla Circle in 1904. How large was this group? Were there differences along ethnic and social lines in terms of firearm holding rates? These are the key questions we are seeking answers to in this paper, with an aim to get the first insight into the broader picture of firearm holding in the entire province under the Monarchy’s control.

In this article, the author analyzes the place and role of prominent Bosnian Muslim religious authority Husein Ðozo in the 13th SS Division, the background and reasons for his joining this division, his views on current issues and challenges of the Second World War, as well as his fate after returning to Yugoslavia and being arrested in 1945. The author points out that Ðozo’s postwar involvement, in his fundamental ideas, does not represent a radical break with the tendencies and views he advocated in the thirties and forties, but rather a continuity of efforts to realize and reflect on the position and perspective of Islam and Muslims in the contemporary world.

The supply of food to the army and the civilian population during the First World War was a major problem for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Food shortages plagued the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout the war, and the worst famine was in 1917. The pronounced problem with nutrition was a consequence of underdeveloped agriculture, which could not produce sufficient quantities of food even in peaceful times, so the deficit had to be imported. Although the authorities immediately after the outbreak of war took into their own hands the management of the most important articles of food, it quickly became clear that the supply and nutrition of the population would become one of the most important and difficult issues of the state. In the procurement of food and its distribution in the country through provisioning, the authorities faced numerous problems, such as insufficient and irregular transport, abuses, etc. However, its immediate consumers had the most trouble with provisioning. Due to the shortage of the most necessary foodstuffs, the population was forced to manage as best they knew how to survive. The most difficult situation, however, was in the passive parts of the country, where the people were dying of hunger.

In the text, the author provides an overview of the history of the Serbs in the Požega valley using archival material, literature and interviews with the remaining members of the Serbian national minority. The author first brings information about the circumstances of Serb immigration to the area of the Požega valley, and then deals with the customs and way of life of the Serbs. He devoted a special chapter to the Second World War. The socialist period was covered in the following chapter, which also covered the culture of remembrance of the Second World War and the neglect of religion. The last chapter deals with the Homeland War in the Požega valley and the suffering of Serbs in that area.

The study examines the dating of the Great Tomb Robber Papyri and their impact on the chronology of the late 20th Dynasty in ancient Egypt. The papyri contain information about the theft of tombs and temples that took place between the end of the reign of Ramses IX and the early years of Ramses XI. The investigation is based on the prosopography of the individuals involved in the thefts. The results show that the thefts coincided with the political events of the time. The implications of these findings for the history of this period are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

Historians are increasingly turning their attention to the role that emotions have played in history. It is curious that World War II, with its omnipresent history of violence, has hardly ever been studied from this point of view. This essay aims to help remedy this research desideratum and uses Barbara Rosenwein's concept of emotional communities to work out the correlation between individuals' and collective emotions and community building. I exclusively used contemporary diaries as a source, which, as snapshots, provide a good insight into the emotional state of the writers. The analysis of the concepts and manifestations of feelings in the language and in the imagination of the respective writers makes it possible to identify the emotional community of the "forest people." These were partisans in rural Poland who, in their diaries, express hatred and patriotism in a similar way and use them to legitimize their acts of sabotage and resistance against the German occupiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O presente artigo busca analisar a presença de aspectos sócio-históricos no romance A jangada de pedra (1988), publicado pelo autor José Saramago, em 1987, para que esses mesmos aspectos sejam conectados ao Brexit, o processo de saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia. Observar-se-á similaridades e discrepâncias entre os dois processos históricos através da obra fictícia de José Saramago, trabalhando a questão da História e da história dados os contextos. Nesse sentido, autores como Boaventura de Sousa Santos (1992), Beatriz Berrini (1998), Carlos Reis (1998, 2019), Maria Alzira Seixo (1999), Maria do Carmo Pascoli (2004), Ana Paula Arnaut (2008) e Teresa Cristina Cerdeira (2000) darão conta da produção de Saramago e a sua relação com a história portuguesa, para que façamos as nossas conclusões sobre a presença da História, ou seja, o processo do Brexit, em sua obra.

This article explores the intersection of 19th-century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must face. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self-knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.

This paper introduces and addresses fresh perspectives in the engagement between Hegel and his postmodern critics and detractors. The first part of the paper examines some of the central discussions on postmodernity, specifically in the works of Lyotard and Habermas, and how they, in different ways, reengage Hegel. The second part focuses on Vattimo’s deployment of the concept of the postmodern credo as a way of returning to Hegel’s own interrogation of modern belief. The paper shows that the common thread linking the modernity of Hegel with the “postmodern moment” remains belief, and in particular, belief in belief itself. The final part provides a brief introduction to all the contributions in this issue.

In this article, we analyze a possible form of the relationship between modernity and postmodernity by examining the transformation of the place of enunciation of criticism as a philosophical narrative and using it as a historical and philosophical criterion. To achieve this, we first focus on key moments in the critical discourse of modernity, and then analyze the role of Kantian criticism in the formation of a postmodern imaginary associated with the notions of useful fiction and linguistification. Finally, from a Hegelian perspective, we consider the validity of the idea of universal history and its connections to emancipatory narratives.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Freie Assoziation is the property of Psychosozial-Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Freie Assoziation is the property of Psychosozial-Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of German as a Foreign Language is the property of German as a Foreign Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lublin Studies in Modern Languages & Literature / Lubelskie Materialy Neofilologiczne is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Department of German & Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT: The use of heritage in the very short story has a unique textual value, since its presence within differs from other literary genres; given the nature of the text in size on the one hand, and its artistic features in form and meaning on the other one. Interaction with heritage in a text with intense meaning based on the linguistic symbol and the semantic suggestion. It gives the reader different characteristics, such as deletion and brevity, change and modification, not to mention the different nature of reproducing meaning while the act of reading. Through this work, we attempt to explore the manifestations of heritage in the text of the Arabic very short story, the patterns of its use in it, and its semantic function, by approaching a different group of texts in order to reach comprehensive results. This will achieved while restricting the terminology and expanding the basic concepts. الملخص: يكتسي توظيف التّراث في القصة القصيرة جدا قيمة نصّية فريدة، إذ يختلف حضوره فيها عن باقي الأجناس الأدبية الأخرى، وذلك بالنّظر إلى طبيعة النّص حجما من جهة، ومميزاته الفنّية تشكّلا ودلالة من جهة أخرى، فالتّفاعل مع التّراث في نصّ مكثّف المعنى، يقوم على الرّمز اللّغوي والإيحاء الدّلالي، يكسب المتشرَّب صفات مغايرة، حذفًا وإيجازا، تغييرًا وتحويرًا، ناهيك عن طبيعة إعادة إنتاج المعنى المختلفة عند فعل القراءة. وسنحاول من خلال هذا المنجز استشفاف تمظهرات التّراث في نصّ القصة القصيرة جدّا العربية، وأنماط توظيفه فيها، ووظيفيّته دلاليًّا، وذلك من خلال مقاربة مجموعةٍ مختلفة من النّصوص بغية الوصول إلى نتائج كلّية، وسيتمّ ذلك بعد التّقعيد للمصطلحات والبسْط للمفاهيم الأساسيّة

This article explores the significance of memorial plaques in Russian cities as sites of history, memory and aesthetics that create a new sensorium of the urban sphere. The plaques, affixed to historic buildings, serve as tangible markers that commemorate significant events and figures from the past. Taking the case of the historic center of St. Petersburg, the article examines how these plaques create a sense of historicity and contribute to the formation of a shared cultural background within the urban sphere. The plaques evolve from simple inscriptions to more elaborate and visually appealing designs. It also highlights the controversies surrounding the selection of individuals to be materialized and remembered and the aesthetic concerns raised by some residents. Meanwhile, the two contemporary projects challenge traditional commemorative practices and their aesthetics: Last Address, which commemorates victims of political repression through individualized plaques, and the Gandhi artist group’s street art interventions. These projects offer alternative approaches to memorialization and engage in dialogue with existing monuments and plaques. These micro-interventions show grassroot resistance within memorializing practices and aesthetics. The article emphasizes the contested nature of public space and the role of memorial plaques in shaping collective memory and historical narratives in Russian cities.

In a ruling that is important beyond Kenya, the Kenyan High Court has delivered a milestone judgment. By striking down a provision of the Kenyan Criminal Code on subversion, the Court takes a significant step towards further doing away with the colonial legacy in the Kenyan legal system. The judgment exemplifies how judges in postcolonial contexts interpret the law against the backdrop of the country’s history.

The Heidelberg-Heilbronn medical informatics program, whose foundation and development during its first 50 years are reported here, was initially established in 1972 as a diploma program, then converted into a consecutive bachelor’s and master’s program starting in 2007. With approximately 2,000 graduates, it is probably not only the world’s oldest dedicated medical informatics program, but also the one with the most graduates. Important impulses have been set nationally and internationally by teachers as well as by graduates of the Heidelberg-Heilbronn medical informatics program. An important piece of history was written at Heidelberg University and Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences with this medical informatics program. In terms of its objectives, the field of medical informatics belongs to medicine. In terms of methods and tools, it can be largely assigned to computer science. To adequately map the synergies that can arise from this duality of medicine and informatics in a dedicated medical informatics curriculum was and remains an important as well as challenging task.